Cited by 1,002Cell death mechanisms and regulationAutophagy in Disease and TherapyDeath, Funerary Practices, and Mourning

Essential versus accessory aspects of cell death: recommendations of the NCCD 2015

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Galluzzi, L, Bravo-San Pedro, J M, Vitale, I, Aaronson, S A, Abrams, J M, Adam, D, Alnemri, E S, Altucci, L +100 more·2015·Cell Death & Differentiation

Abstract

Cells exposed to extreme physicochemical or mechanical stimuli die in an uncontrollable manner, as a result of their immediate structural breakdown. Such an unavoidable variant of cellular demise is generally referred to as 'accidental cell death' (ACD). In most settings, however, cell death is initiated by a genetically encoded apparatus, correlating with the fact that its course can be altered by pharmacologic or genetic interventions. 'Regulated cell death' (RCD) can occur as part of physiologic programs or can be activated once adaptive responses to perturbations of the extracellular or intracellular microenvironment fail. The biochemical phenomena that accompany RCD may be harnessed to classify it into a few subtypes, which often (but not always) exhibit stereotyped morphologic features. Nonetheless, efficiently inhibiting the processes that are commonly thought to cause RCD, such as the activation of executioner caspases in the course of apoptosis, does not exert true cytoprotective effects in the mammalian system, but simply alters the kinetics of cellular demise as it shifts its morphologic and biochemical correlates. Conversely, bona fide cytoprotection can be achieved by inhibiting the transduction of lethal signals in the early phases of the process, when adaptive responses are still operational. Thus, the mechanisms that truly execute RCD may be less understood, less inhibitable and perhaps more homogeneous than previously thought. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death formulates a set of recommendations to help scientists and researchers to discriminate between essential and accessory aspects of cell death.

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Crossref · 10.1038/cdd.2014.137

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  • Regulated cell death (RCD) relies on a dedicated molecular machinery, implying that it can be modulated (delayed or accelerated) by pharmacological or genetic interventions.

    “RCD relies on a dedicated molecular machinery, implying that it can be modulated (i.e., delayed or accelerated) by pharmacological or genetic interventions [5, 17].”
  • Executioner caspases precipitate intrinsic apoptosis, once a point-of-no-return has been trespassed, but are not essential for it.

    “Of note, a large body of evidence suggests that executioner caspases precipitate intrinsic apoptosis, once a hitherto poorly defined point-of-no-return has been trespassed, but are not essential for it [17].”
  • CASP3 and CASP7 mediate a facilitating, rather than indispensable, role in RCD.

    “Altogether, these observations suggest that CASP3 and CASP7 mediate a facilitating, rather than indispensable, role in RCD (for an extensive discussion on this topic, please refer to ref [17]).”
  • Blocking post-mitochondrial caspase activation by genetic means or with specific pharmacological inhibitors (Z-VAD-fmk and Q-VD-OPh) generally delays (but does not prevent) intrinsic apoptosis in vitro and in vivo (at least in the mammalian system), as it promotes a switch to other types of RCD.

    “Accordingly, blocking post-mitochondrial caspase activation by genetic means or with specific pharmacological inhibitors, such as to N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(O-Me) fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-fmk) and (3S)-5-(2,6-difluorophenoxy)-3-[[(2S)-3-methyl-1-oxo-2-[(2-quinolinylcarbonyl)amino]butyl]amino]-4-oxo-pentanoic acid hydrate (Q-VD-OPh), generally delays (but does not prevent) intrinsic apopt”
  • Cell death in all forms including ACD is ultimately associated with a bioenergetic and redox crisis that may be its actual cause.

    “Indeed, cell death in all its forms (including ACD) is ultimately associated with a bioenergetic and redox crisis that may constitute its actual cause [17, 374].”

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Authors
Galluzzi, L., Bravo-San Pedro, J. M., Vitale, I., Aaronson, S. A., Abrams, J. M., Adam, D., Alnemri, E. S., Altucci, L., Andrews, D., Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli, M., Baehrecke, E. H., Bazan, N. G., Bertrand, M. J., Bianchi, K., Blagosklonny, M. V., Blomgren, K., Borner, C., Bredesen, D. E., Brenner, C., Campanella, M., Candi, E., Cecconi, F., Chan, F. K., Chandel, N. S., Cheng, E. H., Chipuk, J. E., Cidlowski, J. A., Ciechanover, A., Dawson, T. M., Dawson, V. L., De Laurenzi, V, De Maria, R., Debatin, K.-M., Di Daniele, N., Dixit, V. M., Dynlacht, B. D., El-Deiry, W. S., Fimia, G. M., Flavell, R. A., Fulda, S., Garrido, C., Gougeon, M.-L., Green, D. R., Gronemeyer, H., Hajnoczky, G., Hardwick, J. M., Hengartner, M. O., Ichijo, H., Joseph, B., Jost, P. J., Kaufmann, T., Kepp, O., Klionsky, D. J., Knight, R. A., Kumar, S., Lemasters, J. J., Levine, B., Linkermann, A., Lipton, S. A., Lockshin, R. A., López-Otín, C., Lugli, E., Madeo, F., Malorni, W., Marine, J.-C., Martin, S. J., Martinou, J.-C., Medema, J. P., Meier, P., Melino, S., Mizushima, N., Moll, U., Muñoz-Pinedo, C., Nuñez, G., Oberst, A., Panaretakis, T., Penninger, J. M., Peter, M. E., Piacentini, M., Pinton, P., Prehn, J. H., Puthalakath, H., Rabinovich, G. A., Ravichandran, K. S., Rizzuto, R., Rodrigues, C. M., Rubinsztein, D. C., Rudel, T., Shi, Y., Simon, H.-U., Stockwell, B. R., Szabadkai, G., Tait, S. W., Tang, H. L., Tavernarakis, N., Tsujimoto, Y., Vanden Berghe, T., Vandenabeele, P., Villunger, A., Wagner, E. F., Walczak, H., White, E., Wood, W. G., Yuan, J., Zakeri, Z., Zhivotovsky, B., Melino, G., & Kroemer, G.
Affiliations
  • Institut Gustave Roussy (FR)
  • Instituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena (IT)
  • Tisch Cancer Institute (US)
  • The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
  • Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
  • Thomas Jefferson University (US)
  • University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
  • Ghent University (BE)
  • Queen Mary University of London (GB)
  • Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
  • Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
  • University of Freiburg (DE)
  • Buck Institute for Research on Aging (US)
  • Université Paris-Sud (FR)
  • University College London (GB)
  • University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (IL)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • University Hospital Ulm (DE)
  • Genentech (US)
  • New York University (US)
  • University of Salento (IT)
  • Yale University (US)
  • Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
  • Inserm (FR)
  • Institut Pasteur (FR)
  • St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
  • Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (FR)
  • University of Zurich (CH)
  • The University of Tokyo (JP)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
  • Technical University of Munich (DE)
  • University of Bern (CH)
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • University of South Australia (AU)
  • Medical University of South Carolina (US)
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
  • Scripps Research Institute (US)
  • St. John's University (US)
  • University of Graz (AT)
  • Istituto Superiore di Sanità (IT)
  • VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology (BE)
  • Trinity College Dublin (IE)
  • University of Geneva (CH)
  • Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
  • Institute of Cancer Research (GB)
  • Stony Brook University (US)
  • University of Washington (US)
  • Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (AT)
  • University of Ferrara (IT)
  • Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (IE)
  • La Trobe University (AU)
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
  • University of Virginia (US)
  • University of Padua (IT)
  • University of Lisbon (PT)
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
  • University of Würzburg (DE)
  • Soochow University (CN)
  • Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute (GB)
  • University of Crete (GR)
  • Osaka International Cancer Institute (JP)
  • Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
  • Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (ES)
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Queens College, CUNY (US)
  • Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU)
Corresponding author
  • Galluzzi, L
  • Kroemer, G
Venue
Cell Death & Differentiation
Published
2014-09-19
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
58-73
ISSN
  • 1350-9047 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-5403
OpenAlex
W1997128330
Cited by
1,002
References
342
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 134 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 11
FWCI
11.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cell Death and Differentiation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • RVC Research Online (Royal Veterinary College) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
  • BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
  • Online Publication Service of Würzburg University (Würzburg University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust (100140, 095317)
  • Medical Research Council (MR/M019217/1)
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I013695/1)
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (25221302)
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA021191)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA000266)
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA169291, R01CA097061, R01CA170702, P01CA080058, R01CA130893, R01CA163591)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM096208, R01GM072124, R01GM053396)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI044828)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R56DK037034, R01DK073336)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS086890, P50NS038377)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD066319, P01HD029587)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Keywords
regulated cell death, apoptosis, caspases, cytoprotection, cell death mechanisms
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Signal Transduction, Apoptosis

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