Staging Neurodegenerative Disorders: Structural, Regional, Biomarker, and Functional Progressions

Archer, Trevor; Kostrzewa, Richard M.; Beninger, Richard J.; Palomo, Tomas

doi:10.1007/s12640-010-9190-2

Cited by 34Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

Staging Neurodegenerative Disorders: Structural, Regional, Biomarker, and Functional Progressions

Archer, Trevor, Kostrzewa, Richard M., Beninger, Richard J., Palomo, Tomas·2011·Neurotoxicity Research

DOI 10.1007/s12640-010-9190-2

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Abstract

The notion of staging in the neurodegenerative disorders is modulated by the constant and progressive loss of several aspects of brain structural integrity, circuitry, and neuronal processes. These destructive processes eventually remove individuals' abilities to perform at sufficient and necessary functional capacity at several levels of disease severity. The classification of (a) patients on the basis of diagnosis, risk prognosis, and intervention outcome, forms the basis of clinical staging, and (b) laboratory animals on the basis of animal model of brain disorder, extent of insult, and dysfunctional expression, provides the components for the clinical staging and preclinical staging, respectively, expressing associated epidemiological, biological, and genetic characteristics. The major focus of clinical staging in the present account stems from the fundamental notions of Braak staging as they describe the course and eventual prognosis for Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Body dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Mild cognitive impairment, which expresses the decline in episodic and semantic memory performance below the age-adjusted normal range without marked loss of global cognition or activities of daily living, and the applications of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging, major instruments for the monitoring of either disease progression in dementia, present important challenges for staging concepts. Although Braak notions present the essential basis for further developments, current staging conceptualizations seem inadequate to comply with the massive influx of information dealing with neurodegenerative processes in brain, advanced both under clinical realities, and discoveries in the laboratory setting. The contributions of various biomarkers of disease progression, e.g., amyloid precursor protein, and neurotransmitter system imbalances, e.g., dopamine receptor supersensitivity and interactive propensities, await their incorporation into the existing staging models thereby underlining the ongoing, dynamic feature of the staging of brain disorders.

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Most brains from elderly human subjects show abnormalities that fall somewhere along particular continua of pathologic severity.
“We consider it to be an important clue that most brains from elderly human subjects show abnormalities that fall somewhere along particular continua of pathologic severity (60, 96-100).”
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Authors: Archer, T., Kostrzewa, R. M., Beninger, R. J., & Palomo, T.
Affiliations: University of Gothenburg (SE)
East Tennessee State University (US)
Queen's University (CA)
Corresponding author: Archer, Trevor
ORCID: Kostrzewa, Richard M.
Venue: Neurotoxicity Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010-04-15
Volume: 19
Issue: 2
Pages: 211-234
ISSN: 1029-8428 (ISSN-L)
1476-3524
DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9190-2
OpenAlex: W2001174540
Cited by: 34
References: 355
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 2.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Neurotoxicity Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: Braak staging, Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease, mild cognitive impairment, disease progression biomarkers, amyloid precursor protein, dopamine receptor supersensitivity, longitudinal MRI, animal models of neurodegeneration, brain structural integrity
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Biomarkers, Disease Progression, Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Staging Neurodegenerative Disorders: Structural, Regional, Biomarker, and Functional Progressions

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