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Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease?
Open accessAbstract
There is increasing awareness of the role of sleep disturbance as an important factor in health and disease. Although sub-clinical sleep disturbances (insufficient sleep duration or inadequate sleep quality) may be difficult to assess with conceptual and/or methodological clarity, this review attempts to summarize and synthesize these findings. First, the concept of sleep disturbance in a public health context is introduced, to provide context and rationale. Second, operational definitions of 'cardiometabolic disease' and 'sleep disturbance' are offered, to address many unclear operationalizations. Third, the extant literature is summarized regarding short or long sleep duration and/or insufficient sleep, insomnia and insomnia symptoms, general (non-specific sleep disturbances), circadian rhythm abnormalities that result in sleep disturbances, and, briefly, sleep-disordered breathing. Fourth, the review highlights the social/behavioural context of sleep, including discussions of sleep and race/ethnicity, socio-economic position, and other social/environmental factors, in order to place these findings in a social-environmental context relevant to public health. Fifth, the review highlights the issue of sleep as a domain of health behaviour and addresses issues regarding development of healthy sleep interventions. Finally, a research agenda of future directions is proposed.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This narrative review synthesizes evidence linking sleep disturbances—short/long sleep, insomnia, poor sleep quality, circadian disruption, and sleep-disordered breathing—to cardiometabolic disease risk. It argues that sleep should be treated as a public-health behaviour and proposes a social-ecological framework and research agenda, though causal and intervention evidence remains limited.
Key findings
- Short and long sleep duration have been associated with increased mortality across approximately 50 years and approximately 50 studies; short sleep is linked to obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation, heart attack, and stroke, while long sleep shows mixed but adverse associations.
- In a meta-analysis, insomnia overall was associated with a 5% increased risk of incident hypertension; middle insomnia was associated with a 20% increased risk and late insomnia with a 14% increased risk. Among >85,000 women in the Women’s Health Initiative, insomnia symptoms were associated with a 19% increased risk of coronary heart disease and an 11% increased risk of cardiovascular events.
- General sleep disturbance in the 2006 BRFSS was associated with a 35% increased risk of obesity, 54% increased risk of diabetes, 80% increased risk of heart attack, 102% increased risk of stroke, and 98% increased risk of any coronary artery disease; relationships attenuated after adjustment, and diabetes/stroke were no longer significant when overall physical health was entered.
- Social patterning was inconsistent: in NHANES 2007–2008, Black/African-American adults were 58% more likely to report sleep latency >30 min, but less likely to report difficulty falling asleep (OR = 0.57), as were Mexican-Americans (OR = 0.59) and other Hispanics/Latinos (OR = 0.73).
Methods
- Narrative review, not a systematic review or meta-analysis; it synthesizes existing epidemiologic and clinical literature on operational definitions of cardiometabolic disease and sleep disturbance, including short/long sleep, insufficient sleep, insomnia, general sleep disturbance, circadian rhythm abnormalities, and sleep-disordered breathing.
- Discusses social/behavioural context (race/ethnicity, socio-economic position, environment), conceptualizes sleep as a domain of health behaviour using a social-ecological model, reviews health behaviour change models, and proposes a future research agenda. No primary data collection or formal meta-analysis was conducted by the author.
Limitations
- Stated: “sleep disturbance” is non-specific and difficult to assess with conceptual and methodological clarity; most epidemiologic studies use non-standardized survey items, retrospective/subjective measures, and cross-sectional designs, limiting causal inference.
- Stated: there are no intervention studies for general sleep disturbance, and no studies investigating whether insomnia treatment improves cardiometabolic outcomes; sleep apnoea treatment has some evidence for improved cardiovascular outcomes.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not describe a systematic search strategy or formal quality appraisal, so conclusions rely on cited literature and may be subject to selection or reporting bias.
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Claims the paper makes
100 Not checked yet · 20 Own interpretation · 11 No basis given
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“presence of cardiovascular disease in general (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010; Cappuccio et al., 2011)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buxton & Marcelli, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Cappuccio et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“short sleep duration has been associated with obesity-related outcomes, diabetes-related outcomes, and cardiovascular-related outcomes. Regarding obesity-related outcomes, short sleep duration has been associated with incident weight gain (Kobayashi et al., 2012; Nagai et al., 2013), incident obesity (Watanabe et al., 2010), current body mass index (Patel, 2009), and current adiposity(Chaput et al”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“stroke (Altman et al., 2012; Kakizaki et al., 2013)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For approximately 50 years and across approximately 50 studies, both short and long sleep duration have been associated with increased mortality risk (Cappuccio et al., 2010; Gallicchio & Kalesan, 2009; Grandner et al., 2010c).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“diabetes (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010; Kachi et al., 2012)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buxton & Marcelli, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Kachi et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“short sleep duration overlaps significantly with daytime dysfunction due to sleepiness, tiredness, and/or fatigue (Grandner & Kripke, 2004).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner & Kripke, 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“carotid intima-media thickness (a measure of atherosclerosis risk) (Abe et al., 2011)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Abe et al., 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“several studies have shown adverse outcomes associated with long sleep duration, including depression (Patel et al., 2006)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al., 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“obesity (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buxton & Marcelli, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“heart attack (Altman et al., 2012; Magee et al., 2009)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“individuals who report short sleep duration are also more likely to report difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, early morning awakenings, and non-restorative sleep (Grandner & Kripke, 2004).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner & Kripke, 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Meng and colleagues (2013) reviewed studies of insomnia and incident hypertension in a meta-analysis, showing that overall insomnia is associated with a small but significant (5%) increased risk of incident hypertension.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Insomnia and insomnia symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meng et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“initial insomnia was not significantly associated with incident hypertension”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Insomnia and insomnia symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meng et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sands-Lincoln and colleagues found that self-reported non-restorative sleep was associated with hypertension in a nationally representative sample of US adults (Sands-Lincoln et al., 2013a).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > General sleep disturbance (non-specific)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sands-Lincoln et al., 2013a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“late insomnia was associated with a 14% increased risk”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Insomnia and insomnia symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meng et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“those with obesity and diabetes were more likely to report both night-time sleep disturbance and daytime tiredness.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > General sleep disturbance (non-specific)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These relationships depend on the sleep variable studied.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Sleep-disordered breathing
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This may be an important reason why life expectancy is lower among many racial/ethnic minority groups compared to white groups (Levine et al., 2001).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levine et al., 2001 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When overall physical health was entered into the model, the relationships with diabetes and stroke were no longer significant.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > General sleep disturbance (non-specific)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2012a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, short sleep duration has been associated with many adverse in mostly cross-sectional (but some longitudinal) designs.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Sleep-disordered breathing
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“individuals with both short sleep and insomnia have been shown to be at increased risk for hypertension (Fernandez-Mendoza et al., 2012b; Vgontzas et al., 2009a), diabetes (Vgontzas et al., 2009b), depression (Fernandez-Mendoza et al., 2012a), and mortality (Vgontzas et al., 2010), relative to short sleepers without insomnia and individuals with insomnia without short sleep.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Insomnia and insomnia symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fernandez-Mendoza et al., 2012b
- Not checked yetcites Vgontzas et al., 2009a
- Not checked yetcites Vgontzas et al., 2009b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have shown that insomnia symptoms are associated with hypertension in the population duration (Gangwisch et al., 2006; Gangwisch et al., 2010b; Knutson et al., 2009; Phillips & Mannino, 2007; Suka et al., 2003)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Insomnia and insomnia symptoms
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“middle insomnia was associated with a 20% increased risk”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Insomnia and insomnia symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meng et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, sleep disturbances, which could be defined as short or long sleep duration, perceived insufficient sleep, inadequate sleep quality, insomnia, circadian rhythm disturbance, and/or sleep-disordered breathing, are related to cardiometabolic disease risk factors.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Sleep-disordered breathing
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a recent review by Bannai and Tamakoshi, which found that long working hours is detrimental to health and functioning (Bannai & Tamakoshi, 2014).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Circadian rhythm disturbances
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bannai & Tamakoshi, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Troxel and colleagues found that sleep complaints were associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome (Troxel et al., 2010a).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > General sleep disturbance (non-specific)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Troxel et al., 2010a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Cheng and colleagues found that men working longer than 60 h/week were at approximately double the risk for coronary heart disease (Cheng et al., 2014).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Circadian rhythm disturbances
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cheng et al., 2014 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When exercise (assessed as any exercise in the past 30 days) was entered into the model, the relationships did not change (no mediation).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > General sleep disturbance (non-specific)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“shift work is very frequently associated with abbreviated or otherwise disturbed sleep (Ferguson et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2012; Machi et al., 2012; Mahan et al., 1990; Roach et al., 2012).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Circadian rhythm disturbances
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the aforementioned study of general sleep disturbance measured using the BRFSS 2006 (Grandner et al., 2010b), increased sleep disturbance was more likely amongst those who did not graduate college”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2010b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding was surprising – despite increased likelihood of short sleep duration and associated outcomes, racial/ethnic minorities tended to report fewer sleep disturbances.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Black/African-Americans were 58% more likely to report sleep latency > 30 min, compared to non-Hispanic white adults”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013d
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, several studies have shown that those of lower socio-economic position are more likely to be short sleepers (Stamatakis et al., 2007; Whinnery et al., 2014).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stamatakis et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and both non-restorative and sleep daytime sleepiness were also reported less frequently among other Hispanics/Latinos.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013d
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“were of lower income (especially < US$25,000 among men)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2010b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have shown that racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to be short sleepers.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In adjusted analyses, black/African-Americans, non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos, and Asians/others were more likely to report very short sleep (< 5 h)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among women, non-Hispanic white women reported significantly more sleep disturbance than black/African-Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, and Asians/others”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2010b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among men, no significant differences were seen between non-Hispanic white groups and black/ African-Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, or those reporting more than one race/ethnicity”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2010b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“very short sleep was more likely to be reported among those earning < $20,000 and $65,000–75,000 (relative to > $75,000)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Patel et al. (2010) and colleagues found that, relative to the non-poor non-Hispanic white group, poor individuals of all races/ethnicities (including the non-Hispanic white group) had worse sleep overall.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and were unemployed.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2010b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“speaking Spanish only at home was associated with lower likelihood of reporting very short sleep”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, Stamatakis and colleagues found that African-American and ‘other’ race/ethnicities (but not Hispanic) were consistently associated with short sleep duration (Stamatakis et al., 2007).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stamatakis et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and a significant difference was seen among Asians/others, who reported fewer sleep disturbances.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2010b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“black/African-Americans and Asians/others were more likely to report short sleep (5–6 h)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although few studies have measured this relationship using sleep assessed with polysomnography, these have also have generally found that lower socio-economic position is associated with poorer sleep quality (Friedman et al., 2005; Hall et al., 2009; Mezick et al., 2008; Tomfohr et al., 2010).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“those born in Mexico were less likely to report short sleep”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, some studies have found overall sleep quality to be worse among minorities (Boss et al., 2011; Kripke et al., 2004; Moore et al., 2011; Patel et al., 2010b)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and no other differences were seen for this variable.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013d
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Gamaldo and colleagues studied middle-aged urban adults and found no significant differences in the likelihood of short or long sleep between non-Hispanic white adults and black/African-Americans (Gamaldo et al., 2013a).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gamaldo et al., 2013a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Also, data from Hale and Do showed that black/African-Americans were also more likely to be long sleepers (Hale & Do, 2006).”
- Also stated in: § Sleep and race/ethnicity · hedged
“For example, Hale and Do found that in addition to short sleep, black/African-Americans were more likely to report longer sleep as well (Hale & Do, 2007).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hale & Do, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Hale & Do, 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Sleep and race/ethnicity · hedged
In the paper
“and less sleep disturbance than those reporting more than one race/ethnicity.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2010b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mexican-Americans were less likely to report long sleep (9 + h)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Short sleep was more likely to be reported among those who attended high school but did not graduate from college”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Long sleep was more frequently reported among those earning $20,000–25,000 per year”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although most, if not all, sleep disorders have targeted interventions”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As such, several studies have documented the benefits of financial incentives to change relatively intractable health-compromising behaviours (Cahill & Perera, 2011; Halpern et al., 2011; John et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012; Kimmel et al., 2012; Kullgren et al., 2013; Volpp et al., 2008).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Developing a sleep health intervention
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Insomnia symptoms (difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep and early morning awakenings) were only associated with food security, and not other factors.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013d
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“those who did not complete college”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sell and colleagues found that Mexican-Americans who were not acculturated to American norms were less likely to be able to demonstrate basic knowledge about sleep disorders and what the symptoms of sleep disorders look like (Sell et al., 2009).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and other social/environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sell et al., 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sadeh and colleagues (Sadeh et al., 2011) found that the definition of a child’s ‘sleep problem’ differed between countries relative to primary race/ethnicity.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and other social/environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sadeh et al., 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, poor sleep is a health concern that may be disproportionately felt by minorities and/or individuals of lower socio-economic position.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and other social/environmental factors
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“but this increased poor sleep quality may partially mediate the detrimental effect that these neighbourhoods have on health (Hale et al., 2010).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and other social/environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hale et al., 2010 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and those with very low food security.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a noisy or crime-ridden neighbourhood, a culture that engenders certain beliefs/attitudes, a racial or ethnic group that is subject to certain social stresses, a work schedule that impinges on sleep time, family obligations that may begin early in the morning, or a social network that encourages unhealthy attitudes, all play a role in an individual’s sleep.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Sleep as a domain of health behaviour
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no intervention has been developed or evaluated for insufficient sleep or other aspects of general sleep disturbance.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It should also be noted that financial incentives may backfire in that they may serve to undermine an individual’s intrinsic motivation to improve their health (Hagger et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2014; Moller et al., 2012, 2013; Promberger & Marteau, 2013).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Developing a sleep health intervention
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For income, it seems that the once the benefits of increased income are realized (e.g. access to employment, education, food and healthcare, little unique variance is explained by income alone.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and those with public insurance only.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In primarily white countries, a ‘sleep problem’ was largely determined by length of sleep episode, nocturnal wakefulness, number of night wakings and total sleep time”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and other social/environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sadeh et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“those with public insurance only (relative to no health insurance at all)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This study found that black/African-American women were less likely to report beliefs and attitudes consistent with healthy sleep habits.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and other social/environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These data are consistent with other studies that show that black individuals who are at higher risk of obstructive sleep apnoea demonstrate more dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep (Pandey et al., 2011).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and other social/environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pandey et al., 2011 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Not only have studies shown that neighbourhoods that are perceived to be dirty, dangerous, and disconnected are also home to individuals more likely to report poor sleep quality (Hale & Do, 2006; Hale et al., 2010, 2013; Hill et al., 2009)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and other social/environmental factors
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This model is summarized in Figure 1 and suggests that sleep disturbances (and resultant adverse outcomes) depend on individual-level factors (e.g. behaviour, physiology), which are embedded within social factors (e.g. neighbourhood, work), which are themselves embedded within societal factors (e.g. 24/7 society).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Sleep as a domain of health behaviour
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since many health-compromising behaviours have benefits that may vary across individuals, financial incentives may act as a universal, simple, adaptable, alternative reinforcer (Halpern et al., 2011; John et al., 2011, 2012; Kim et al., 2012; Kimmel et al., 2012; Kullgren et al., 2013; Loewenstein et al., 2013; Shea et al., 2012; Volpp et al., 2008, 2011).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Developing a sleep health intervention
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and those with marginal or very low food security.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whinnery et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“relationships to income (seen in unadjusted analyses) were rendered non-significant after adjustment.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013d
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since most cardiometabolic outcomes (e.g. obesity, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease) represent years of accumulated risk, and sleep assessments typically only retrospectively capture 1–4 weeks, it is difficult to argue in cross-sectional designs that the sleep problems preceded the cardiometabolic problems.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Future directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and reduce smoking (Rigotti & Clair, 2013).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Does addressing sleep disturbance impact chronic disease?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rigotti & Clair, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the evidence suggests that sleep disturbances (especially short sleep duration, short sleep in the context of insomnia, and sleep disordered breathing) have been reliably associated with cardiometabolic disease.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Summary and conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Putting all of this evidence together, a social-ecological model of sleep and health shows sleep at the intersection of these upstream determinants and downstream consequences.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Summary and conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Regarding sleep apnoea, there are several studies that have shown improvements in cardiovascular outcomes (Gottlieb et al., 2013).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Does addressing sleep disturbance impact chronic disease?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gottlieb et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no studies of interventions for general sleep disturbance, so it is difficult to say whether such an intervention would have a long-term impact on chronic disease.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Does addressing sleep disturbance impact chronic disease?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, in studies by Martinez-Garcia and colleagues, treatment of sleep apnoea was associates with significantly reduced cardiovascular mortality (Campos-Rodriguez et al., 2012; Martinez-Garcia et al., 2009).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Does addressing sleep disturbance impact chronic disease?
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“After all, reduced cardiometabolic risk has been produced with interventions that successfully improve diet and exercise (Stephens et al., 2014)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Does addressing sleep disturbance impact chronic disease?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stephens et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Regarding cardiovascular-related outcomes, short sleep duration has been associated with incident hypertension (Cappuccio et al., 2011; Meng et al., 2013), current hypertension (Altman et al., 2012; Fang et al., 2012; Faraut et al., 2012b; Grandner et al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2012), dyslipidemia (Altman et al., 2012; Gangwisch et al., 2010a; Grandner et al., 2014a), atherosclerosis risk factors (”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Regarding diabetes-related outcomes, short sleep duration has been associated with diabetes (Buxton & Marcelli, 2010; Grandner et al., 2014a; Hsieh et al., 2011; Kachi et al., 2012), insulin and/or glucose dysregulation (Beihl et al., 2009; Byberg et al., 2012; Chang et al., 2012b; Chaput et al., 2009; Javaheri et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Lucassen et al., 2012; Zuo et al., 2012), and dysre”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Short or long sleep duration and insufficient sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buxton & Marcelli, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2014a
- Not checked yetcites Hsieh et al., 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“sleep apnoea often presents as daytime sleepiness or non-restorative sleep (Alam et al., 2012; Cruz et al., 2012; Lal et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2012; Sunwoo et al., 2012) and sometimes as insomnia (Al-Jawder & Bahammam, 2012; Glidewell et al., 2012).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Sleep-disordered breathing
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insomnia and its symptoms are strongly related to mental health outcomes, but cardiometabolic relationships have just recently been explored.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Sleep-disordered breathing
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sleep apnoea is associated with significant sleep fragmentation (Bianchi et al., 2012)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Sleep-disordered breathing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bianchi et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“simply reporting any activity was associated with a decreased likelihood of reporting sleep disturbance (around 30% decrease) and daytime tiredness (around 50% decrease).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > General sleep disturbance (non-specific)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep-disordered breathing, especially (untreated) obstructive sleep apnoea, is a well-known cardiometabolic risk factor, associated with cardiac and vascular outcomes, diabetes, and mortality.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Sleep-disordered breathing
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long sleep duration and perceived insufficient sleep, however, have not been studied as thoroughly.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Sleep-disordered breathing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insomnia and its symptoms are strongly related to mental health outcomes, but cardiometabolic relationships have just recently been explored.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Sleep-disordered breathing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Notably, short sleep duration in this group was found to be a significant moderator of the effect, with those sleeping < 6 h on average being at the highest risk.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Circadian rhythm disturbances
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cheng et al., 2014 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a recent review by Szosland summarizes data that implicates shiftwork in diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, and metabolic syndrome (Szosland, 2010).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Circadian rhythm disturbances
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Szosland, 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Grandner and colleagues found that sleep disturbance, assessed as difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much in at least 7 of the past 14 days (assessed using the 2006 BRFSS), was associated with a 35% increased risk of obesity, a 54% increased risk of diabetes, an 80% increased risk of heart attack, a 102% increased risk of stroke, and a 98% increased risk of any coronary”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > General sleep disturbance (non-specific)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2012a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“though the risks are probably largely due to the intermittent hypoxia and co-morbid obesity (Pak et al., 2014).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Sleep-disordered breathing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pak et al., 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“All of these relationships remained significant (though attenuated) after adjustment for demographics, socio-economics, mental health, healthcare access, smoking, alcohol use and BMI (for outcomes other than obesity).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > General sleep disturbance (non-specific)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2012a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Boudreau and colleagues found that circadian adaptation to night work resulted in improved sleep, improved performance, and improved heart rate variability (Boudreau et al., 2013).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Circadian rhythm disturbances
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boudreau et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The burden of chronic health conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are disproportionately borne by racial/ethnic minorities and those of lower socio-economic position (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Circadian rhythm problems can also predispose individuals to adverse outcomes, especially when accompanied by long work hours.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Sleep-disordered breathing
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“They found that in fully adjusted models, insomnia symptoms were associated with a 19% increased risk of coronary heart disease and an 11% increased risk of cardiovascular events.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > Insomnia and insomnia symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sands-Lincoln et al., 2013b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The only non-poor group to differ from the non-poor white group was non-poor black/African-Americans, who had worse sleep overall, but to a lesser degree than their poor counterparts.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, difficulty maintaining sleep, early morning awakenings, non-restorative sleep, and daytime sleepiness were all reported less frequently among black/African-Americans and Mexican-Americans”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013d
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“within groups, different factors predicted shorter sleep, with stress and education playing a larger role in the non-Hispanic white group, and inflammation playing a larger role in the black/African-American group.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gamaldo et al., 2013a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“self-reported difficulty falling asleep was reported less frequently among black/ African-Americans (odds ratio (OR) = 0.57), Mexican-Americans (OR = 0.59), and other Hispanics/ Latinos (OR = 0.73).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013d
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In models that included age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, immigrant status, income, education, access to health insurance, and household food security, the following results were found.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013d
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos were more likely to report choking/gasping during sleep and snoring, however.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013d
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“whereas others have failed to find this association (Gellis et al., 2005; Grandner et al., 2010b; Hale & Rivero-Fuentes, 2011).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and race/ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gellis et al., 2005 source
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2010b
- Not checked yetcites Hale & Rivero-Fuentes, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This model also has implications for the development of interventions to address sleep and health.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Sleep as a domain of health behaviour
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“recent studies have shown that geography explains sleep disturbance (Grandner et al., 2012b) and insufficient sleep (Grandner et al., 2013f) in the US.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and other social/environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2012b
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013f
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Non-restorative sleep, sleepiness, snorting/gasping and snoring were all associated with lower education levels and lower food security.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013d
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model even goes further to recognize that even these social-level factors exist in the context of larger, societal-level factors such as globalization, technology, 24/7 society, and others, which play a role in shaping social and eventually individual attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding sleep.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Sleep as a domain of health behaviour
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These models are necessary because unhealthy behaviours (such as poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, smoking) are complex and resistant to change.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Developing a sleep health intervention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Unhealthy behaviours such as poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking are complex and resistant to change.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With this in mind, a social-ecological model of sleep and health was recently proposed by our group (Grandner et al., 2010c), based on the social-ecological theory of Bronfenbrenner (1977).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Sleep as a domain of health behaviour
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2010c
- Not checked yetcites Bronfenbrenner (1977) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“sleep latency > 30 min was associated with less than a college education, no access to private health insurance, and marginal, low, or very low food security.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > The social and behavioural context of sleep disturbance > Sleep and socio-economic position
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grandner et al., 2013d
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One potential reason is that the data needed to frame this form of sleep as important and relevant has only been recently aggregated in a way that makes the case compelling.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Briefly, the health belief model (Champion & Skinner, 2008; Rosenstock, 1966) states that individuals will alter their behaviour based on (1) perceived risk of maintaining existing behaviour, (2) perceived benefits of the new behaviour, (3) perceived barriers in engaging in the new behaviour, (4) perceived ability to carry out the behaviour, and (5) cues to action (reminders).”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Developing a sleep health intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Champion & Skinner, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Rosenstock, 1966
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The model dictates that interventions based on action should only be implemented by those who are ready to engage in that action.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Developing a sleep health intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Prochaska & DiClemente, 1982 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding insomnia, although there are several studies showing associations with cardiometabolic disease, there are still no studies investigating whether insomnia treatment improves cardiometabolic outcomes.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Does addressing sleep disturbance impact chronic disease?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite this, if sleep shares characteristics with other health behaviours, it is reasonable to suspect that a sleep intervention could have lasting impact.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Conceptualizing sleep disturbance in the context of public health > Does addressing sleep disturbance impact chronic disease?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less data is available for insomnia without short sleep, circadian-rhythm disorders, and general poor sleep quality, though there are a number of studies to suggest that these, too, may be associated with cardiometabolic disease.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Summary and conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a sleep-based intervention can improve cardiometabolic health risk factors or even outcomes, this would lend further support to the notion that sleep changes are causally related to changes in cardiometabolic health.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Future directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This conceptualization may be useful in framing the role of sleep in health and may also aid in the development of some of the first interventions for poor sleep at the population level.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Summary and conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, though, sleep represents an important issue for public health.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Summary and conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, evidence that minority status and lower socio-economic position is associated with poor sleep represents the majority of this literature.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Summary and conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep likely represents a major domain of health behaviour.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Future directions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These relationships seem to generally remain consistent across domains, suggesting the importance of sleep in regulating cardiometabolic function.”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Summary and conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cardiometabolic disease can be postponed or prevented using lifestyle behavioural approaches that would likely include healthy sleep.
“Since cardiometabolic disease can be postponed or prevented using lifestyle behavioural approaches (that would likely include healthy sleep), these are the focus of this review.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For epidemiological data collections, general sleep disturbance has generally been the only way to assess sleep at a population level.
“For epidemiological data collections, this has generally been the only way to assess sleep at a population level.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sleep disturbances are prevalent.
“Given that these sleep disturbances are prevalent and are associated with important clinical outcomes, it is important to consider the broader public health implications.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Unhealthy behaviours such as poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking are complex and resistant to change.
“These models are necessary because unhealthy behaviours (such as poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, smoking) are complex and resistant to change.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Chronic sleep insufficiency has played a role in motor vehicle accidents, industrial disasters, medical and other occupational errors, for instance(41, 42, 47-51).”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“As a common physiologic function that has been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular risk behaviors [7–11], and diseases [12], sleep may be such a target.”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > What do we mean by ‘sleep disturbances?’
“difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much, for at least 6 of 14 days (Grandner et al., 2012a)”
§ Addressing sleep disturbances: An opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease? > Cardiometabolic disease risk associated with sleep disturbance > General sleep disturbance (non-specific)
“difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much in at least 7 of the past 14 days (assessed using the 2006 BRFSS)”
Citations
Cites
Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice
(1992) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-116-4-350_1 · Cited by 13,232
Toward an experimental ecology of human development.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.32.7.513 · Cited by 10,853 · cited 1×
“With this in mind, a social-ecological model of sleep and health was recently proposed by our group (Grandner et al., 2010c), based on the socialecological theory of Bronfenbrenner (1977).”
MethodActual causes of death in the United States
McGinnis, J. M. (1993) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510180077038 · Cited by 5,480
Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000
Mokdad, A. H. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238 · Cited by 5,211 · cited 1×
“It should also be noted that fi nancial incentives may backfi re in that they may serve to undermine an individual ’ s intrinsic motivation to improve their health (Hagger et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2014; Moller et al., 2012, 2013; Promberger & Marteau, 2013).”
BackgroundThe International Classification of Sleep Disorders
Greenblatt, D. (1992) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1992.00530270020006 · Cited by 4,406
Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1982) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice · doi:10.1037/h0088437 · Cited by 3,922 · cited 1×
“The transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1982; Prochaska et al., 2008, 2009), briefl y, posits that behaviour change occurs on a dimension of readiness to change, which includes precontemplation (not yet thought about change), contemplation (thought but no decision to act), preparation…”
MethodNational Vital Statistics Reports
Salkind, N. J. (2005) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952484.n432 · Cited by 2,941
Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008) · Cited by 2,727
Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., Penev, P., & Cauter, E. V. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008 · Cited by 2,459
Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Cappuccio, F. P., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2010) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.5.585 · Cited by 2,224 · cited 2×
“Short or long sleep duration and insuffi cient sleep For approximately 50 years and across approximately 50 studies, both short and long sleep duration have been associated with increased mortality risk (Cappuccio et al., 2010; Gallicchio & Kalesan, 2009; Grandner et al., 2010c).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Aurora R.N., 2012, Sleep, 35, 1039
- Besteiro Gonzalez J.L., 2011, Psicothema, 23, 368
- Gamaldo A.A., 2013, Journal of Gerontology B: Psycholical Science and Social Science
- Gehrman P.R., 2010, Principles and Practice of Geriatric Sleep Medicine, 384
- Grandner M.A., 2013, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9, 897, 10.5664/jcsm.2990 · DOI · Paper page
- Hall M.H., 2009, Sleep, 32, 73
- Killgore W.D.S, 2010, Human Sleep and Cognition, Part I: Basic Research, 105
- Laugsand L.E., 2013, European Heart Journal
- Markwald R.R., 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 110, 5695
- Martinez D., 2010, Indian Journal of Medicine Research, 131, 141
- McKnight-Eily L.R., 2009, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, 58, 1175
- Miller N.L., 2012, Sleep, 35, 1123
- Prochaska J.O., 2008, Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, 97
- Stephens S., 2014, Preventive Medicine
- Wetter T.C, 2010, Sleep Disorders in Neurology: A Practical Approach, 87
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000678 · Cited by 4,536
(2019) · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000677 · Cited by 4,501
2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.010 · Cited by 1,896
2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary
Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.009 · Cited by 1,193
Grandner, M. A. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.012 · Cited by 720
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Grandner, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grandner, Michael A.
- ORCID
- Grandner, Michael A.
- Venue
- International Review of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 155-176
- ISSN
- 0954-0261 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-1627
- PMC
- PMC4143456
- OpenAlex
- W2163768179
- Semantic Scholar
- 851a88e1f69a8b97d67414947e38874dfd5ed025
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 344
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000003)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL110216)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R21ES022931)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024134)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, cardiometabolic disease, insufficient sleep duration, sleep quality, insomnia, circadian rhythm disruption, sleep-disordered breathing, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, prevention
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Obesity, Risk Factors, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Wake Disorders, Socioeconomic Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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