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Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Immune-Modulation

Open access
Burrello, Jacopo, Monticone, Silvia, Gai, Chiara, Gomez, Yonathan, Kholia, Sharad, Camussi, Giovanni·2016·Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

Abstract

Extra-cellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer membrane structures enriched with proteins, nucleic acids, and other active molecules and have been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes over the past decade. Recently, evidence suggests EVs to play a more dichotomic role in the regulation of the immune system, whereby an immune response may be enhanced or supressed by EVs depending on their cell of origin and its functional state. EVs derived from antigen (Ag)-presenting cells for instance, have been involved in both innate and acquired (or adaptive) immune responses, as Ag carriers or presenters, or as vehicles for delivering active signaling molecules. On the other hand, tumor and stem cell derived EVs have been identified to exert an inhibitory effect on immune responses by carrying immuno-modulatory effectors, such as transcriptional factors, non-coding RNA (Species), and cytokines. In addition, stem cell-derived EVs have also been reported to impair dendritic cell maturation and to regulate the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of B cells. They have been shown to control natural killer cell activity and to suppress the innate immune response (IIR). Studies reporting the role of EVs on T lymphocyte modulation are controversial. Discrepancy in literature may be due to stem cell culture conditions, methods of EV purification, EV molecular content, and functional state of both parental and target cells. However, mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs were shown to play a more suppressive role by shifting T cells from an activated to a T regulatory phenotype. In this review, we will discuss how stem cell-derived EVs may contribute toward the modulation of the immune response. Collectively, stem cell-derived EVs mainly exhibit an inhibitory effect on the immune system.

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Metadata

Authors
Burrello, J., Monticone, S., Gai, C., Gomez, Y., Kholia, S., & Camussi, G.
Venue
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
Published
2016-08-22
Volume
4
Pages
83-83
ISSN
2296-634X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2510104459
Cited by
266
References
97
FWCI
11.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold

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