Neuroligin-1 Deletion Results in Impaired Spatial Memory and Increased Repetitive Behavior
Open accessAbstract
Neuroligins (NLs) are a family of neural cell-adhesion molecules that are involved in excitatory/inhibitory synapse specification. Multiple members of the NL family (including NL1) and their binding partners have been linked to cases of human autism and mental retardation. We have now characterized NL1-deficient mice in autism- and mental retardation-relevant behavioral tasks. NL1 knock-out (KO) mice display deficits in spatial learning and memory that correlate with impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation. In addition, NL1 KO mice exhibit a dramatic increase in repetitive, stereotyped grooming behavior, a potential autism-relevant abnormality. This repetitive grooming abnormality in NL1 KO mice is associated with a reduced NMDA/AMPA ratio at corticostriatal synapses. Interestingly, we further demonstrate that the increased repetitive grooming phenotype can be rescued in adult mice by administration of the NMDA receptor partial coagonist d-cycloserine. Broadly, these data are consistent with a role of synaptic cell-adhesion molecules in general, and NL1 in particular, in autism and implicate reduced excitatory synaptic transmission as a potential mechanism and treatment target for repetitive behavioral abnormalities.
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In mice, ablation of nrxn1 resulted in detrimental effects on prepulse inhibition and spatial memory, and increased grooming and motor learning.
“In mice, ablation of nrxn1 resulted in detrimental effects on prepulse inhibition and spatial memory, and increased grooming and motor learning (Etherton et al. 2009; Blundell et al. 2010)”
From Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia (2025) · cites this paper as Blundell et al. 2010
The Introduction reports impaired spatial memory and increased grooming after neuroligin-1 (NL1) deletion, while the Discussion notes increased grooming in neurexin-1-deficient mice. This paper does not attribute the spatial-memory deficit to nrxn1 ablation. Its Results section also reports normal prepulse inhibition and motor learning in NL1 knockout mice, not impaired prepulse inhibition or increased motor learning. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRepetitive behaviours are often seen in autistic patients and in some mouse models of ASDs.
“Repetitive behaviours are also often seen in autistic patients and in some mouse models of ASDs34–36.”
From Shank3 mutant mice display autistic-like behaviours and striatal dysfunction (2011) · cites this paper as [35]
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“…of nrxn1 resulted in detrimental effects on prepulse inhibition and spatial memory, and increased grooming and motor learning (Etherton et al. 2009; Blundell et al. 2010), but in the social spectrum, only mild phenotypes and varying results have been described (Grayton et al. 2013, Rabaneda et al.…”
- Authors
- Blundell, J., Blaiss, C. A., Etherton, M. R., Espinosa, F., Tabuchi, K., Walz, C., Bolliger, M. F., Südhof, T. C., & Powell, C. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Powell, Craig M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2010-02-10
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2115-2129
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2824441
- OpenAlex
- W2024636649
- Cited by
- 450
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 23.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University) (acceptedVersion)
- Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks (AS1264, AS2126)
- Hartwell Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (K08MH065975, MH065975-05, R37-MH52804-08, R37MH52804, MH-52804, MH52804-08, MH065975, R37MH052804, R01MH081164)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD065290)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- neuroligin-1, neuroligins, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, spatial memory, spatial learning, hippocampal long-term potentiation, repetitive behavior, corticostriatal synapses, NMDA receptor, D-cycloserine, synaptic cell adhesion molecules, excitatory synaptic transmission, knockout mice
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Cerebral Cortex, Corpus Striatum, Cycloserine, Grooming, Hippocampus, Membrane Proteins, Memory, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Social Behavior, Spatial Behavior, Stereotyped Behavior, Synapses, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Long-Term Potentiation, Receptors, AMPA, Mice, Knockout, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Maze Learning, Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Mice, Drug Partial Agonism
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