CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 241Job Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorTeam Dynamics and PerformanceWorkplace Violence and Bullying

The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 121 of the 122 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Why and When Leaders’ Affective States Influence Employee Upward Voice

Open access
Liu, Wu, Song, Zhaoli, Li, Xian, Liao, Zhenyu·2017·Academy of Management Journal
DOI 10.5465/amj.2013.1082
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Although researchers have argued that employees often carefully examine social contexts before speaking up to leaders, the role of leaders’ affective states has received little attention. The current research addresses this important issue from an emotion-as-social-information perspective by exploring whether, why, and when leaders’ affect influences employees’ voice behavior. By collecting data of 640 daily interactions from both sides of 85 leader–employee dyads using the experience sampling method through mobile surveys, we found that leaders’ positive affect was positively related to employees’ voice behavior. Furthermore, such a relationship could be accounted for through employees’ psychological safety directly via the emotional contagion mechanism (through employees’ own positive affect) but not directly via the signaling mechanism (through employees’ assessment of leaders’ positive affect); and the effects of both employees’ own positive affect and their assessments of leaders’ positive affect on psychological safety were stronger when the leader–member exchange relationship was weak. Interestingly, we also found that leaders’ negative affect was positively related to employees’ voice, but neither emotional contagion nor signaling mechanisms explained this effect. These findings highlight the important role of leaders’ affect in the voice process and also provide insights for when employees would choose to speak up to their leaders.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5465/amj.2013.1082

Cites

121 of 121 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 21

  1. Aguinis H., 2013, Journal of Management, 39, 1
  2. 10.5465/257068 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Forgas J. P., 1987, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 53, 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.53 · DOI
  4. Forgas J. P., 1990, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 809, 10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.809 · DOI
  5. Fredrickson B. L., 2001, The American Psychologist, 56, 218, 10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Frese M., 2001, Research in organizational behavior, 23, 133
  7. Frijda N. H., 1986, The emotions
  8. Grant A. M., 2008, Research in organizational behavior, 28, 3
  9. Harvey P., 2009, Voice and silence in organizations, 63
  10. Hatfield E., 1994, Emotional contagion
  11. Isen A. M., 1978, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1, 10.1037/0022-3514.36.1.1 · DOI
  12. 10.5465/256287 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Li H., 2008, International Journal of Mobile Marketing, 3, 32
  14. Manstead A. S. R., 1991, Emotion in social life, 353
  15. 10.5465/amr.2000.3707697 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Raudenbush S. W., 2004, HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling
  17. Ryan K. D., 1998, Driving fear out of the workplace: Creating the high trust, high performance organization
  18. Schwarz N., 2002, The wisdom in feelings, 144
  19. Schwarz N., 2003, Psychological Inquiry, 14, 296, 10.1207/S15327965PLI1403&4_20 · DOI
  20. Uhl-Bien M., 2003, Journal of Management, 29, 511, 10.1016/S0149-2063_03_00023-0 · DOI
  21. 10.5465/256902 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 241

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Liu, W., Song, Z., Li, X., & Liao, Z.
Affiliations
  • Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
  • National University of Singapore (SG)
ORCID
Venue
Academy of Management Journal
Publisher
Academy of Management
Published
2017-02
Volume
60
Issue
1
Pages
238-263
ISSN
  • 0001-4273 (ISSN-L)
  • 1948-0989
DOI
10.5465/amj.2013.1082
OpenAlex
W2188429209
Cited by
241
References
122
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11
FWCI
21.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Academy of Management Journal (publishedVersion)
  • PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion)
  • National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Keywords
positive affect, negative affect, psychological safety, emotional contagion, signaling mechanisms, leader-member exchange, leader-employee dyads, voice behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review