The DOI matches its Crossref record; 128 of the 133 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; none of the 89 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human
Open accessAbstract
Caffeine occurs naturally in various foods, such as coffee, tea, and cocoa, and it has been used safely as a mild stimulant for a long time. However, excessive caffeine consumption (1~1.5 g/day) can cause caffeine poisoning (caffeinism), which includes symptoms such as anxiety, agitation, insomnia, and gastrointestinal disorders. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the effect of caffeine consumption as a protective factor or risk factor for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Currently, the importance of personalized medicine is being emphasized, and research on sex/gender differences needs to be conducted. Our review focuses on the effect of caffeine consumption on several neurological and psychiatric disorders with respect to sex differences to provide a better understanding of caffeine use as a risk or protective factor for those disorders. The findings may help establish new strategies for developing sex-specific caffeine therapies.
Checked 2026-10-10 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This narrative review summarizes sex differences in the prevalence/incidence of several neurological and psychiatric disorders and in caffeine’s risk or protective effects. It concludes that caffeine’s benefits and risks vary by sex and sometimes by age, but that few studies directly analyze sex/gender differences.
Key findings
- Sex differences in disease burden are reported: stroke incidence/prevalence is generally higher in men, but stroke mortality is higher in women (24.7% vs. 19.7%); chronic insomnia is higher in women (12.9% vs. 6.2%); two-thirds of Alzheimer’s disease patients are women; Parkinson’s disease is more common in men (approximate ratio 2:1); depression and anxiety are generally more common in women.
- Caffeine’s effects differ by sex: stroke protection appears greater in women; dementia risk reduction appears greater in women; Parkinson’s disease protection appears greater in men; sleep disturbance risk increases similarly in both sexes.
- For depression, >2 cups/day was associated with a 24% lower incidence versus no coffee, and women with the highest caffeine intake (≥550 mg/d) had lower depression risk than those with <100 mg/d. For anxiety, effects were more pronounced in men, especially adolescent boys.
- Caffeine poisoning is noted at excessive intake of 1~1.5 g/day; average US adult intake is 179 mg/day, and caffeine half-life is 2–10 h (average 3.7 h).
Methods
- Narrative review of human studies on sex differences in the prevalence/incidence of neurological and psychiatric disorders and on caffeine consumption as a risk or protective factor.
- Synthesizes epidemiological, cohort, case-control, and some trial evidence across stroke, sleep disorder, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety, and neuromuscular disease, with findings summarized in Table 1 and Table 2.
- Main analysis is qualitative, disorder-by-disorder comparison of effects in men versus women; no new primary data are collected.
Limitations
- The paper states that few studies have analyzed individual sex/gender differences in caffeine’s effects on neurological disorders, that some results are controversial (e.g., stroke), and that further studies are needed for sex-specific caffeine strategies.
- The paper states that little research exists on caffeine and anxiety, and on sex differences and mechanisms in neuromuscular disease.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report a systematic search, formal quality appraisal, or meta-analysis, and it relies heavily on observational studies that may be confounded by age, hormones, lifestyle, and other factors.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
79 Not checked yet · 20 Own interpretation
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Accumulating evidence has shown sex-specific differences in the activity and expression of many CYP isoforms [15,16,17].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Scandlyn, 2008, Sex-specific differences in CYP450 isoforms in humans, Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Yang, 2012, Sex Differences in the Expression of Drug-Metabolizing and Transporter Genes in Human Liver, J. Drug Metab. Toxicol. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Tanaka, 1999, Gender-related differences in pharmacokinetics and their clinical significance, J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“There are also reports that caffeine changes estrogen levels in women [6].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Sisti, 2015, Caffeine, coffee, and tea intake and urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites in premenopausal women, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In 2018, in Canada, the THINC-integrated tool (THINC-it), a newly developed cognitive tool, was used to evaluate cognitive impairment in patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD). It was reported that women had a higher rate of severe depression than men [47].”
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
“The incidence of more severe depression is higher in women.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.5. Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Rempel, 2019, The Impact of Gender on Interferon-Associated Depression and Anxiety, J. Interferon Cytokine Res. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
In the paper
“These data revealed that stressed women were more prone to depression than stressed men [49].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.5. Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Ohl, 2010, Trait anxiety affects decision-making differently in healthy men and women: Towards gender-specific endophenotypes of anxiety, Neuropsychologia source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“According to several studies, the onset of PD in men occurs, on average, two years earlier than in women, and the incidence rate in men is twice as high as that in women [73].”
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
“Incidence rates were consistently higher in men than in women at all ages for PD.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.4. PD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Baldereschi, 2000, Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism in a longitudinal study: Two-fold higher incidence in men, Neurology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
In the paper
“In conclusion, in those with chronic HCV infection, anxiety and depression were more common in women than in men [48].”
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
“In the HCV-infected female population, anxiety and depression were more common than in men.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.5. Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Maciejewski, 2001, Sex differences in event-related risk for major depression, Psychol. Med. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, the presence of high-risk alleles in both CYP17 and CYP19 increased the risk of AD in menopausal women by almost four times [23,24].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Chace, 2012, Variants in CYP17 and CYP19 Cytochrome P450 Genes are Associated with Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease in Women with Down Syndrome, J. Alzheimer’s Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Djelti, 2015, CYP46A1 inhibition, brain cholesterol accumulation and neurodegeneration pave the way for Alzheimer’s disease, Brain source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In those aged 65 to 69, the incidence of PD was shown to be similar between men and women [44].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.4. PD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Augustine, E.F., Pérez, A., Dhall, R., Umeh, C.C., Videnovic, A., Cambi, F., Wills, A.-M.A., Elm, J.J., Zweig, R.M., and Shulman, L.M. (2015). Sex Differences in Clinical Features of Early, Treated Parkinson’s Disease. PLoS ONE, 10. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“On the other hand, mortality from stroke was greater in women (24.7%) than in men (19.7%).”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.1. Stroke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Barrett, 2007, Sex Differences in Stroke Severity, Symptoms, and Deficits After First-ever Ischemic Stroke, J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In the Framingham Study cohort, a study conducted in individuals aged between 65 and 100 years old, incidence of AD in women was twice as high as men [41]”
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
“In adults over 65, the risk of AD in women is twice as high as in men.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.3. Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Nebel, 2018, Understanding the impact of sex and gender in Alzheimer’s disease: A call to action, Alzheimer’s Dement. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 43
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
In the paper
“Additionally, depending on endogenous and exogenous factors, the half-life of caffeine is 2 to 10 h (average 3.7 h), and is mainly excreted by urine after being metabolized in the liver [7].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Shulman, 2002, Is there a connection between estrogen and Parkinson’s disease?, Park. Relat. Disord. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since estrogen has a neuroprotective or neurotrophic effect and regulates the dopamine system of the black striatum [7], estrogen regulates the effect of caffeine on the dopamine system and suggests that a complex interaction between caffeine, estrogen, and dopamine exists in the basal ganglia system [8].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Shulman, 2002, Is there a connection between estrogen and Parkinson’s disease?, Park. Relat. Disord. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, excessive caffeine consumption (1~1.5 g/day) can cause caffeine poisoning (caffeinism), which includes symptoms such as anxiety, agitation, insomnia, and gastrointestinal disorders.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“However, excessive caffeine consumption (1~1.5 g/day) can cause caffeine poisoning (caffeinism), which includes symptoms such as anxiety, agitation, insomnia, gastrointestinal disorders, tremors, and mental disorders [12].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Willson, 2018, The clinical toxicology of caffeine: A review and case study, Toxicol. Rep. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Caffeine action is thought to be mediated via several mechanisms: the antagonism of adenosine receptors, the inhibition of phosphodiesterase, the release of calcium from intracellular stores, and the antagonism of benzodiazepine receptors [5].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Institute of Medicine (2001). Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance, The National Academies Press.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Caffeine resistance and the rate of caffeine metabolism vary greatly from person to person, especially depending on the activity of the cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) gene, encoding an enzyme that breaks down caffeine [6].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Sisti, 2015, Caffeine, coffee, and tea intake and urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites in premenopausal women, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Since estrogen has a neuroprotective or neurotrophic effect and regulates the dopamine system of the black striatum [7], estrogen regulates the effect of caffeine on the dopamine system and suggests that a complex interaction between caffeine, estrogen, and dopamine exists in the basal ganglia system [8].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Cappelletti, 2015, Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug?, Curr. Neuropharmacol. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“CYP1A2 is a major enzyme responsible for the metabolism of purine alkaloid (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), a caffeine that occurs naturally in coffee beans, and plays an important role in the metabolism of estrogen and coffee [14].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Guessous, 2012, Caffeine intake and CYP1A2 variants associated with high caffeine intake protect non-smokers from hypertension, Hum. Mol. Genet. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Caffeine also has psychostimulant effects via modulation of the dopaminergic neuron [10], contributing to an attenuated risk for depression in coffee drinkers [7].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A prospective study from the USA conducted on 505 patients with first ischemic stroke (ischemic stroke genetics study) found that 270 patients (55%) were men and 229 (45%) were women [33]. In their study, no sex differences were found in stroke severity, stroke subtype, or infarct size and location, but a higher percentage of mortality was shown in women [27,28,29,30,33].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.1. Stroke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Petrea, 2009, Gender Differences in Stroke Incidence and Poststroke Disability in the Framingham Heart Study, Stroke source
plainn = 505- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depression is more frequently experienced by women compared to men, with a peak in prevalence occurring in middle age.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.5. Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Krueger, 2010, Persistent pro-inflammatory cytokines following the initiation of pegylated IFN therapy in hepatitis C infection is associated with treatment-induced depression, J. Viral Hepat.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Women showed higher cognitive abilities than men.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.1. Stroke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Cabezas, 2018, Sex differences in Parkinson’s disease: Features on clinical symptoms, treatment outcome, sexual hormones and genetics, Front. Neuroendocr. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, possibly due to the longer lifespan of women, the incidence of stroke in women gradually increases with age, and as a result, mortality rates in women are higher.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.1. Stroke
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Women live longer than men.
In the paper
“A substantially larger number of women than men have AD worldwide.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.1. Stroke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Mielke, 2014, Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: Assessing sex and gender differences, Clin. Epidemiol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The activity of several other CYP (CYP2C16, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6) isozymes and the conjugation (glucuronidation) activity involved in drug metabolism are higher in men than in women [17].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Tanaka, 1999, Gender-related differences in pharmacokinetics and their clinical significance, J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Overall, women showed higher incidence and prevalence of dementia than men, possibly due to various factors, such as longer life expectancy of women and different neuroanatomical function [42].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.3. Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Elbaz, 2002, Risk tables for parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease, J. Clin. Epidemiol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Women live longer than men.
In the paper
“In addition, motor improvement after deep brain stimulation is similar in men and women, but women are likely to show better improvement in daily living activities compared to men [74].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.4. PD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Miller, 2010, Gender differences in Parkinson’s disease: Clinical characteristics and cognition, Mov. Disord. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a systematic review by Appelros et. al, it was shown that there was high variance between age groups and countries, but on average, both the incidence and the prevalence of stroke were higher in men than in women [32].”
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
“Stroke prevalence between ages of 65 and 85 is 41% higher in men than women, and the male/female prevalence ratio decreases with age.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.1. Stroke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Barrett, 2007, Sex Differences in Stroke Severity, Symptoms, and Deficits After First-ever Ischemic Stroke, J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
In the paper
“According to a Mayo Clinic study on aging, the progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD was similar in men and women in the ages of 70–79, but higher in women than men after 80 years of age.”
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
“Rate of progression from MCI to AD was similar in men and women aged 70–79, but higher in women than men after age 80.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.3. Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Seshadri, 1997, Lifetime risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: The impact of mortality on risk estimates in the Framingham Study, Neurology source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
In the paper
“Moreover, a recent study found that individuals with reduced CYP2D6 activity due to the mutated CYP2D6 * 4A (allelic variants of CYP2D6) genotype had a 2.5 times higher risk of PD than those with wild type, which was higher in men [22].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Anwarullah, Aslam, M., Badshah, M., Abbasi, R., Sultan, A., Khan, K., Ahmad, N., and Von Engelhardt, J. (2017). Further evidence for the association of CYP2D6*4 gene polymorphism with Parkinson’s disease: A case control study. Genes Environ., 39, 18. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the USA, insomnia diagnosis is double in women compared with that in men, and insomnia symptoms for two nights or more per week have been reported to occur in 30.5% of women and 24.5% of men. In the case of chronic insomnia, the incidence rate was higher in women (12.9%) than in men (6.2%) [36].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.2. Sleep Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Morphy, 2007, Epidemiology of insomnia: A longitudinal study in a UK population, Sleep
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, women over 65 have the highest risk for insomnia and have been reported to have an increasing risk with age [35,38].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.2. Sleep Disorder
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent studies demonstrate that CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 activities are higher in men than in women, while the activity of CYP3A, one of the most clinically relevant CYP isoforms, is greater in women [15].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Scandlyn, 2008, Sex-specific differences in CYP450 isoforms in humans, Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some studies have shown that by drinking more than three cups of coffee a day, caffeine reduces the risk of developing AD and PD [20].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Buijsse, 2006, Coffee consumption is inversely associated with cognitive decline in elderly European men: The FINE Study, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 2009, a study conducted by the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in the USA analyzed 1107 inpatients aged 21 and older who were diagnosed with neuro-ischemic stroke [28]. This study revealed no difference in the prevalence of stroke between men and women, but when comparing the age of patients, women were older than men and were more likely to have heart embolism [28].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.1. Stroke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Wellenius, 2009, Gender differences in presenting and prodromal stroke symptoms, Stroke source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite the higher incidence of PD in men at all ages, the difference in PD risk between men and women is reduced with age.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.4. PD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Augustine, E.F., Pérez, A., Dhall, R., Umeh, C.C., Videnovic, A., Cambi, F., Wills, A.-M.A., Elm, J.J., Zweig, R.M., and Shulman, L.M. (2015). Sex Differences in Clinical Features of Early, Treated Parkinson’s Disease. PLoS ONE, 10. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women have a higher incidence of anxiety disorders not only because they are more sensitive to the lower levels of hormones that make up the stress response, but also because women experience residual anxiety from sexual abuse/violence more often than men [84].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.6. Anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Burgess, 2016, Neuromuscular Disease Models and Analysis, Adv. Struct. Saf. Stud.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, high caffeine intake is associated with a protective effect that suppresses PD incidence in men and women, significantly reduces the risk of PD in men, and only slightly reduces the risk in women.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.4. PD
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these studies show that caffeine intake did not help improve cognitive abilities in either men or women, although steady caffeine intake seems to reduce the risk of developing dementia for both men and women, with a greater effect in women.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.3. Dementia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A survey of about 15,000 men and women between 40 and 69 years of age did not show any significant association between coffee consumption and stroke risk among men. However, in the case of young women, the inverse relationship between coffee consumption and stroke risk was prominent. In other words, higher coffee consumption was found to be inversely proportional to the incidence rate of stroke in”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.1. Stroke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Mostofsky, 2010, Coffee and acute ischemic stroke onset: The Stroke Onset Study, Neurology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Caffeine overdose can delay sleep onset, reduce total sleep time, change normal sleep stages, and reduce sleep quality. Caffeine-induced sleep disorder is known as a psychiatric disorder caused by excessive caffeine consumption [120].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.2. Sleep Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Benedetti, 2000, Smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson’s disease: A case-control study, Neurology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The highest prevalence of CMT disease occurs at ages 50–64, with men having a higher prevalence than women [53,88].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.7. Neuromuscular Disease
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the case of women, the risk of PD was significantly reduced in the group with the highest caffeine intake (four or more cups per day) compared to the group with the lowest caffeine intake (less than one drink per day), but the decrease was lower than in men.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.4. PD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Knekt, 2007, Prospective study of coffee consumption and risk of Parkinson’s disease, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a study of 12 young and 12 middle-aged subjects who consumed one to three cups of coffee per day, caffeine intake was found to reduce sleep efficiency, sleep time, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in both age groups. However, during the weekly recovery, middle-aged participants had significantly reduced sleep time and sleep efficiency compared to younger participants [”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.2. Sleep Disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Pollak, 2003, Caffeine consumption and weekly sleep patterns in US seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders, Pediatrics source
plaindirectn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The onset of MG occurs at any age, but significantly earlier in women than men.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.7. Neuromuscular Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Jerath, 2016, Charcot-marie-tooth disease type 1X in women: Electrodiagnostic findings, Muscle Nerve source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, caffeine intake negatively affected the quality of sleep and the amount of sleep with age, with no differences seen between men and women.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.2. Sleep Disorder
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has also been reported that sex differences in PD are determined by the nigrostriatal dopamine system arising from genetic, environmental, and hormonal effects.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.4. PD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Carmona, 2018, Sex differences in the mediators of functional disability in Major Depressive Disorder, J. Psychiatr. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the effect of coffee intake on the risk for stroke showed controversial results, but more studies have shown that women have a lower risk of stroke incidence by caffeine intake, than men.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.1. Stroke
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The incidence of MG has been reported to be significantly higher in women under age 40, but higher in men over age 50 [52].”
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
“The incidence of MG was significantly higher in women under age 40, but higher in men over age 50.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.7. Neuromuscular Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Jerath, 2016, Charcot-marie-tooth disease type 1X in women: Electrodiagnostic findings, Muscle Nerve source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Stroke · plain
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of the Hui Qi research team found that consuming less than three cups of coffee per day significantly reduced the risk of PD, while consuming more than three cups of coffee per day did not significantly alter the risk for PD [107].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.4. PD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Palacios, 2012, Caffeine and risk of Parkinson’s disease in a large cohort of men and women, Mov. Disord. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The reason is likely that women have a longer lifespan than men, and men are at greater risk of dying at a younger age [43].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 2. Sex Differences in the Prevalence/Incidence of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders > 2.4. PD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Baldereschi, 2000, Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism in a longitudinal study: Two-fold higher incidence in men, Neurology source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Women live longer than men.
In the paper
“In addition, drinking a moderate amount of coffee (3~5 cups/day) lowers the incidence of dementia compared with not drinking coffee, and among coffee-drinkers, the incidence of dementia is lower in women than in men.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.3. Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] Driscoll, 2016, Relationships Between Caffeine Intake and Risk for Probable Dementia or Global Cognitive Impairment: The Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study, J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As a result from a cohort study of 3323 students aged 11–17 years (boys 48.5%, girl 51.5%), the effect of caffeine on anxiety was not significant in girls, but in boys, anxiety increased with caffeine intake [115].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.6. Anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Botella, 2003, Coffee increases state anxiety in males but not in females, Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These results suggest that men and women respond differently to caffeine administration and that these gender differences may be mediated by changes in circulating steroid hormones [124].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.4. PD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] Park, 2016, Association between energy drink intake, sleep, stress, and suicidality in Korean adolescents: Energy drink use in isolation or in combination with junk food consumption, Nutr. J. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adequate caffeine intake has a positive effect on depression, but excessive caffeine intake can exacerbate depression by stimulating sympathetic nerves [125].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.5. Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [125] Maron, 2018, Biological Markers of Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Focus source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For anxiety, the risk seems to be increased primarily in adult men but not in women, while during adolescence, the risk increases in both men and women, but to a much greater extent in men.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 4. Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, caffeine consumption not only has a positive effect of reducing the risk of stroke, dementia, and depression in women and reducing the risk of PD in men, but also has a negative effect of increasing sleep disorders and anxiety disorders in adolescence in both men and women.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 4. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, the risk of depression has shown to decrease in adult women but not in men, while in adolescence, women have a much higher risk of depression than men.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 4. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the risk of developing depression was decreased by caffeine intake to a greater extent in women than in men, and the effect of caffeine intake on depression incidence was different according to the age of women.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.5. Depression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Women live longer than men.
“Age is a major risk factor for AD, and on average, women live longer than men.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Few studies have been reported on sex differences in the effects of caffeine on neurological and psychiatric disorders.
“However, few studies have been reported on sex differences in the effects of caffeine on neurological and psychiatric disorders.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Few studies have been conducted on the incidence of anxiety in men and women by caffeine.
“However, few studies have been conducted on the incidence of anxiety in men and women, by caffeine.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are not many research articles that analyzed individual sex/gender differences in the effect of caffeine on neurological disorders.
“Moreover, there are not many research articles that analyzed individual sex/gender differences in the effect of caffeine on neurological disorders.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although caffeine reduces the risk for AD [68, 69] in both men and women, the protective effect seems to be greater in women [70].”
From Sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease pathology (2021) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“caffeine has a negative effect of increasing sleep disorders and anxiety in both male and female adolescents [211].”
From Effects of Coffee and Its Components on the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Brain–Gut Axis (2020) · cites this paper as [211]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“caffeine consumption reduces the risk of stroke, dementia, and depression in women and of PD in men.”
From Effects of Coffee and Its Components on the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Brain–Gut Axis (2020) · cites this paper as [211]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“caffeine reduces endogenous nocturnal melatonin levels [238], with a significant impact on duration and quality of sleep [211].”
From Effects of Coffee and Its Components on the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Brain–Gut Axis (2020) · cites this paper as [211]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.5. Depression
“As a result, consuming less than 1000 mg of caffeine per week increased the incidence of depression in girls compared to boys [115].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.1. Stroke
“| Depression | In secondary school children’s, the effect of caffeine on depression is higher in women than in men. | + | ++ | | 11~17 | 2307 | >1000 mg/week | [115] |”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 4. Conclusions
“For anxiety, the risk seems to be increased primarily in adult men but not in women, while during adolescence, the risk increases in both men and women, but to a much greater extent in men.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.6. Anxiety
“the effect of caffeine on anxiety was not significant in girls, but in boys, anxiety increased with caffeine intake [115].”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.6. Anxiety
“As a result from a cohort study of 3323 students aged 11–17 years (boys 48.5%, girl 51.5%), the effect of caffeine on anxiety was not significant in girls, but in boys, anxiety increased with caffeine intake [115].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.1. Stroke
“| Anxiety | In secondary school children, the effect of caffeine on anxiety is higher in males than in females. | ++ | + | | 11~17 | 2307 | >1000 mg/week | [115] |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.3. Dementia
“Retrospective observational studies have shown that lifetime coffee consumption tends to increase cognitive performance in aged women, but this is not the case in aged men [20].”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > References
“Coffee consumption is inversely associated with cognitive decline in elderly European men: The FINE Study”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.1. Stroke
“A survey of about 15,000 men and women between 40 and 69 years of age did not show any significant association between coffee consumption and stroke risk among men.”
§ Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human > 3. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders in Men and Women > 3.1. Stroke
“| Stroke | Higher coffee consumption among middle-aged Korean women may have protective benefits with regard to stroke risk. | | - | | 40~69 | 173,357 | ≥3 cups/day | [93] |”
Citations
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“In conclusion, in those with chronic HCV infection, anxiety and depression were more common in women than in men [48].”
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Background
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Tryptophan metabolism: Mechanism-oriented therapy for neurological and psychiatric disorders
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Effects of Coffee and Its Components on the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Brain–Gut Axis
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“A recent review summarized the sexdependent differences in several neurological and psychiatric disorders and used estimated caffeine consumption data to compare the association between these disorders [43].”
BackgroundSex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease pathology
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“Although caffeine reduces the risk for AD [68, 69] in both men and women, the protective effect seems to be greater in women [70].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Jee, H. J., Lee, S. G., Bormate, K. J., & Jung, Y.-S.
- Affiliations
- Ajou University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Jung, Yi-Sook
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-10-09
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3080
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7601837
- OpenAlex
- W3092318674
- Semantic Scholar
- 9cf18b804a31de2b5b9e10005c8aed387e74b326
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Health and Welfare (HI18C0920)
- Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (WISET202003GI01)
- Ministry of Education (2018R1D1A1B07048729)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- caffeine consumption, caffeine poisoning, neurological disorders, mental illness, sex differences, gender differences, protective factors, risk factors, personalized medicine, anxiety, insomnia
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Caffeine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nervous System Diseases, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Risk Assessment, Young Adult
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