The Arc of synaptic memory
Open accessAbstract
The immediate early gene Arc is emerging as a versatile, finely tuned system capable of coupling changes in neuronal activity patterns to synaptic plasticity, thereby optimizing information storage in the nervous system. Here, we attempt to overview the Arc system spanning from transcriptional regulation of the Arc gene, to dendritic transport, metabolism, and translation of Arc mRNA, to post-translational modification, localization, and degradation of Arc protein. Within this framework we discuss the function of Arc in regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics underlying consolidation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and regulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptor endocytosis underlying long-term depression (LTD) and homeostatic plasticity. Behaviorally, Arc has a key role in consolidation of explicit and implicit forms of memory, with recent work implicating Arc in adaptation to stress as well as maladaptive plasticity connected to drug addiction. Arc holds considerable promise as a "master regulator" of protein synthesis-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity, but the mechanisms that modulate and switch Arc function are only beginning to be elucidated.
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Arc is an immediate early gene that may orchestrate the translation of dendritic mRNA required for actin polymerization and stable expansion of dendritic spines during LTP.
“Arc is one immediate early gene that may orchestrate the translation of dendritic mRNA required for actin polymerization and stable expansion of dendritic spines during LTP (Bramham et al. 2010).”
From NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTP/LTD). (2012) · cites this paper as Bramham et al. 2010
Local synthesis of ARC is central to synaptic remodelling and the long-term maintenance of synaptic changes.
“with local synthesis of ARC central to synaptic remodelling and the long-term maintenance of synaptic changes.47”
From De novo CNV analysis implicates specific abnormalities of postsynaptic signalling complexes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (2012) · cites this paper as [47]
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Self-citationAntidepressant drug treatment induces Arc gene expression in the rat brain
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Self-citationGene Expression in the Conversion of Early‐Phase to Late‐Phase Long‐Term Potentiation
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Amyloid-β at sublethal level impairs BDNF-induced arc expression in cortical neurons
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Amyloid-beta at sublethal level impairs BDNF-induced arc expression in cortical neurons.
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Are promyelocytic leukaemia protein nuclear bodies a scaffold for caspase-2 programmed cell death?
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Converging signal on ERK1/2 activity regulates group I mGluR-mediated Arc transcription
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Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.025 · Cited by 2,356 · see citing works
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“47 ARC mRNA is transported to sites of synaptic activity in complexes containing CYFIP1 , dissociation of which is required for ARC translation.”
BackgroundLactate promotes plasticity gene expression by potentiating NMDA signaling in neurons
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- Authors
- Bramham, C. R., Alme, M. N., Bittins, M., Kuipers, S. D., Nair, R. R., Pai, B., Panja, D., Schubert, M., Soule, J., Tiron, A., & Wibrand, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Bramham, Clive R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Experimental Brain Research
- Published
- 2009-08-19
- Volume
- 200
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 125-140
- ISSN
- 0014-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1106
- PMC
- PMC2803749
- OpenAlex
- W2100126489
- Cited by
- 452
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Experimental Brain Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Universitetet i Bergen
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- Arc, synaptic plasticity, immediate early genes, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, homeostatic plasticity, actin cytoskeleton dynamics, AMPA receptor endocytosis, memory consolidation, stress adaptation, drug addiction, protein synthesis, post-translational modification
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cytoskeletal Proteins, Humans, Memory, Models, Neurological, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons, Synapses
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