Anti-Inflammatory Nutrients and Obesity-Associated Metabolic-Inflammation: State of the Art and Future Direction
Open accessAbstract
Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that dietary factors may play a role in systemic low-grade chronic inflammation. Summary evidence from randomized controlled trials has shown substantial effects on biomarkers of inflammation following the adoption of plant-based diets (including, but not limited to, the Mediterranean diet), while consistent findings have been reported for higher intakes of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables and positive trends observed for the consumption of legumes, pulses, nuts, and olive oil. Among animal food groups, dairy products have been shown to have the best benefits on biomarkers of inflammation, while red meat and egg have been shown to have neutral effects. The present review provides an overview of the mechanisms underlying the relation between dietary factors and immune system, with a focus on specific macronutrient and non-nutrient phytochemicals (polyphenols) and low-grade inflammation. Substantial differences within each macronutrient group may explain the conflicting results obtained regarding foods high in saturated fats and carbohydrates, underlying the role of specific subtypes of molecules (i.e., short-chain fatty acids or fiber vs. long chain fatty acids or free added sugars) when exploring the relation between diet and inflammation, as well as the importance of the food matrix and the commixture of foods in the context of whole dietary patterns. Dietary polyphenols and oligopeptides have been hypothesized to exert several functions, including the regulation of the inflammatory response and effects on the immune system. Overall, evidence suggests that dietary factors may affect the immune system regardless of obesity-related inflammation.
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Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics offer promising conceptual frameworks for understanding how genetic variants affect nutrient response and how diet can modulate gene expression.
“On the other hand, nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics offer promising conceptual frameworks for understanding how genetic variants affect nutrient response and how diet can modulate gene expression [143,144].”
From The Seven Methods for the Evaluation of Nutritional Status—ABCDEFG: Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [144]
Section 8 says genetics plays a pivotal role in inflammatory responses to dietary exposure, supporting the genetic-response part of the claim. Section 2 describes food ingestion activating transcription factors and upregulating pro-inflammatory genes, supporting a diet–gene-expression link. The paper does not discuss nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics together as conceptual frameworks; it names nutrigenetics only in a reference title. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMacronutrients and micronutrients can modulate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cascades, influencing a person's baseline inflammatory status.
“Evidence indicates that macronutrients and micronutrients can modulate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cascades, influencing a person’s baseline inflammatory status [19].”
From A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
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Inflammation and nutrition: friend or foe?
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Promising bioactivities of postbiotics: A comprehensive review
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Self-citationOverview of anti-inflammatory diets and their promising effects on non-communicable diseases
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Self-citationThe anti-inflammatory effects of a Mediterranean diet: a review
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Self-citationMediterranean Diet and Quality of Life in Adults: A Systematic Review
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Unlocking the potential: very-low-energy ketogenic therapy in obesity-related disorders
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Harnessing nutrition to combat MASLD: a comprehensive guide to food-based therapeutic strategies
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Oesophageal adenocarcinoma, obesity, and cancer: the role of nutrition in prevention and management
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Dietary Inflammatory Potential in Pediatric Diseases: A Narrative Review
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Heavy metals in the diet: unraveling the molecular pathways linked to neurodegenerative disease risk
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Advances in Leaf Plant Bioactive Compounds: Modulation of Chronic Inflammation Related to Obesity
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Self-citationNatural Compounds and Healthy Foods: Useful Tools against Onset and Progression of Chronic Diseases
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Shangguan, Y., Ji, K., Lin, Z., He, C., Sim, Y.-J., Liu, H., Huang, K., Wu, K., Yan, L., Xu, K., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1666477 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Grosso, G., Laudisio, D., Frias-Toral, E., Barrea, L., Muscogiuri, G., Savastano, S., & Colao, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Catania (IT)
- Federico II University Hospital (IT)
- School of Medicine, Santiago de Guayaquil Catholic University, Av. Pdte. Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador
- Pegaso University (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Muscogiuri, Giovanna
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-08
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1137
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8954840
- OpenAlex
- W4220747438
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 177
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Servier
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- anti-inflammatory nutrients, obesity, low-grade inflammation, dietary polyphenols, plant-based diet, Mediterranean diet, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, Fabaceae, dairy products, red meat, macronutrients, short-chain fatty acids, dietary fiber, oligopeptides, food matrix, immune regulation, inflammatory markers
- MeSH terms
- Nutrients, Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Dietary Fiber, Inflammation, Obesity, Diet, Mediterranean
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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