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Cited by 116Skin Protection and Agingmelanin and skin pigmentationPhytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities

Boosting the Photoaged Skin: The Potential Role of Dietary Components

Open access
Geng, Ruixuan, Kang, Seong-Gook, Huang, Kunlun, Tong, Tao·2021·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu13051691PMC PMC8156873
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Abstract

Skin photoaging is mainly induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and its manifestations include dry skin, coarse wrinkle, irregular pigmentation, and loss of skin elasticity. Dietary supplementation of nutraceuticals with therapeutic and preventive effects against skin photoaging has recently received increasing attention. This article aims to review the research progress in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of UV-induced skin photoaging. Subsequently, the beneficial effects of dietary components on skin photoaging are discussed. The photoaging process and the underlying mechanisms are complex. Matrix metalloproteinases, transforming growth factors, skin adipose tissue, inflammation, oxidative stress, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, telomeres, microRNA, advanced glycation end products, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and transient receptor potential cation channel V are key regulators that drive the photoaging-associated changes in skin. Meanwhile, mounting evidence from animal models and clinical trials suggests that various food-derived components attenuate the development and symptoms of skin photoaging. The major mechanisms of these dietary components to alleviate skin photoaging include the maintenance of skin moisture and extracellular matrix content, regulation of specific signaling pathways involved in the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix, and antioxidant capacity. Taken together, the ingestion of food-derived functional components could be an attractive strategy to prevent skin photoaging damage.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review summarizes mechanisms of UV-induced skin photoaging and evidence that dietary components—phytochemicals, proteins/peptides, carbohydrates, fatty acids, probiotics, vitamins, and minerals—can mitigate photoaging in animal and human studies. It concludes that food-derived functional ingredients are an attractive preventive strategy, though most evidence remains preclinical and clinical dose/mechanism studies are needed.

Key findings

  • The review identifies key photoaging mechanisms: MMPs (MMP-1, -3, -9), TGF-β/Smad signaling, reduction of dermal/subcutaneous adipose tissue, inflammation/immune disorders, oxidative stress, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage, telomere shortening, miRNA dysregulation, AGE accumulation, gut microbes, HPA axis activation, and TRPV channels.
  • In human trials, astaxanthin supplementation in a 10-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study reduced loss of back skin moisture and significantly improved back skin texture; lycopene from 55 g tomato paste (16 mg lycopene) daily for 12 weeks reduced MMP-1 and mtDNA damage in upper buttock skin; and a 12-week double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover of lycopene plus lutein completely inhibited upregulation of heme oxygenase-1, ICAM-1, and MMP-1 mRNA in arm skin.
  • Other clinical evidence includes reduced sunburn reaction with vitamin C (2 g/day) plus vitamin E (1000 IU/day), or with vitamin E (2 g/day) plus vitamin C (3 g/day); reduced UV-induced facial erythema and improved elasticity/roughness/density/water homeostasis with 12-week green tea polyphenols; reduced eye wrinkle formation and increased procollagen I, elastin, and fibrillin with bioactive collagen peptides; and improved facial moisture with curcumin while inhibiting UVB-induced TNF-α and IL-1.
  • Proposed mechanisms of dietary components include maintaining skin moisture and extracellular matrix content, regulating signaling pathways involved in ECM synthesis/degradation, and antioxidant capacity; evidence is drawn from mouse models (Table 1) and human in vivo studies (Table 2).

Methods

  • Narrative review; research articles on UV-induced skin photoaging mechanisms and nutraceutical intervention were collected from Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct using keywords including skin, photoaging, extracellular matrix, fibroblast, and nutraceuticals.
  • Identified studies and relevant citations within them were reviewed; animal and human evidence is summarized in Tables 1 and 2.

Limitations

  • Stated: most dietary components have been examined only in preclinical trials (in vitro or in vivo); future clinical trials are needed to test anti-photoaging action and dose, identify promising human candidates, study bioavailability and whole-body metabolism, and identify metabolites via skin metabolomics.
  • Stated: photoaging mechanisms are interconnected, and further work is needed to identify new target molecules and mutual regulation; specific mechanisms such as TRPVs, probiotics, gut microbes, telomeres, and miRNA require more in vivo/in vitro investigation.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report a systematic search protocol, risk-of-bias assessment, or meta-analysis, and the cited studies vary in models, doses, outcomes, and durations.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu13051691

Cites

157 of 157 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 148 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    Oral administration of tomato paste containing lycopene provides protection against photodamage, as shown by reduced MMP-1 expression and mtDNA damage in upper buttock skin in a 12-week randomized controlled trial.

    “The tomato paste group showed reduced expression of MMP-1 and mtDNA damage in the upper buttock skin, suggesting that oral administration of tomato paste containing lycopene provides protection against photodamage [99].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] Rizwan, 2011, Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: A randomized controlled trial, Br. J. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationnone given

    Matrix metalloproteinases, transforming growth factors, skin adipose tissue, inflammation, oxidative stress, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, telomeres, microRNA, advanced glycation end products, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and transient receptor potential cation channel V are key regulators that drive photoaging-associated changes in skin.

    “Matrix metalloproteinases, transforming growth factors, skin adipose tissue, inflammation, oxidative stress, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, telomeres, microRNA, advanced glycation end products, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and transient receptor potential cation channel V are key regulators that drive the photoaging-associated changes in skin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Photoaging is the most crucial factor causing skin aging damage.

    “Among them, photoaging is the most crucial factor causing skin aging damage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Lee, 2012, The role of TRPV1 channel in aged human skin, J. Dermatol. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    Ingestion of food-derived functional components could be an attractive strategy to prevent skin photoaging damage.

    “Taken together, the ingestion of food-derived functional components could be an attractive strategy to prevent skin photoaging damage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationcitation

    Mounting evidence from animal models and clinical trials suggests that various food-derived components attenuate the development and symptoms of skin photoaging.

    “mounting evidence from animal models and clinical trials suggests that various food-derived components attenuate the development and symptoms of skin photoaging”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [8] Tong, T., Park, J., Moon, Y., Kang, W., and Park, T. (2019). Alpha-ionone Protects Against UVB-Induced Photoaging in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Molecules, 24. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Figueres, 2015, An overview of the beneficial effects of hydrolysed collagen intake on joint and bone health and on skin ageing, Nutr. Hosp.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Song, 2017, The effect of collagen hydrolysates from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin on UV-induced photoaging in mice: Molecular weight affects skin repair, Food Funct. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 70
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In a 10-week double-blind placebo-controlled study, participants supplemented with astaxanthin had reduced loss of back skin moisture and significantly improved back skin texture compared with placebo.

    “In a 10-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, there was reduced loss of back skin moisture and the back skin texture was significantly improved in participants who were supplemented with astaxanthin, compared with a placebo group [97,98].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [97] Ito, N., Seki, S., and Ueda, F. (2018). The protective role of astaxanthin for UV-induced skin deterioration in healthy people-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients, 10. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [98] Ng, 2020, Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on skin health: A systematic review of clinical studies, J. Diet. Suppl. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UV activates or inhibits various signal pathways in the dermis and epidermis, leading to a decrease in extracellular matrix content and causing uneven structure or skin collapse.

    “UV activates or inhibits various signal pathways in the dermis and epidermis, leading to a decrease in the content of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and causing uneven structure or even skin collapse [6].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Poon, 2015, Mechanisms and treatments of photoaging, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The major mechanisms by which dietary components alleviate skin photoaging include maintenance of skin moisture and extracellular matrix content, regulation of specific signaling pathways involved in synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix, and antioxidant capacity.

    “The major mechanisms of these dietary components to alleviate skin photoaging include the maintenance of skin moisture and extracellular matrix content, regulation of specific signaling pathways involved in the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix, and antioxidant capacity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Skin photoaging manifests as dry skin, coarse wrinkles, irregular pigmentation, and loss of skin elasticity.

    “its manifestations include dry skin, coarse wrinkle, irregular pigmentation, and loss of skin elasticity”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “manifests as rough, dry, and sagging skin, deeper skin wrinkles, excessive skin pigmentation, or angiotelectasis [4]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Young, 2006, Acute effects of UVR on human eyes and skin, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The dermal region is more susceptible to photodamage than the epidermis, resulting in loss of skin resilience.

    “In contrast, the dermal region is more susceptible to photodamage, which results in loss of skin resilience [34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Wlaschek, 2021, Connective tissue and fibroblast senescence in skin aging, J. Investig. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    More than 80% of facial skin aging is caused by exposure to UV.

    “Studies have shown that more than 80% of facial skin aging is caused by exposure to UV [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Young, 2006, Acute effects of UVR on human eyes and skin, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Histological and ultrastructural studies show epidermal hyperplasia, damage and disorder of collagen fibers, and accumulation of abnormal elastic substances in connective tissue in photoaged skin.

    “Histological and ultrastructural studies have shown epidermal hyperplasia, damage, and disorder of collagen fibers, and a large accumulation of abnormal elastic substances in connective tissue in photoaged skin [32,33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] Cannarozzo, 2021, A new 675 nm laser device in the treatment of facial aging: A prospective observational study, Photobiomodulation Photomed. Laser Surg. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Nistico, 2021, Combination of fractional CO2 laser and rhodamine-intense pulsed light in facial rejuvenation: A randomized controlled trial, Photobiomodulation Photomed. Laser Surg. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Phytochemicals, functional proteins and peptides, functional sugars, functional oils, probiotics, vitamins, and minerals improve photoaging-associated morphological abnormalities and functional decline.

    “Phytochemicals [8], functional proteins [9] and peptides [10], functional sugars [11,12], functional oils [13], probiotics [14,15], vitamins [16,17], and minerals [18,19] are well-known to improve the photoaging-associated morphological abnormalities and functional decline.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [8] Tong, T., Park, J., Moon, Y., Kang, W., and Park, T. (2019). Alpha-ionone Protects Against UVB-Induced Photoaging in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Molecules, 24. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Figueres, 2015, An overview of the beneficial effects of hydrolysed collagen intake on joint and bone health and on skin ageing, Nutr. Hosp.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Song, 2017, The effect of collagen hydrolysates from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin on UV-induced photoaging in mice: Molecular weight affects skin repair, Food Funct. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UV radiation activates MMPs and induces their expression in skin.

    “Studies have shown that UV radiation activates MMPs and induces their expression in skin [38].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Lu, J., Guo, J.H., Tu, X.L., Zhang, C., Zhao, M., Zhang, Q.W., and Gao, F.H. (2016). Tiron inhibits UVB-Induced AP-1 binding sites transcriptional activation on MMP-1 and MMP-3 promoters by MAPK signaling pathway in human dermal fibroblasts. PLoS ONE, 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UV radiation induces excessive ROS production, which activates the MAPK/AP-1 pathway and stimulates MMP expression, promoting collagen degradation and resulting in skin photoaging.

    “Furthermore, ROS can also activate the MAPK/AP-1 pathway and stimulate the expression of MMPs, promoting the degradation of collagen and resulting in skin photoaging [59].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Park, 2013, Effects of antioxidants and MAPK inhibitors on cell death and reactive oxygen species levels in H2O2-treated human pulmonary fibroblasts, Oncol. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Long-term excessive UV exposure leads to DWAT depletion and skin fibrosis.

    “Long-term excessive exposure to UV leads to DWAT depletion and skin fibrosis at the same time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Martins, 2015, FIZZ1-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation from adipocytes and its potential role in dermal fibrosis and lipoatrophy, Am. J. Pathol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UV radiation induces production of ROS, which breaks the dynamic balance between oxidation and antioxidant systems in the skin and reduces its ability to remove ROS.

    “UV radiation induces the production of ROS, which breaks the dynamic balance between oxidation and antioxidant systems in the skin [58] and reduces its ability to remove ROS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Tobin, 2017, Introduction to skin aging, J. Tissue Viability source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Under UV radiation, AP-1 and NF-κB are activated, leading to synthesis of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase, which cause secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in normal human dermal fibroblast cells.

    “Under UV radiation, AP-1 and NF-κB are activated, leading to the synthesis of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase. These inflammatory enzymes cause the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α, in normal human dermal fibroblast cells [53].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Subedi, 2017, Resveratrol-enriched rice attenuates UVB-ROS-induced skin aging via downregulation of inflammatory cascades, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glycated elastin fibers abnormally aggregate and interact with lysozymes in solar elastosis skin but not sun-protected sites, indicating glycation is involved in photoaging.

    “Among extracellular proteins, glycated elastin fibers abnormally aggregate and unusually interact with lysozymes in the skin of the solar elastosis but not sun-protected sites, indicating that glycation is involved in photoaging [78].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78] Zhang, 2018, Fighting against skin aging: The way from bench to bedside, Cell Transplant. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral probiotics may counteract UV damage and relieve inflammatory dermatoses by regulating immune-related signal pathways.

    “Oral probiotics may counteract UV damage [80] and relieve inflammatory dermatoses [81] by regulating immune-related signal pathways.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [80] Kim, 2014, Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 protects hairless mouse against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [81] Huang, 2017, The microbiome in allergic disease: Current understanding and future opportunities-2017 PRACTALL document of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UV radiation induces excessive ROS production, resulting in telomere mutations and further cell death.

    “UV radiation is known to induce excessive ROS production, resulting in telomere mutations and further cell death [72].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72] Buckingham, 2011, The role of telomeres in the ageing of human skin, Exp. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UVB alters miR-34 family expression in mouse dorsal skin and dysregulates collagen structure, with subsequent reductions in strength and elasticity.

    “Moreover, UVB alters miR-34 family expression in mouse dorsal skin, in addition to dysregulating collagen structure, with subsequent reductions in strength and elasticity [76].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76] Blackstone, 2020, Skin biomechanics and miRNA expression following chronic UVB irradiation, Adv. Wound Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Gut dysbiosis has been observed in atopic dermatitis.

    “Gut dysbiosis has been observed in conditions such as atopic dermatitis [82].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] Song, 2016, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subspecies-level dysbiosis in the human gut microbiome underlying atopic dermatitis, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    TRPV4 can activate TGF-β1/AKT signal and enhance differentiation of dermal myofibroblasts and increase in collagen content induced by TGF-β1.

    “Furthermore, TRPV4 can activate the TGF-β1/AKT signal and enhance the differentiation of dermal myofibroblasts and the increase in collagen content induced by TGF-β1 [95] (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] Sharma, 2017, TRPV4 ion channel is a novel regulator of dermal myofibroblast differentiation, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In human dermal fibroblasts, UVB irradiation causes Ca2+ increase via TRPV1, induces Nrf2 degradation, leads to imbalance of intracellular redox homeostasis, and brings about skin photoaging.

    “In human dermal fibroblasts, UVB irradiation causes a Ca2+ increase via TRPV1, induces nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) degradation, leads to an imbalance of intracellular redox homeostasis, and brings about skin photoaging finally [90] (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [90] Huang, 2019, Ultraviolet B irradiation induced Nrf2 degradation occurs via activation of TRPV1 channels in human dermal fibroblasts, Free Radic. Biol. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Activation of TRPV4 has a positive effect on formation and recovery of the epidermal barrier.

    “However, some research reports that the activation of TRPV4 has a positive effect on the formation and recovery of the epidermal barrier [94].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [94] Kida, 2012, Importance of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in epidermal barrier function in human skin keratinocytes, Pflug. Arch. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inhibiting TRPV4 expression can attenuate photoaging damage of epidermal cells and mouse skin, indicating potential of TRPV4 as a therapeutic target for photoaging.

    “Inhibiting the expression of TRPV4 can attenuate photoaging damage of epidermal cells and mouse skin, indicating the potential of TRPV4 as a therapeutic target for photoaging [93].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] Moore, 2013, UVB radiation generates sunburn pain and affects skin by activating epidermal TRPV4 ion channels and triggering endothelin-1 signaling, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Long-term topical and systemic use of glucocorticoids is associated with skin atrophy, disruption to cutaneous barrier function, and dermatitis.

    “Long-term topical and systemic use of glucocorticoids is associated with skin atrophy, disruption to cutaneous barrier function, and dermatitis [86].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [86] Schacke, 2002, Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids, Pharmacol. Ther. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral administration of astaxanthin is protective against UV-induced skin deterioration and helps maintain healthy skin.

    “Oral administration of astaxanthin is protective against UV-induced skin deterioration and is helpful to maintain healthy skin.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [96] Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 10. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hydrangenol attenuated phosphorylation of MAPKs and reduced expression of MMP-1/-3, cyclooxygenase-2, and IL-6 in mouse dorsal skin.

    “Hydrangenol attenuated the phosphorylation of MAPKs and reduced the expression of MMP-1/-3, cyclooxygenase-2, and IL-6 in mouse dorsal skin [105].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [105] Myung, D.B., Han, H.S., Shin, J.S., Park, J.Y., Hwang, H.J., Kim, H.J., Ahn, H.S., Lee, S.H., and Lee, K.T. (2019). Hydrangenol isolated from the leaves of hydrangea serrata attenuates wrinkle formation and repairs skin moisture in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. Nutrients, 11. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hydrangenol increased expression of Pro-COL1A1 and HA and upregulated expression of Nrf2, oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1, glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit, and glutamate cysteine ligase catalysis subunit in mouse dorsal skin.

    “Hydrangenol increased the expression of Pro-COL1A1 and HA and upregulated the expression of Nrf2, oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1, glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit, and glutamate cysteine ligase catalysis subunit in mouse dorsal skin.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [105] Myung, D.B., Han, H.S., Shin, J.S., Park, J.Y., Hwang, H.J., Kim, H.J., Ahn, H.S., Lee, S.H., and Lee, K.T. (2019). Hydrangenol isolated from the leaves of hydrangea serrata attenuates wrinkle formation and repairs skin moisture in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. Nutrients, 11. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral administration of immature Citrus unshiu powder improves UVB-induced loss of skin hydration, increase in transepidermal water loss, and overgrowth of epidermal cells, while suppressing epidermal cell mortality and basement membrane destruction, in hairless mice.

    “Oral administration of immature Citrus unshiu powder improves UVB-induced loss of skin hydration, the increase in transepidermal water loss, and the overgrowth of epidermal cells, while suppressing epidermal cell mortality and basement membrane destruction, in hairless mice [104].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [104] Tamaru, 2020, Dietary immature Citrus unshiu alleviates UVB- induced photoaging by suppressing degradation of basement membrane in hairless mice, Heliyon source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hawthorn polyphenol extract reversed epidermal thickening and dermal damage and promoted production of type I procollagen in dorsal skin of UVB-irradiated mice through inactivation of NF-kappaB and phosphorylation of MAPK.

    “Hawthorn polyphenol extract reversed epidermal thickening and dermal damage and promoted the production of type I procollagen in the dorsal skin of UVB-irradiated mice through the inactivation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of MAPK.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [107] Liu, 2018, Hawthorn polyphenol extract inhibits UVB-induced skin photoaging by regulating MMP expression and type i procollagen production in mice, J. Agric. Food Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a placebo-controlled double-blind clinical study, facial skin moisturization and elasticity were enhanced, while facial skin roughness and depth of wrinkles were reduced, in subjects orally supplied with a resveratrol-procyanidin blend.

    “In a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study, facial skin moisturization and elasticity were enhanced, while facial skin roughness and depth of wrinkles were reduced, in subjects who were orally supplied with a resveratrol–procyanidin blend.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [110] Buonocore, 2012, Resveratrol-procyanidin blend: Nutraceutical and antiaging efficacy evaluated in a placebocontrolled, double-blind study, Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, oral supplementation with curcumin improved moisture content of facial skin and inhibited increases in UVB-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-1 in skin.

    “In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, oral supplementation with curcumin improved the moisture content of facial skin and inhibited increases in UVB-induced tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1 in skin [111].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [111] Asada, 2019, Effects of hot water extract of Curcuma longa on human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro and skin conditions in healthy participants: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plasmatic antioxidant capacity and skin antioxidant power increased significantly with a resveratrol-procyanidin blend.

    “Additionally, plasmatic antioxidant capacity and skin antioxidant power increased significantly [110].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [110] Buonocore, 2012, Resveratrol-procyanidin blend: Nutraceutical and antiaging efficacy evaluated in a placebocontrolled, double-blind study, Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dietary supplementation with hawthorn polyphenol extract decreased production of ROS and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in mouse dorsal skin.

    “In addition, dietary supplementation with hawthorn polyphenol extract decreased the production of ROS and increased the antioxidant enzyme activity in mouse dorsal skin [107].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [107] Liu, 2018, Hawthorn polyphenol extract inhibits UVB-induced skin photoaging by regulating MMP expression and type i procollagen production in mice, J. Agric. Food Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A randomized parallel-group study showed that oral administration of dietary polyphenols reduced UV-induced facial skin redness and lipoperoxides and improved facial skin wrinkles and elasticity.

    “This randomized, parallel-group study showed that oral administration of dietary polyphenols reduced the UV-induced facial skin redness and lipoperoxides and improved facial skin wrinkles and elasticity [115].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [115] Nobile, 2016, Skin photoprotective and antiageing effects of a combination of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) polyphenols, Food Nutr. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled study, supplementation with green tea polyphenols significantly reduced UV-induced erythema in facial skin, improved skin elasticity, roughness, density, and water homeostasis, and increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to skin.

    “In a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, supplementation with green tea polyphenols significantly reduced the UV-induced erythema in facial skin, improved skin elasticity, roughness, density, and water homeostasis, and increased the blood flow and oxygen delivery to the skin [114].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [114] Heinrich, 2011, Green tea polyphenols provide photoprotection, increase microcirculation, and modulate skin properties of women, J. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Foeniculum vulgare extract dramatically improved production of collagen, elastin, and TGF-beta1 in mouse dorsal skin, while reducing skin MMP levels under UVB irradiation.

    “This extract dramatically improved the production of collagen, elastin, and TGF-β1 in mouse dorsal skin, while reducing skin MMP levels under UVB irradiation [119].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [119] Sun, 2016, Dietary Foeniculum vulgare Mill extract attenuated UVB irradiation-induced skin photoaging by activating of Nrf2 and inhibiting MAPK pathways, Phytomedicine source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral administration of garlic diminished UV-induced coarse wrinkle formation and ameliorated mouse dorsal skin and epidermal thickness.

    “Oral administration of garlic diminished UV-induced coarse wrinkle formation and ameliorated mouse dorsal skin and epidermal thickness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [118] Kim, H.K. (2016). Garlic supplementation ameliorates UV-Induced photoaging in hairless mice by regulating antioxidative activity and MMPs expression. Molecules, 21. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Wheat extract oil supplementation improved UVB-induced losses in skin moisture, elasticity, and damage of skin barrier function, and inhibited decreases in procollagen type I, HA, and ceramide, in mouse dorsal skin tissue.

    “Wheat extract oil supplementation improved UVB-induced losses in skin moisture, elasticity, and damage of skin barrier function, and inhibited the decreases in procollagen type I, HA, and ceramide, in mouse dorsal skin tissue [120].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [120] Son, D.J., Jung, J.C., Choi, Y.M., Ryu, H.Y., Lee, S., and Davis, B.A. (2020). Wheat extract oil (WEO) attenuates UVB-induced photoaging via collagen synthesis in human keratinocytes and hairless mice. Nutrients, 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mycosporine-like amino acids significantly inhibited the decrease in hydroxyproline and collagen content, improved pathological damage to collagen fibers, and reduced expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in mouse dorsal skin.

    “Mycosporine-like amino acids significantly inhibited the decrease in hydroxyproline and collagen content, improved pathological damage to collagen fibers, and reduced the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and tumor necrosis factor-α in mouse dorsal skin [117].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [117] Ying, 2019, Protective effect of MAAs extracted from Porphyra tenera against UV irradiation-induced photoaging in mouse skin, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Expression of procollagen mRNA increased in dorsal skin of garlic-supplied mice, while MMP-1 and MMP-2 protein and mRNA levels were reduced.

    “The expression of procollagen mRNA was increased in the dorsal skin of the garlic-supplied mice, while MMP-1 and MMP-2 protein and mRNA levels were reduced.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [118] Kim, H.K. (2016). Garlic supplementation ameliorates UV-Induced photoaging in hairless mice by regulating antioxidative activity and MMPs expression. Molecules, 21. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral supplementation of garlic significantly decreased ROS generation and mouse dorsal skin and serum malondialdehyde levels, and upregulated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in mouse dorsal skin tissue.

    “In addition, oral supplementation of garlic significantly decreased ROS generation and mouse dorsal skin and serum malondialdehyde levels, and upregulated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in mouse dorsal skin tissue [118].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [118] Kim, H.K. (2016). Garlic supplementation ameliorates UV-Induced photoaging in hairless mice by regulating antioxidative activity and MMPs expression. Molecules, 21. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fermented blackberry diminished wrinkle formation and epidermal thickening in mouse dorsal skin, maintained ECM density, and reversed type-1 procollagen reduction and antioxidant enzyme inactivation.

    “Fermented blackberry diminished wrinkle formation and epidermal thickening in mouse dorsal skin, maintained ECM density, and reversed type-1 procollagen reduction and antioxidant enzyme inactivation [121].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [121] Kim, H.R., Jeong, D.H., Kim, S., Lee, S.W., Sin, H.S., Yu, K.Y., Jeong, S.I., and Kim, S.Y. (2019). Fermentation of blackberry with l. Plantarum JBMI f5 enhance the protection effect on UVB-mediated photoaging in human foreskin fibroblast and hairless mice through regulation of MAPK/NF-kappaB signaling. Nutrients, 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral supplementation with collagen hydrolysate and antioxidant-containing nutraceuticals significantly decreased wrinkle width, open pores, skin roughness, and color of hyperpigmented blemishes, and enhanced skin hydration, firmness, elasticity, and barrier function, in female participants' eye skin.

    “Another study showed that oral supplementation with collagen hydrolysate and antioxidant-containing nutraceuticals significantly decreased wrinkle width, open pores, skin roughness, and the color of hyperpigmented blemishes, and enhanced skin hydration, firmness, elasticity, and barrier function, in female participants’ eye skin [124].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [124] Motwani, 2020, Efficacy of a collagen hydrolysate and antioxidants-containing nutraceutical on metrics of skin health in Indian women, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral supplementation with Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides reduced UV-induced water and collagen losses in skin, repaired collagen breakdown, maintained a stable type I/III collagen ratio, and increased levels of glycosaminoglycans in dorsal skin of Sprague-Dawley rats.

    “Oral supplementation with Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides reduced UV-induced water and collagen losses in skin, repaired collagen breakdown, maintained a stable type I/III collagen ratio, and increased the levels of glycosaminoglycans in the dorsal skin of Sprague-Dawley rats.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Lingrong, 2016, Effect of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis on UV-induced photoaging, J. Funct. Foods source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Eye wrinkle formation was reduced, and biosynthesis of procollagen I, elastin, and fibrillin in skin was significantly increased in the bioactive collagen peptide-treated group.

    “Eye wrinkle formation was reduced, and biosynthesis of procollagen I, elastin, and fibrillin in the skin was significantly increased in the bioactive collagen peptide-treated group [122].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [122] Proksch, 2014, Oral intake of specific bioactive collagen peptides reduces skin wrinkles and increases dermal matrix synthesis, Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral administration of collagen peptide (fish or porcine origin) significantly increased skin hydration and collagen density in facial skin and upregulated glycosaminoglycan production in ex vivo experiments.

    “Oral administration of collagen peptide (a specific mixture of collagen peptides of fish origin or porcine origin) significantly increased skin hydration and collagen density in facial skin and upregulated glycosaminoglycan production in ex vivo experiments [123].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [123] Asserin, 2015, The effect of oral collagen peptide supplementation on skin moisture and the dermal collagen network: Evidence from an ex vivo model and randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide enhanced superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and decreased ROS and malondialdehyde levels, in mouse dorsal skin, resulting in reduction of UVB-induced oxidative stress.

    “Moreover, Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide enhanced superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and decreased ROS and malondialdehyde levels, in mouse dorsal skin, resulting in the reduction of UVB-induced oxidative stress [12].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Ye, 2018, Structural properties and protective effect of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides against ultraviolet B radiation in hairless Kun Ming mice, J. Funct. Foods source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both Tremella fuciformis and Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides enhance activity of antioxidant enzymes, reduce oxidative stress, and ultimately improve skin damage.

    “For example, both Tremella fuciformis and Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, reduce oxidative stress, and ultimately improve skin damage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] Lingrong, 2016, Effect of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis on UV-induced photoaging, J. Funct. Foods source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Ye, 2018, Structural properties and protective effect of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides against ultraviolet B radiation in hairless Kun Ming mice, J. Funct. Foods source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Clinical studies have proven that oral supplementation with HA could improve skin moisture and elasticity and relieve wrinkles and roughness in eye skin.

    “Clinical studies have proven that oral supplementation with HA could improve skin moisture and elasticity and relieve wrinkles and roughness in eye skin [127].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [127] Gollner, 2017, Ingestion of an oral hyaluronan solution improves skin hydration, wrinkle reduction, elasticity, and skin roughness: Results of a clinical study, J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Suberic acid upregulates expression of molecules in the TGF-beta/Smad pathway and inactivates the MAPK/AP-1 pathway.

    “Mechanistically, suberic acid upregulates the expression of molecules in the TGF-β/Smad pathway and inactivates the MAPK/AP-1 pathway.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [129] Kang, W., Choi, D., and Park, T. (2019). Dietary suberic acid protects against UVB-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice. Nutrients, 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral administration of suberic acid restrained UVB-induced skin dryness, wrinkle formation, and epidermal thickness.

    “Oral administration of suberic acid restrained UVB-induced skin dryness, wrinkle formation, and epidermal thickness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [129] Kang, W., Choi, D., and Park, T. (2019). Dietary suberic acid protects against UVB-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice. Nutrients, 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral treatment with 7-MEGA 500 improved skin thickness, skin barrier function, and wrinkle indicators, and reduced expression of MMP-3 and c-Jun, in mouse dorsal skin.

    “Oral treatment with 7-MEGA™ 500 improved skin thickness, skin barrier function, and wrinkle indicators, and reduced the expression of MMP-3 and c-Jun, in mouse dorsal skin [128].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [128] Park, 2019, Alleviation of ultraviolet b-induced photoaging by 7-MEGA™500 in hairless mouse skin, Toxicol. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Administration of olive oil promoted collagen synthesis, decreased catecholamine synthesis, and inhibited ROS production, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and MMP-8 levels in stressed mouse dorsal skin.

    “Administration of olive oil promoted collagen synthesis, decreased catecholamine synthesis, and inhibited ROS production, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and MMP-8 levels in stressed mouse dorsal skin [13].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Bruna, 2019, Olive oil reduces chronic psychological stress-induced skin aging in mice through the NF-κB and NRF2 pathways, J. Funct. Foods source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral suberic acid downregulated expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 and enhanced expression of collagen and HA in back skin of mice.

    “Oral suberic acid downregulated the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 and enhanced the expression of collagen and HA in the back skin of mice [129].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [129] Kang, W., Choi, D., and Park, T. (2019). Dietary suberic acid protects against UVB-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice. Nutrients, 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral supplementation with four insect extracts relieved skin wrinkles, epidermal thickening, barrier dysfunction, loss of transepidermal water, and collagen breakdown and inhibited expression of MMPs, phosphorylation of MAPK, and relief of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

    “Oral supplementation with four insect extracts including Allomyrina dichotoma larva, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis, Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, and Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer relieved skin winkles, epidermal thickening, barrier dysfunction, loss of transepidermal water, and collagen breakdown and inhibited the expression of MMPs, phosphorylation of MAPK, and relief of pro-inflammatory cytokines.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [137] Im, A.R., Ji, K.Y., Park, I., Lee, J.Y., Kim, K.M., Na, M., and Chae, S. (2019). Anti-Photoaging effects of four insect extracts by downregulating matrix metalloproteinase expression via Mitogen-Activated protein kinase-dependent signaling. Nutrients, 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    B. breve B-3 markedly relieved transepidermal water loss and epidermal thickening, suppressed damage to tight junction structure and basement membrane, and attenuated production of IL-1beta in skin.

    “B. breve B-3 markedly relieved transepidermal water loss and epidermal thickening, suppressed the damage to the tight junction structure and basement membrane, and attenuated the production of IL-1β in skin [15].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Satoh, 2015, Effect of Bifidobacterium breve B-3 on skin photoaging induced by chronic UV irradiation in mice, Benef. Microbes source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In clinical research, oral administration of argan oil increased gross elasticity, net elasticity, and biological elasticity in volar forearm skin, and decreased resonance running time markedly, in postmenopausal women.

    “In a clinical research, oral administration of argan oil increased the gross elasticity, net elasticity, and biological elasticity in volar forearm skin, and decreased resonance running time markedly, in postmenopausal women [134].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [134] Boucetta, 2015, The effect of dietary and/or cosmetic argan oil on postmenopausal skin elasticity, Clin. Interv. Aging

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fish oil supplementation containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increases minimal erythema dose significantly and decreases erythema and p53 induction in human skin.

    “Research suggests that fish oil supplementation (containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) increases minimal erythema dose significantly and decreases erythema and p53 induction in human skin [132].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [132] Orengo, 1992, Influence of fish oil supplementation on the minimal erythema dose in humans, Arch. Dermatol. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a clinical study, oral supplementation with squalene substantially increased procollagen levels and reduced facial wrinkles and erythema, keratinocytic apoptosis, and thymine dimer levels in facial skin.

    “In a clinical study, oral supplementation with squalene substantially increased procollagen levels and reduced facial wrinkles and erythema, keratinocytic apoptosis, and thymine dimer levels in facial skin [131].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [131] Cho, 2009, High-dose squalene ingestion increases type I procollagen and decreases ultraviolet-induced DNA damage in human skin in vivo but is associated with transient adverse effects, Clin. Exp. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although fish oil intake reduces UV-induced damage, lipid peroxidation of skin increases due to the unstable nature of n-3 fatty acids.

    “Although fish oil intake reduces UV-induced damage, the lipid peroxidation of skin increases due to the unstable nature of n-3 fatty acids [133].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [133] Rhodes, 1994, Dietary fish-oil supplementation in humans reduces UVB-erythemal sensitivity but increases epidermal lipid peroxidation, J. Investig. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed elastosis reduction, epidermal thickness increase, corneal layer diminution, dermal collagen 1 increase, and epidermal p53 reduction in facial and forearm skin of 50- to 75-year-old men and women.

    “Histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed elastosis reduction, epidermal thickness increase, corneal layer diminution, dermal collagen 1 increase, and epidermal p53 reduction in the facial and forearm skin of 50- to 75-year-old men and women [17].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Bagatin, 2014, Low-dose oral isotretinoin versus topical retinoic acid for photoaging: A randomized, comparative study, Int. J. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin C is key to collagen biosynthesis and can directly promote expression of collagen genes.

    “Vitamin C is the key to collagen biosynthesis and can directly promote the expression of collagen genes [144].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [144] Hinek, 2014, Sodium L-ascorbate enhances elastic fibers deposition by fibroblasts from normal and pathologic human skin, J. Dermatol. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral supplementation with lactococcus lactis H61 improves status of inner forearm and cheek skin in Japanese women by adjusting balance of intestinal microbes, exerting antioxidant activity, and regulating immune response.

    “Oral supplementation with lactococcus lactis H61 improves the status of inner forearm and cheek skin in Japanese women by adjusting the balance of intestinal microbes, exerting antioxidant activity, and regulating the immune response [14].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] 2018, New lactic acid bacteria for skin health via oral intake of heat-killed or live cells, Anim. Sci. J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Knowledge of the mechanisms of probiotics is lacking and unclear compared with phytochemicals, collagen peptides, and plant polysaccharides, although probiotics show promising photoprotective effects.

    “Compared with the above-mentioned phytochemicals, collagen peptides, and plant polysaccharides, knowledge of the mechanisms of probiotics is lacking and unclear, although probiotics show promising photoprotective effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin C acts as a cofactor for proline and lysine hydroxylases, and these enzymes are essential in micelle formation and in stabilizing the collagen molecule tertiary structure.

    “Vitamin C acts as a cofactor for the proline and lysine hydroxylases, and proline and lysine hydroxylase are essential in the process of micelle formation and in stabilizing the collagen molecule tertiary structure [145].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [145] Pinnell, 1985, Regulation of collagen biosynthesis by ascorbic acid: A review, Yale J. Biol. Med.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 decreased skin sensitivity through inhibition of release of neuromediators involved in sensitivity reaction, and improved skin barrier function in leg and cheek skin.

    “A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 decreased skin sensitivity through inhibition of the release of the neuromediators involved in sensitivity reaction, and improved skin barrier function in leg and cheek skin [142].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [142] Gueniche, 2014, Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 on skin reactivity, Benef. Microbes source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mice administered with tyndalized Lactobacillus acidophilus displayed a significant reduction in wrinkle formation and transepidermal water loss, and an increase in skin hydration.

    “Mice administered with tyndalized Lactobacillus acidophilus displayed a significant reduction in wrinkle formation and transepidermal water loss, and an increase in skin hydration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [141] Im, 2016, Potential for tyndalized Lactobacillus acidophilus as an effective component in moisturizing skin and anti-wrinkle products, Exp. Ther. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Doses of vitamin E up to 400 mg can be considered absolutely safe, and vitamin E doses between 400 and 2000 mg also seem to cause no side effects.

    “Doses up to 400 mg can be considered absolutely safe, and vitamin E doses between 400 and 2000 mg also seem to cause no side effects [151,152].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [151] Kappus, 1992, Tolerance and safety of vitamin E: A toxicological position report, Free Radic. Biol. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [152] Meydani, 1995, Vitamin E, Lancet source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oral supplementation with vitamin C could prevent dry skin, reduce wrinkle formation, and promote wound healing.

    “Oral supplementation with vitamin C could prevent dry skin, reduce wrinkle formation, and promote wound healing [147].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [147] Boyce, 2002, Vitamin C regulates keratinocyte viability, epidermal barrier, and basement membrane in vitro, and reduces wound contraction after grafting of cultured skin substitutes, J. Investig. Dermatol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The combination of vitamin C and E can efficaciously eliminate water-soluble and fat-soluble free radicals at the same time, preventing free radicals from causing oxidative damage to the cell membrane.

    “The reason might be that the combination of vitamin C and E can efficaciously eliminate water-soluble and fat-soluble free radicals at the same time, preventing free radicals from causing oxidative damage to the cell membrane.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Copper, zinc, and selenium are cofactors in enzymatic reactions during collagen crosslinking and necessary elements for epidermal proliferation and keratinocyte differentiation.

    “They are cofactors in enzymatic reactions during collagen crosslinking and necessary elements for epidermal proliferation and keratinocyte differentiation [154,155].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [154] Michalak, M., Pierzak, M., Kr, C.B., and Suliga, E. (2021). Bioactive compounds for skin health: A review. Nutrients, 13. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [155] Ascenso, 2020, Feeding the skin: A new trend in food and cosmetics convergence, Trends Food Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The mechanisms of photoaging seem not to be independent of each other and can connect through intermediate signaling molecules.

    “These mechanisms seem not to be independent of each other and can connect through intermediate signaling molecules.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    UV radiation reaches skin and triggers multiple mechanisms and pathways at the same time.

    “UV radiation reaches skin and triggers multiple mechanisms and pathways at the same time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    MMPs, TGFs, reduction in skin adipose tissue, inflammation and immune disorders, oxidative stress, nuclear DNA and mtDNA damage, telomere shortening, miRNA, accumulation of AGEs, gut microbes, activation of the HPA axis, and TRPV are the main mechanisms causing photoaging.

    “MMPs, TGFs, reduction in skin adipose tissue, inflammation and immune disorders, oxidative stress, nuclear DNA and mtDNA damage, telomere shortening, miRNA, accumulation of AGEs, gut microbes, activation of the HPA axis, and TRPV are the main mechanisms causing photoaging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The mechanisms of photoaging identified in mice are the same as those in humans.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Diet is key to skin health.

    “Diet is key to skin health.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Findings from animal models of UV-induced photoaging are predictive of effects in human skin.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    These functional ingredients have been reported to promote skin health and prevent skin photoaging through activation of different signaling pathways.

    “These functional ingredients have been reported to promote skin health and prevent skin photoaging through the activation of different signaling pathways.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Findings from animal models of UV-induced photoaging are predictive of effects in human skin.
75 of 75

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Photoaging is mainly caused by UVA and UVB.

    “Photoaging is mainly caused by UVA and UVB.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    UVA has a strong ability to induce free radicals and lipid peroxidation in cells and undermines collagen fibers and elastic fibers in the dermal tissue.

    “UVA has a strong ability to induce free radicals and lipid peroxidation in cells and undermines collagen fibers and elastic fibers in the dermal tissue.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    UVB chiefly leads to lesions in the epidermis and superficial dermis and is absorbed by proteins and DNA in cells, causing cell damage and mutation.

    “In contrast, UVB chiefly leads to lesions in the epidermis and superficial dermis and could be absorbed by proteins and DNA in cells, causing cell damage and mutation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The replacement rate of dermal adipose cells is much higher than that in SWAT.

    “The replacement rate of dermal adipose cells is much higher than that in SWAT.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings from animal models of UV-induced photoaging are predictive of effects in human skin.

    “A number of clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that dietary supplementation of phytochemicals, collagen, functional sugars, functional oils, probiotics, and vitamins plays an essential role in anti-photoaging efficacy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The mechanisms of photoaging identified in mice are the same as those in humans.

    “MMPs, TGFs, reduction in skin adipose tissue, inflammation and immune disorders, oxidative stress, nuclear DNA and mtDNA damage, telomere shortening, miRNA, accumulation of AGEs, gut microbes, activation of the HPA axis, and TRPV are the main mechanisms causing photoaging.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Immature Citrus unshiu contains high concentrations of flavonoids such as hesperidin and narirutin.

    “Immature Citrus unshiu is known to contain high concentrations of flavonoids such as hesperidin and narirutin.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cacao beans contain a variety of bioactive compounds and their consumption is associated with skin health.

    “Cacao beans are known to contain a variety of bioactive compounds and their consumption is associated with skin health.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Galacto-oligosaccharide is a non-artificially synthesized oligosaccharide derived from animal milk and is an excellent prebiotic with bifidobacteria proliferation activity.

    “Galacto-oligosaccharide is a non-artificially synthesized oligosaccharide derived from animal milk and is an excellent prebiotic with bifidobacteria proliferation activity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Vitamins are crucial to delay skin aging and improve skin appearance.

    “Vitamins are crucial to delay skin aging and improve skin appearance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Vitamin C is a strongly water-soluble antioxidant.

    “Vitamin C is a strongly water-soluble antioxidant.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and a strong antioxidant.

    “Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and a strong antioxidant.”
12 of 12

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Combination of vitamin C and vitamin E can efficaciously eliminate water-soluble and fat-soluble free radicals at the same time, preventing free radicals from causing oxidative damage to the cell membrane.

    “It was thought that the combination of vitamin C and vitamin E can efficaciously eliminate water-soluble and fat-soluble free radicals at the same time, preventing free radicals from causing oxidative damage to the cell membrane [64].”

    From Nutraceuticals in the Prevention and Treatment of the Muscle Atrophy (2021) · cites this paper as [64]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • UV wavelength range is not covered by the stated subdivisions

    Minor

    The paper defines UV as spanning 100-400 nm, but its three stated subdivisions cover only 200-400 nm. The 100-200 nm portion is left out of what is presented as a division of UV.

  • Hawthorn study's skin site changes from facial to dorsal

    Minor

    The same description places the reported UVB-induced photoaging in facial skin, then says the observed tissue effects were in dorsal skin. It does not explain whether both sites were studied.

2 of 2

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1 of the 158 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

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Related

Authors
Geng, R., Kang, S.-G., Huang, K., & Tong, T.
Affiliations
  • Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (CN)
  • Mokpo National University (KR)
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Huang, Kunlun
  • Tong, Tao
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-05-16
Volume
13
Issue
5
Pages
1691
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu13051691
PMC
PMC8156873
OpenAlex
W3160783368
Semantic Scholar
750bb4d51c0222e6da033127836b34aed753b282
Cited by
116
References
158
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 3
FWCI
3.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Kunlun Huang (2017YFC1600901)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Keywords
photoaging, UV irradiation, nutraceuticals, food components, extracellular matrix, matrix metalloproteinases, transforming growth factor, oxidative stress, telomeres, microRNA, advanced glycation end products, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, skin inflammation, skin elasticity, antioxidants, functional foods
MeSH terms
Diet, Healthy, Animals, Eating, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Skin, Ultraviolet Rays, Signal Transduction, Skin Aging, Dietary Supplements, Functional Food

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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