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Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects
Open accessAbstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) has been used as a traditional Rasayana herb for a long time. Traditional uses of this plant indicate its ameliorative properties against a plethora of human medical conditions, viz. hypertension, stress, diabetes, asthma, cancer etc. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the geographical distribution, traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of W. somnifera and its active constituents. In addition, it presents a detailed account of its presence as an active constituent in many commercial preparations with curative properties and health benefits. Clinical studies and toxicological considerations of its extracts and constituents are also elucidated. Comparative analysis of relevant in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical investigations indicated potent bioactivity of W. somnifera extracts and phytochemicals as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, cardio-protective and spermatogenic agents. W. somnifera was found to be especially active against many neurological and psychological conditions like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, ischemic stroke, sleep deprivation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The probable mechanism of action that imparts the pharmacological potential has also been explored. However, in-depth studies are needed on the clinical use of W. somnifera against human diseases. Besides, detailed toxicological analysis is also to be performed for its safe and efficacious use in preclinical and clinical studies and as a health-promoting herb.
Overview
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TL;DR
This review synthesizes ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacotherapeutics, clinical and toxicological data on *Withania somnifera* (Ashwagandha), reporting a wide range of bioactive constituents and pharmacological activities. It concludes that WS has broad therapeutic potential, but many findings remain preclinical or in silico and require clinical validation.
Key findings
- Phytochemically, the review reports more than 12 alkaloids, 40 withanolides, and several sitoindosides in WS, with withanolide D and withaferin A as dominant withanolides; organ-specific distributions are summarized for roots, leaves, and fruits.
- Preclinical studies report anti-cancer/apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and sleep/anxiolytic/antistress activities. Examples include a novel root protein fraction with IC50 92 µg/ml in MDA-MB-231 cells, methanolic root extract with IC50 10 µg/ml in PC3 cells, and anti-*Salmonella typhimurium* activity with a 32.00 ± 0.75 mm zone of inhibition and MIC 6.25 mg/ml.
- Clinical reports include 240 mg Shoden daily reducing HAM-A, DASS-21, morning cortisol, and DHEA; 300 mg twice daily standardized to 1.5% withanolides improving mental health, concentration, vitality, and social function; 3 g/day root powder stabilizing blood glucose comparably to Daonil; and 300 mg capsule for 60 days reducing serum cortisol.
- Toxicity data include LD50 of total root alkaloids at 465 mg/kg in rats and 432 mg/kg in mice, alcoholic root extract LD50 1260 mg/kg in mice, withaferin A i.p. LD50 around 80 mg/kg in mice, and no toxicity up to 3000 mg/kg for a withanolide-free aqueous root fraction.
Methods
- Narrative comprehensive review covering ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacotherapeutics, clinical studies, and toxicology; no systematic review protocol or meta-analysis is stated.
- Data sources include ethnomedicinal reports, Ayurvedic and herbal commercial formulations, phytochemical isolation studies, preclinical in vitro and in vivo experiments, clinical trials, and toxicity studies.
- Main analysis is qualitative synthesis, with tables summarizing traditional uses, commercial formulations, major phytochemicals, organ-specific phytochemical distribution, pharmacological properties, and neuroprotective/psychoactive activities.
Limitations
- The paper states that in silico COVID-19 findings need validation in in vitro and in vivo systems, that no approved anti-cancer drug candidates from WS are available, and that clinical trials with WS phytochemicals/formulations are needed.
- The paper notes that one stress study lacked merit because of a small sample, and that many neuroprotective drugs effective in animal models have failed clinical trials, with no clinical drugs available for ischemic stroke.
- Evident from the text: the review is narrative rather than systematic, and findings are heterogeneous across extracts, doses, models, and study designs, with many claims relying on preclinical or in silico evidence.
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Claims the paper makes
302 Not checked yet · 9 Own interpretation · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“| | (Methanol: | 0.016-0.25 µg / ml | SK-N-MC | MTT cell viability assay | Growth stimulatory effects | [181] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and discussion passages report computational properties and SARS-CoV-2 protein simulations, not an SK-N-MC cell-viability experiment. Searches for SK-N-MC, the methanol–chloroform extract, the 0.016–0.25 µg/ml range, and growth stimulation found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Methanolic chloroform root | Prevent β-amyloid induced | SK-N-MC cells | Decrease in accumulation of Aβ and transport them | [181,311] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and discussion passages (page not provided) describe docking of Withania somnifera compounds with the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, not effects of a root extract on amyloid. Searches for SK-N-MC cells, β-amyloid, and transport of Aβ to the periphery found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked yetcites [311] Shah, 2017, Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Aqueous extracts of WS (200, 400 mg/kg for 5 days) were found to be effective in decreasing blood glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.8. Anti-diabetic activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Gupta, 2004, Cardioprotection from ischemia and reperfusion injury by Withania somnifera: a hemodynamic, biochemical and histopathological assessment, Mol. Cell Biochem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Withaferin-A extracted from WS (1.882 µg per mouse) could inhibit phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced [Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)] shedding by the inhibition of TNF-α and Interleukine (IL)-1b in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell lines (HUVECs) by inactivating tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE).”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.6. Anti-inflammatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] Kuboyama, 2006, Withanoside IV and its active metabolite, sominone, attenuate Abeta(25–35)-induced neurodegeneration, Eur. J. Neurosci. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Rectal gel application of WS root extracts (500 µg/ml and 1000 mg/kg b.w.) were documented to exhibit mucorestorative and anti-inflammatory activities by reducing neutrophil infiltration, necrosis, and edema in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease [265].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.6. Anti-inflammatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [265] Perumal, 1992, Vitamin E attenuates the toxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on free radical scavenging systems in rat brain, Brain Res. Bull. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Cytoprotection against lead toxicity (25-400 µM) in C6 cells was found by pretreatment with 0.1% WS extract [174].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.7. Immunomodulatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [174] Kumar, 2017, Ethnomedicinal plants uses to cure different human diseases by rural and tribal peoples of Hathras district of Uttar Pradesh, J. Pharm. Phytochem
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In cellular models of cystic fibrosis, withaferin-A (3 µM/ml in vitro) led to inhibition of IL-8 and NFκB in cellular models (HEK293) of cystic fibrosis [197].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > Sl. No.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [197] Malhotra, 1965, Studies on Withania-ashwagandha, Kaul. V. The effect of total alkaloids (ashwagandholine) on the central nervous system, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“WS extract (500 mg/kg/day) along with Ricinus communis extract (250 mg/kg/day) showed a reduction in tissue inflammation in methotrexate (3 mg/kg twice a week) induced arthritis in Wistar rats [135].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > Sl. No.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Jabbar, 2006, An inventory of the ethnobotanicals used as anthelmintics in the southern Punjab (Pakistan), J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“WS leaves and root (methanolic and hexane) extracts were also reported to increase the synergistic antibacterial activity of Tibrim (isoniazid and rifampicin) against E. coli and Salmonella typhi [29].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Arora, 2004, The in vitro antibacterial/synergistic activities of Withania somnifera extracts, Fitoterapia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition to that, withaferin-A could block the NFκB activation by specifically targeting cysteine 179 in the catalytic site of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IKK-b) [130].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > Sl. No.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Hsu, 2019, Identification of Withaferin A as a Potential Candidate for Anti-Cancer Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Cancers source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It occurs naturally in drier regions extending from the Mediterranean through tropical Africa through South Africa and from the Canary and Cape Verde Islands to the Middle East and Arabia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, China, Nepal and India.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.2. Distribution and traditional uses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] Mahalingam, 2014, Levy. Genetics of huntington disease, Am. J. Neuroradiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [215] Mishra, 2013, Ethnomedicinal plants used to cure the gynaecological disorders by ethnic populace of Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh, India, Med. Plants-Int. J. Phytomedicines Relat. Ind.
- Not checked yetcites [377] Vecsey, 2009, Sleep deprivation impairs cAMP signaling in the hippocampus, Nature source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Roots are reported to contain 0.13-0.31%alkaloids, volatile oils, starch, amino acids, glycosides, reducing sugars, and steroids [199].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [199] Mallick, 2014, Study of ethnomedicinal values of some shrub in Rourkela steel city and its surroundings, Sundergarh, Odisha, Int J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Tech.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ashwagandha has been tremendously used as astringent, anti-carbuncle, anti-stress, tonic, narcotic, diuretic and against worms, piles, goitre, leucoderma, nervous breakdown, insomnia and constipation [6,192].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Agarwal, 1999, Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
- Not checked yetcites [192] Mahishi, 2005, Medicinal plant wealth of local communities in some villages in Shimoga District of Karnataka, India, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In India, the plant is widely distributed in the drier parts, especially in Punjab, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Rajasthan [169].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.2. Distribution and traditional uses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Kumar, 2010, In vitro protective effects of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal root extract against hydrogen peroxide and β-amyloid(1-42)-induced cytotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells, Phytother. Res. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“WS is an evergreen, xerophytic, woody, short, tender, perineal shrub that grows about 2 m tall and 1 m wide.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.1. Botanical/taxonomic description
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Dar, 2019, An anti-cancerous protein fraction from Withania somnifera induces ROS-dependent mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, Int J. Biol. Macromol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In India, however, it is grown as a medicinal crop mainly for its fleshy roots that possess a plethora of bioactive compounds having several pharmacological implications [191,215,377].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.2. Distribution and traditional uses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] Mahalingam, 2014, Levy. Genetics of huntington disease, Am. J. Neuroradiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [215] Mishra, 2013, Ethnomedicinal plants used to cure the gynaecological disorders by ethnic populace of Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh, India, Med. Plants-Int. J. Phytomedicines Relat. Ind.
- Not checked yetcites [377] Vecsey, 2009, Sleep deprivation impairs cAMP signaling in the hippocampus, Nature source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ashwagandha extracts in Swiss albino mice caused suppression of cyclophosphamide-induced potentiation of Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, a significant increase in white blood cell counts, platelet counts, and Immunoglobulin E-mediated anaphylaxis as a reduction of ovalbumin-induced edema [6].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.7. Immunomodulatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Agarwal, 1999, Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Oral administration of WS root extract powder (500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) was found to be effective against systemic lupus erythematosus like symptoms (nephritis, proteinuria, autoantibody production), reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in female Balb/c mouse models [212,213].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.6. Anti-inflammatory activity
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Besides having antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressant characters, they are potent antioxidants implicated in the neuroprotection ability of the plant extract [63,106].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.3. Phytochemistry
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Canevari, 2004, Toxicity of Amyloid β Peptide: Tales of calcium, mitochondria, and oxidative Stress, Neurochem Res source
- Not checked yetcites [106] Gannon, 2019, Effects of a standardized extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on depression and anxiety symptoms in persons with schizophrenia participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Ann. Clin. Psychiatry.: Off. J. Am. Acad. Clin. Psychiatr. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Polyherbal formulations which contained WS (50, 75, and 100 mg/ml, in vitro) also provides cardio-protection (doxorubicin-induced) in animals ( [220,367]) by activating a transcription factor known as nuclear factor-erythroid-2(Nrf)-2, which stimulates phase-II detoxification enzymes, thereby evading apoptosis in an Nrf-2-dependent manner in HL-1 cardiomyocytes [295].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.9. Cardio-protective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [220] Mohanty, 2008, Withania somnifera provides cardioprotection and attenuates ischemia-reperfusion induced apoptosis, Clin. Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [367] Tripathi, 2021, Identification of bioactive molecule from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. source
- Not checked yetcites [295] Sachan, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Flora vis-à-vis agro-climatic conditions of Uttar Pradesh, J. Med Plants Stud.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Patients administered with root powder of WS (3 g/day to each human subject for 30 days) were observed to have a stabilized blood glucose concentration that could be compared to the effect of an oral hypoglycemic drug Daonil [24] with no adverse effects.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.8. Anti-diabetic activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Andallu, 2000, Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root, Indian J. Exp. Biol.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, an increase in the rate of survival and reduction in bacterial load in various organs of Balb/c mice suffering from salmonellosis was reported after administration of WS leaves and root extracts [248].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [248] Pandey, 2018, Multifunctional neuroprotective effect of Withanone, a compound from Withania somnifera roots in alleviating cognitive dysfunction, Cytokine source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, withaferin-A from WS could block the inflammatory responses caused due to cytokine-induced damage to the islets of Langerhans in vitro after transplantation and it exhibited potential anti-glycating activity [33,357].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.8. Anti-diabetic activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Bahadur, 2020, Traditional usage of medicinal plants among the local communities of Peshawar valley, Pakistan, Acta Ecol. Sin. source
- Not checked yetcites [357] Tariq, 2013, Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Yelagiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, Res. J. Pharm. Technol.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The methanolic root extract also promotes attenuation of proliferative, metastatic, and angiogenic signals mediated by interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in prostate cancer PC3 cells with an IC50 dose of 10 µg/ml [36].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.5. Anti-cancer and apoptotic activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Balkrishna, A., Pokhrel, S., Singh, J. and Varshney, A. (2020). Withanone from Withania somnifera may inhibit novel coronavirus (COVID-19) entry by disrupting interactions between viral S-protein receptor binding domain and host ACE2 receptor (Research Square Preprint). DOI:10.21203/rs-17806/v1. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Besides, withanolides possess the ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and promote the formation of dendrites in human neuroblastoma cells [369,404].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.3. Phytochemistry
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [369] Udayakumar, 2009, Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of Withania somnifera root and leaf extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats, Int J. Mol. Sci. source
- Not checked yetcites [404]
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Aqueous root extracts of WS (0.05-0.4 mg/ml) can modulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and leukemic THP-1 cell viability, increase oxidant scavenging and caspase (8, 9, 3/7) activities, at the same time decrease tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10 and Glutathione (GSH) levels [238].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.5. Anti-cancer and apoptotic activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [238] Nisar, 2014, Ethno-medicinal uses of plants from district Bahawalpur, Pakistan, Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Withaferin-A from the extracts (2 µM in vitro) prevented Iκb kinase activation and phosphorylation, which further blocked the translocation of NFκB, binding of NFκB and DNA, and transcription in murine fibrosarcoma L929sA cells [148].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.6. Anti-inflammatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] Kannan, 2016, Ethnomedicinal plants used for Wound Healing purposes by Malayali Tribes of Kalrayan Hills, Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India, Glob. J. Res. Med. Plants Indig. Med.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Treatment with WS (50 mg/kg b.w. for 30 days) in wister rats significantly restored the balance between myocardial oxidant and antioxidant [31,119,222], anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic effects, and further reduced histopathologic deterioration of myocardium and triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) positivity (apoptosis) in rat models [223].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.9. Cardio-protective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Ashour, 2012, Evaluation of the potential cardioprotective activity of some Saudi plants against doxorubicin toxicity, Z. Nat. C.
- Not checked yetcites [119] Gupta, 2019, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal ameliorates neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments associated with systemic inflammation, BMC Complement. Altern. Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [222] Mohanty, 2015, Herbal folk remedies of Dhenkanal district, Odisha, India, Int. J. Herb. Med.
- Not checked yetcites [223] Mohanty, 2016, Withania somnifera Leaf Extract Ameliorates Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Behavioral and Neuromorphological Alterations by Improving Brain Antioxidant Status in Zebrafish (Danio rerio), Zebrafish source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ethanolic extract of WS is cytotoxic (99.7 µg/ml), an inducer of apoptosis, and an inhibitor of cell migration and angiogenesis [271].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.5. Anti-cancer and apoptotic activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [271] Prakash, 2014, Withania somnifera alleviates parkinsonian phenotypes by inhibiting apoptotic pathways in dopaminergic neurons, Neurochem. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Withaferin-A protected the integrity of the vascular barrier of HUVECs in mice, which was induced by High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) by inhibiting the expression of Calmodulin (CAMs), inflicting hyperpermeability, migration, and adhesion of leukocytes, production of TNF-α, IL-6 and activation of nuclear factor of j-light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NFκB) [186].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.6. Anti-inflammatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [186] Lopresti, 2019, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examining the hormonal and vitality effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in aging, overweight males, Am. J. Men. ’S. Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, standardized WS extracts (1.5% withanolides) at a dose of 300 mg/kg prevented cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin and restored several biochemical changes like reduction in elevated malondialdehyde level, catalase, superoxide dismutase activity, calcium content, Bcl-2 protein levels [127].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.9. Cardio-protective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] Heyninck, 2014, Withaferin A inhibits NFkappaB activation by targeting cysteine 179 in IKKbeta, Biochem Pharm. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“[171] validated the same as they presented that root extracts of WS efficiently cut down the lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels and escalated the activity of the antioxidant enzymes.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.2. Anti-Huntington's disease (HD) activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kumar, 2014, Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity, BioMed. Res. Int.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“WS extracts acted as a tonic, energy rejuvenator, and stimulant due to the presence of an array of amino acids, proteins, starch, reducing sugar, and steroidal lactones.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The withanosides and withanolides present in the plant extract could minimize the accumulation of β-amyloid peptides and oligomers in the brain and transport them to the periphery [181,311].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. source
- Not checked yetcites [311] Shah, 2017, Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The root extract has been reported to bring down nitric oxide production by inhibiting the activation of stress-induced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADPH)-diaphorase (NADPH-d) in the brain.”
- Also stated in: § 1.11. Neuroprotective activity · plain
“This is achieved through activating choline acetyltransferase and suppressing the release of corticosterone [47].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Bhatt, 2008, Indigenous plants in traditional healthcare system in Kedarnath valley of western Himalaya, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 1.11. Neuroprotective activity · plain
In the paper
“WS protected the packed cell volume drop effect and reduced parasite load d in malarial mice with a MIC of 600 mg/kg, leaves and root bark extracts showed 50.43% and 29.13% parasite inhibition [90].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] Donkor, 2018, Stroke in the 21st century: a snapshot of the burden, epidemiology, and quality of life, Stroke Res Treat. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The extract exhibited the tremendous potential to inhibit lipid peroxidation and revitalize the nerve cells.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several neuronal cell markers [Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2)], Neurofilament (NF)-H, Growth Associated Protein 43 (GAP-43) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95)], markers of glial cells [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)] and oxidative stress markers of DNA is found to be significantly reduced by WS extracts [162].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] Kuboyama, 2002, Axon- or dendrite-predominant outgrowth induced by constituents from Ashwagandha, NeuroReport source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With mild and transient adverse effects, 1000 mg of standardized WS extract showed potent activity in the treatment of anxiety and depression caused by schizophrenia in a human trial [109].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Ghatapanadi, 2011, Documentation of folk knowledge on medicinal plants of Gulbarga district, Karnataka, Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Certain neuronal receptors and their activities were up-regulated when treated with WS such as low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), β-amyloid peptide-degrading protease neprilysin [311], and dopaminergic D2 receptor [286].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [311] Shah, 2017, Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The antioxidant property is mainly due to the presence of phenolics.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It could heal severely damaged neurons by regenerating neurites and reconstructing synapses [166].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, withanoside-IV induced both axons and dendrites and restored synapses in rat cortical neurons that were damaged by amyloid-b (Ab) (dose: 10 µM/kg/day) [165,167].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre-treatment with WS inhibited cell death by glutamate induction which further induced reversal of glutamate evoked a stress response by upregulating HSP70 and restoring neuronal plasticity in neural CAMs, and its polysialylated form [152].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [152] Khan, 2005, Herbal folklores for male sexual disorders and debilities in western Uttar Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While 15 days of oral administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of WS did not improve the symptoms of stroke, 30 days of oral treatment restored motor functioning in treated rats.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.3. Anti-Ischemic stroke activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Chengappa, 2018, Adjunctive Use of a Standardized Extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to Treat Symptom Exacerbation in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study, J. Clin. Psychiatry
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ethanolic root extract of WS was reported to restore impaired motor movements, bring down MDA and NO levels, enhance catalase activity and revive tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons, all of which in turn reduce oxidative stress and protect dopaminergic neurodegradation elicited by PQ and MB toxicity in Swiss albino mice [273].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.1. Anti-Parkinson's disease (PD) activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] Prakasha, 2010, Folk medicine of NR Pura taluk in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chronic treatment with root extract of WS suspended in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (0.5 ml/100 g b.w.) was found to increase weight and improve motor movement in 3-NP treated rats owing to its anabolic, adaptogenic and anti-oxidant properties that are effective in restoring the energy balance.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.2. Anti-Huntington's disease (HD) activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The root extracts of the plant have been found to play a pivotal role against anxiety, depression, senile dementia, cognitive disorder, and many other neurodegenerative disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease).”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mamsyadi Kwatha, an Ayurvedic compound formulation (ingredients: Nardostachys jatamansi, W. somnifera, and Hyoscyamus niger in 8:4:1 ratio) exhibited profound antidepressant activity in Swiss albino mice via reversing behavioral despair remarkably and via exhibiting anti-reserpine activity [332].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2.1. Withania somnifera against psychological and behavioral disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [332] Sindhu, 2005, Behavioral differences in a rotenone-induced hemiparkinsonism rat model following intranigral or median forebrain bundle infusion, Brain Res source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intake of Shoden beads for 8 weeks showed increased testosterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (18%) resulting IN sexual and psychological well-being with more vigour and less fatigue in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study among overweight males [189].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [189] Machiah, 2006, Purification of a post-synaptic neurotoxic phospholipase A2 from Naja naja venom and its inhibition by a glycoprotein from Withania somnifera, Biochimie source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Three hundred mg twice a day standardized to 1.5% withanolides from WS root along with dietary counseling, deep breathing, relaxation techniques, and standard multivitamin significantly improved mental health, concentration, vitality, and social function leading to a better quality of life without any serious adverse effects [74].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Dar, 2015, Pharmacologic overview of Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng, Cell. Mol. life Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With a dose of 2 g every 8 h, the root extract of WS caused lower fatigue scores (Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale) and improvement in quality of life in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy [59].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Blum, 2001, Molecular pathways involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, dopamine and MPTP: contribution to the apoptotic theory in Parkinson’s disease, ProgNeurobiol
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Withanolide free root extract of WS, up to a dose of 10 mg/kg/day in mice can act as triethylene glycol (TEG) in response to stress-triggered changes.It also protected against stress-induced changes in blood glucose and insulin levels and acted as an antidepressant in higher doses of 33.3 and 100 mg/kg/day [86].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Dhawale, 2015, Ethnomedicinal Survey Of Yavatmal District (MS), Asian J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the study, 12 hr sleep-deprived rats were found to exhibit neuromotor dysfunction and memory impairments, which could be reverted with pretreatment before sleep deprivation with WS extract for 15 days.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Marandi, 2015, Antivenom herbal formulations used against snakebites by the Oroan tribals of Latehar, Jharkhand, World J. Pharm. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In another study, involving 60 adults, the plant extract was found to reduce stress significantly without any side effects compared to the placebo group.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [189] Machiah, 2006, Purification of a post-synaptic neurotoxic phospholipase A2 from Naja naja venom and its inhibition by a glycoprotein from Withania somnifera, Biochimie source
plaindirectn = 60- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“WSE also improved auditory-verbal working memory and social cognition in patients of bipolar disorder with cognitive dysfunction [70].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2.1. Withania somnifera against psychological and behavioral disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Choi, 2015, Withaferin-A inhibits colon cancer cell growth by blocking STAT3 transcriptional activity, J. Cancer Prev. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, 20 and 50 mg/kg of aqueous concentrate of WS roots in inbred Charles Foster strain male rats could show its GABA-mimetic effect hence can act as a potential antidepressant [52].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Bhattacharya, 2003, Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress, Pharm. Biochem Behav. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Standard water extract of WS improved cognitive and psychomotor performance in a double-blind, multi-dose, placebo-controlled, crossover study among 20 healthy males.Significant improvements in reaction time, choice, discrimination, card sorting, digit vigilance, and digit symbol substitution were noted [269].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [269] Prabhulkar, 2012, Microbiosensor for Alzheimer’s diseasediagnostics: detection of amyloid beta biomarkers, J. Neurochem. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a central nervous system study, the acute toxicity (LD 50 ) of total alkaloids isolated from the roots was 465 mg/kg and 432 mg/kg in rats and mice, respectively.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [200] Manchanda, 2017, Withania somnifera leaf alleviates cognitive dysfunction by enhancing hippocampal plasticity in high fat diet induced obesity model, BMC Complement Alter. Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“EuMil is also seen to reduce glucose intolerance and normalize male sexual behavior [407].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [407]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“WS along with Terminalia arjuna, Phyllanthus emblica (= Emblica officinalis), and Ocimum tenuiflorum (= O. sanctum) in a capsule form (Cardipro) twice daily improved the condition of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.Following the treatment, a significant reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed along with decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and increased high-”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Fahn, 2000, The spectrum of levodopa-induced dyskinesias, Ann. Neurol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A standardized WS extract (Shoden beads) (240 mg) once daily for 60 days in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study significantly deceased morning cortisol and depression according to Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) [190].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Mahajan, 2007, Traditional herbal remedies among the tribes of Bijagarh of West Nimar district, Madhya Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“High-concentration full-spectrum extract of WS root (300 mg capsule for 60 days) significantly reduced serum cortisol and provided resistance towards stress in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial [68].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Chengappa, 2013, Randomized placebo-controlled adjunctive study of an extract of Withania somnifera for cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder, J. Clin. Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A root extract of WS reversed transactive response DNA binding protein 43 (TARDBP or TDP-43) proteinopathy in mouse ALS/FTLD.The extract significantly reversed the cytoplasmic mislocalization of hTDP-43 when administered in hTDP-43 A315T mice orally and was suggested as a promising therapeutic agent against TDP-43 proteinopathy [96].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.5. Anti-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/ Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Dwivedi, 2000, Modification of coronary risk factors by medicinal plants, J. Med. Aromat. Plant Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“WS showed an immunomodulatory effect by reducing glial activation remarkably, via inducing autophagy, and via preventing nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) phosphorylation besides changing the expression of multiple cytokines/chemokines [98].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.5. Anti-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/ Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Esakkimuthu, 2019, Quantitative analysis of medicinal plants used to treat musculoskeletal ailments by non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre-treatment was also found to improve alertness, recognition memory, and explorative nature among rats.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Marandi, 2015, Antivenom herbal formulations used against snakebites by the Oroan tribals of Latehar, Jharkhand, World J. Pharm. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Treatment with WS improved semen quality and sperm motility of infertile males.It reduced oxidative stress, inhibited lipid peroxidation with an increase in antioxidants [10].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Ahmad, 2010, Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males, Fertil. Steril. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inhibition of Ras-Mnk and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“PI3-AKT-mTOR, inhibition”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Ritumala, 2019, Traditional Uses of Plants for Human Use-A Case Study from Kirtinagar Region of Garhwal Himalaya, J. Agric. Technol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Withanone from WS was predicted to inhibit COVID-19 replication by interacting with N343 to reduce spike glycosylation [264].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 5. Recent developments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [264] Perese, 1989, A 6-hydroxydopamine-induced selective parkinsonianrat model, Brain Res. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and selegiline, but they are only able to delay the progression of the disease and provide symptomatic relief [390].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [390] Yadav, 2003, Ethanomedicinal uses of some important plants of Jhajjar district, Haryana, India, Environ. Conserv. J. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“downregulation of cancer”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“stem cells”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] Hamza, 2008, The protective effect of a purified extract of Withania somnifera against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in rats, Cell Biol. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Four compounds from WS have been found to inhibit COVID-19 envelope (E) protein by binding with the pore region and reduce viral replication [3].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 5. Recent developments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Alharbi, 2021, Structure Insights of SARS-CoV-2 open state envelope protein and inhibiting through active phytochemical of ayurvedic medicinal plants from Withania somnifera, Saudi J. Biol. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest potent antiviral especially anti-SARS-CoV2 activity but these in silico findings are needed to be validated in”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 5. Recent developments
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Induction of ROS and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Autophagy”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [303] Sankar, 2007, The neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera root extract in MPTP-intoxicated mice: an analysis of behavioral and biochemical variables, Cell MolBiolLett
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“A preprint from Balkrishna et al. [37] predicts withanone from WS could bind with receptor-binding domain (RBD) complex of COVID-19 spike protein and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and concomitantly reduce viral entry.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 5. Recent developments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Banerjee, 2021, Bacosides from Bacopa monnieri extract: an overview of the effects on neurological disorders, Phytother. Res.: PTR source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Phosphorylation and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“disassembly of Vimentin”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [365] Tomita, 2021, Withanolide Derivative 2, 3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Modulates the Circadian Clock via Interaction with RAR-Related Orphan Receptor α (RORa), J. Nat. Prod. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“self-renewal of cancer stem”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“cells”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [161] Ku, 2014, Withaferin A is an inhibitor of endothelial protein C receptor shedding in vitro and in vivo, Food Chem. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“HSP90 inhibition and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“degradation of Akt and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Cdk4”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [302] Sandhu, 2010, Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) on physical performance and cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy young adults, Int J. Ayurveda Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“inhibition of transcription”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“of ACC1 gene”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [405]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“The commonly available drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases include galantamine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and selegiline, but they are only able to delay the progression of the disease and provide symptomatic relief [390].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [390] Yadav, 2003, Ethanomedicinal uses of some important plants of Jhajjar district, Haryana, India, Environ. Conserv. J. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“LD 50 of aqueous methanol extract of WS by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration in mice was 1076 ± 78 mg/kg and that of an equimolar combination of sitoindosides VII and VIII and withaferin-A was 1564 ± 92 mg/kg [117].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Gupta, 2013, Efficacy of Withania somnifera on seminal plasma metabolites of infertile males: a proton NMR study at 800 MHz, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“FOXO3a and Bim”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“dependent apoptosis”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [335] Singh, 2007, Pesticides and metalsinduced Parkinson’s disease: involvement of free radicals andoxidative stress, Cell Mol. Biol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Downregulation of HPV16”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“E6 and E7, increasing p53”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [232] Mushtaq, 2012, Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Phytomedicines among the local communities of Arid areas of Pakistan, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibition of AKT,”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“inhibition of c-MET”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [303] Sankar, 2007, The neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera root extract in MPTP-intoxicated mice: an analysis of behavioral and biochemical variables, Cell MolBiolLett
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Withania somnifera happens to be one of the prime examples of the Rasyana medicinal plant which possesses immunomodulation, anti-cancer, anti-depressant, neuroprotective, and other biological properties [73].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Da Silva, V.G. (2005). Candomblé e umbanda: caminhos da devoção brasileira. Selo Negro.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inhibition of RET proto-”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“oncogene phosphorylation”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [232] Mushtaq, 2012, Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Phytomedicines among the local communities of Arid areas of Pakistan, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Activation of ERK/RSK and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“CHOP/Elk1, upregulation”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“of DR5”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [401] Muruganandam, 2002, Effect of poly herbal formulation, EuMil, on chronic stress-induced homeostatic perturbations in rats., Indian J. Exp. Biol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Suppression of glycolysis”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“and Tricarboxylic acid”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“(TCA) cycle. Inhibition of”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [161] Ku, 2014, Withaferin A is an inhibitor of endothelial protein C receptor shedding in vitro and in vivo, Food Chem. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Normalized the blood”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“glucose, urine sugar, tissue”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“glucose-6-phosphatase”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [376] Vaidyanathan, 2014, Survey of Ethnomedicinal Plants and Folklore Studies On Malayali Tribals Of Vellakadai Village A Part Of Shervaroy Range In Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, Int. J. Recent Sci. Res.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibiting hyphal growth”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“and spore germination”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Grover, 2012, Blocking Protein kinase C signaling pathway: mechanistic insights into the anti-leishmanial activity of prospective herbal drugs from Withania somnifera, BMC Genom. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Attenuation of acute stress-”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“induced gastric ulcerations”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“reduction in acid -pepsin”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Bhogaonkar, 2006, Ethnopharmacology of Banjara tribe of Umarkhed taluka, district Yavatmal, Maharashtra for reproductive disorders, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Antagonizes hippocampal”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“oxidative stress”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Prevents changes of major”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Alzoubi, 2019, Withania somnifera root powder protects againist post-traumatic stress disorer-induced memory impairment, Mol. Biol. Rep.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“of eIF4E phosphorylation”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“and protein translation,”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Ritumala, 2019, Traditional Uses of Plants for Human Use-A Case Study from Kirtinagar Region of Garhwal Himalaya, J. Agric. Technol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“eIF2A-dependent”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“translation inhibition”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [304] Saranraj, 2016, Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants from Vellore district, Tamil nadu, India, Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“cyclophosphamide-”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“induced potentiation of”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“DTH reaction was”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Agarwal, 1999, Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibited acid production,”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“biofilm formation of oral”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“bacteria, and acid”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] Parida, P.K., Paul, D., and Chakravorty, D. (2021). Free Energy Landscapes and Residue Network Analysis for Six SARS-CoV-2 Targets in Complex with Plausible Phytochemical Inhibitors from Withania somnifera: 1 µS Molecular Dynamics Simulations (Chemrxiv preprint). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibited proteinuria, TNF-”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“α, nephritis, ROS and NO”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [212] Mirjalili, 2009, Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine, Molecules source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Antioxidant activities”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“increased; they were”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“compared with the control”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Ahmed, 2018, Antioxidant activity and apoptotic induction as mechanisms of action of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) against a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, J. Int Med Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“A significant increase in”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“white blood cell counts and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“platelet counts”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Agarwal, 1999, Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stabilized blood glucose”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“levels”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Andallu, 2000, Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root, Indian J. Exp. Biol.
- Not checked yetcites [27] Anwer, 2008, Effect of Withania somnifera on insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus rats, Basic Clin. Pharm. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“TNF-α level significantly”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“decreased”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Ahmed, 2018, Antioxidant activity and apoptotic induction as mechanisms of action of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) against a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, J. Int Med Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Attenuated p38, ERK-1/2,”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“C jun JNK”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] Kannan, 2016, Ethnomedicinal plants used for Wound Healing purposes by Malayali Tribes of Kalrayan Hills, Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India, Glob. J. Res. Med. Plants Indig. Med.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Attenuation of”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“proliferative, metastatic”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“arresting cell cycle in G2/”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Balkrishna, A., Pokhrel, S., Singh, J. and Varshney, A. (2020). Withanone from Withania somnifera may inhibit novel coronavirus (COVID-19) entry by disrupting interactions between viral S-protein receptor binding domain and host ACE2 receptor (Research Square Preprint). DOI:10.21203/rs-17806/v1. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Activated Nrf2, abrogated”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“apoptosis in a Nrf2-”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“stimulated phase II”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [223] Mohanty, 2016, Withania somnifera Leaf Extract Ameliorates Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Behavioral and Neuromorphological Alterations by Improving Brain Antioxidant Status in Zebrafish (Danio rerio), Zebrafish source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Produced myocardial”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“adaptive changes”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“(augmentation of”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222] Mohanty, 2015, Herbal folk remedies of Dhenkanal district, Odisha, India, Int. J. Herb. Med.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Enhancement of neuronal”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“vitro injury that mimics TBI”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“mRNA and protein levels”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [310] Shah, 2015, Combinations of Ashwagandha leaf extracts protect brain-derived cells against oxidative stress and induce differentiation, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibited TNF-α and IL-1b”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] Kuboyama, 2006, Withanoside IV and its active metabolite, sominone, attenuate Abeta(25–35)-induced neurodegeneration, Eur. J. Neurosci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“HSP90 inhibition”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [210] Minhas, 2012, Therapeutic effect of Withania somnifera on pristane-induced model of SLE, Inflammopharmacology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Blocked the rise in”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“homeostasis model”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“insulin sensitivity index”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375] Umair, 2019, Ethnomedicinal uses of the local flora in Chenab riverine area, Punjab province Pakistan, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Restoration of LDH and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“creatine phosphokinase”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222] Mohanty, 2015, Herbal folk remedies of Dhenkanal district, Odisha, India, Int. J. Herb. Med.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“downregulation of c-FLIP”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Ritumala, 2019, Traditional Uses of Plants for Human Use-A Case Study from Kirtinagar Region of Garhwal Himalaya, J. Agric. Technol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Apoptosis, externalization”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“of phosphatidylserine and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“occurrence of DNA nicks,”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Chaudhary, 2003, Evaluation of Withania somnifera in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke in rats, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cardiotropic and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“cardioprotective”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [246] Panda, 2018, Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Jajpur district of Odisha, India, J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem.
- Not checked yetcites [277] Pushpakarani, 2014, Ethnomedicines used by Kaniyakaran tribes in Kaniyakumari district-Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India, J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibition of the”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“significant increase in”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“plasma corticosterone”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Bhogaonkar, 2006, Ethnopharmacology of Banjara tribe of Umarkhed taluka, district Yavatmal, Maharashtra for reproductive disorders, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Fruits”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Fatty acids”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Hydrocarbons (squalene)”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Bhatia, 2015, Traditional phytoremedies for the treatment of menstrual disorders in district Udhampur, J&K, India, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Enhanced GSH levels”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206] Marwat, 2008, Ethnophytomedicines for treatment of various diseases in DI Khan district, Sarhad J. Agric.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Reduction of stress levels”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [203] Manjunath, 2015, Standardized extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) markedly offsets rotenone-induced locomotor deficits, oxidative impairments and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster, J. Food Sci. Technol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reduce oxidative stress”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Elufioye, 2017, Plants-derived neuroprotective agents: cutting the cycle of cell death through multiple mechanisms, Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med.: eCAM source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Esakkimuthu, 2019, Quantitative analysis of medicinal plants used to treat musculoskeletal ailments by non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| | | | | Internalization of Aβ 1-42 by | Inhibits | |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Ethanolic root extract | Parkinsonism | Mice | Increase in striatum dopamine | [306] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [306] Satoh, 1996, Free radical-independent protection by nerve growth factor and Bcl-2 of PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide-triggered apoptosis, J. Biochem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Glycowithanolides | Manage stroke and post-stroke syndromes | Charles-Foster (CF) male | Decrease in reperfusion, hypoperfusion induced | [374] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [374] Umair, 2017, An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Glycowithanolides | Manage stroke and post-stroke syndromes | Charles-Foster (CF) male | Decrease in reperfusion, hypoperfusion induced | [374] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [374] Umair, 2017, An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Root extract | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/ | hTDP-43 A315T mice | depression cluster subscores Decrease in cytoplasmic mislocalization of hTDP-43 | [96] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Dwivedi, 2000, Modification of coronary risk factors by medicinal plants, J. Med. Aromat. Plant Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard root extract | Schizophrenic depression and anxiety | Human | Decrease in single item depression, anxiety | [109] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Ghatapanadi, 2011, Documentation of folk knowledge on medicinal plants of Gulbarga district, Karnataka, Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Root powder | PTSD induced memory impairment | Rats | Decrease in PTSD induced oxidative stress | [18] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Alzoubi, 2019, Withania somnifera root powder protects againist post-traumatic stress disorer-induced memory impairment, Mol. Biol. Rep.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Aqueous extract of root | H 2 O 2 and Aβ induced AD | PC12 cells | Increase in cell viability | [172] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Kumar, 2015, Ethnobatanical study of some common plants from district hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh (India, Int J. Adv. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Aqueous extract of root | Sleep deprivation | Rats | Increase in alertness, recognition memory, and | [204] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Marandi, 2015, Antivenom herbal formulations used against snakebites by the Oroan tribals of Latehar, Jharkhand, World J. Pharm. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Hydro-alcoholic extract | MCA induced cerebral ischemia | Male Wistar rats | Increase in motor functioning | [69] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Chengappa, 2018, Adjunctive Use of a Standardized Extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to Treat Symptom Exacerbation in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study, J. Clin. Psychiatry
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Withaferin A | 3-NP induced HD | Rats | Increase in free radical scavenging activity | [53,306] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Bhattacharya, 2014, Socio-environmental surveys of Tinchuley and Takdah: two emerging ecotourism hamlets of North Bengal, India, Int. Lett. Nat. Sci.
- Not checked yetcites [306] Satoh, 1996, Free radical-independent protection by nerve growth factor and Bcl-2 of PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide-triggered apoptosis, J. Biochem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Root extract | 3-NP induced HD | Rats | Decrease in lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels, | [171] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kumar, 2014, Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity, BioMed. Res. Int.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard root extract | Schizophrenic depression and anxiety | Human | Decrease in single item depression, anxiety | [109] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Ghatapanadi, 2011, Documentation of folk knowledge on medicinal plants of Gulbarga district, Karnataka, Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Methanolic root extracts | Behavioral changes | Male Spradue-Dawley rats | Decrease in morphine/ethanol mediated | [40] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Benjamin, 2019, Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Root extract | Stroke induced vasospasm | Rats | Increase in cAMP | [374] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [374] Umair, 2017, An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | bipolar disorder | Human (53 patients) | Increase in auditory-verbal working memory, social | [70] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Choi, 2015, Withaferin-A inhibits colon cancer cell growth by blocking STAT3 transcriptional activity, J. Cancer Prev. source
plaindirectn = 53- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| WS extract | bipolar disorder | Human (60 patients) | Increase in thyroid function | [108] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Gauttam, 2013, Development of polyherbal antidiabetic formulation encapsulated in the phospholipids vesicle system, J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res source
plaindirectn = 60- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | schizophrenia | Human (66 patients) | Decrease in symptoms, stress | [71] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Chopra, 2010, Ayurveda–modern medicine interface: A critical appraisal of studies of Ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirectn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| WS extracts | frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) ALS | OD1 G93A mice | Increase in immunomodulatory effect, autophagy, | [97,98] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Elufioye, 2017, Plants-derived neuroprotective agents: cutting the cycle of cell death through multiple mechanisms, Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med.: eCAM source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Esakkimuthu, 2019, Quantitative analysis of medicinal plants used to treat musculoskeletal ailments by non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | bipolar disorder | Human (53 patients) | Increase in auditory-verbal working memory, social | [70] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Choi, 2015, Withaferin-A inhibits colon cancer cell growth by blocking STAT3 transcriptional activity, J. Cancer Prev. source
plaindirectn = 53- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | schizophrenia | Human (66 patients) | Decrease in symptoms, stress | [71] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Chopra, 2010, Ayurveda–modern medicine interface: A critical appraisal of studies of Ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirectn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | bipolar disorder | Human (53 patients) | Increase in auditory-verbal working memory, social | [70] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Choi, 2015, Withaferin-A inhibits colon cancer cell growth by blocking STAT3 transcriptional activity, J. Cancer Prev. source
plaindirectn = 53- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Compound Herbal Preparation | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Human (73 child patients) | Increase in attention, cognition, impulse control | [154] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] Khan, 2008, Ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta prostrta Linn, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirectn = 73- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | schizophrenia | Human (66 patients) | Decrease in symptoms, stress | [71] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Chopra, 2010, Ayurveda–modern medicine interface: A critical appraisal of studies of Ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirectn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| WS extract | bipolar disorder | Human (60 patients) | Increase in thyroid function | [108] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Gauttam, 2013, Development of polyherbal antidiabetic formulation encapsulated in the phospholipids vesicle system, J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res source
plaindirectn = 60- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
No approved drug candidates from Withania somnifera are available as of the time of the review.
“Though several formulations of WS showed very promising anti-cancer activities in both in vitro and in vivo conditions, still no approved drug candidates are available till now.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Withanolides are marker compounds characteristically present in Solanaceae members, especially in the Withania genus.
“Withanolides are marker compounds as they are characteristically present in Solanaceae members, especially in the Withania genus.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The dominant withanolides are withanolide D and withaferin A.
“The dominant withanolides are withanolide D and withaferin A.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The neuroprotective and other therapeutic effects of WS observed in animal models and in vitro studies will translate to humans.
“was suggested as a promising therapeutic agent against TDP-43 proteinopathy [96].”
“In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study among 66 patients, a standardized extract of WS (WSE) was suggested as a promising adjunctive treatment in patients affected by recent exacerbations of schizophrenia [71].”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some drugs for neurodegenerative disease have side effects.
“Besides, some of them come with side effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Withania somnifera contains a varied range of bioactive compounds including alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and phenols.
“Ashwagandha houses a varied range of bioactive compounds ranging from alkaloids to steroids, flavonoids to phenols.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Withania somnifera extract has antioxidant properties.
“The antioxidant nature of WS extract makes it very suitable for treating neurological disorders associated with oxidative burst.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Withania somnifera can promote neuronal health and help restore neurodegradation.
“Moreover, it can promote neuronal health that can help to restore neurodegradation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Withania somnifera, popularly known as ashwagandha (also Indian Ginseng, Winter Cherry), is a commonly used and marketed herb as part of Ayurvedic herbals and dietary supplements for relieving stress and anxiety, improving sleep, increasing muscle mass and strength, improving sexual function in both males and females, increasing memory and as “immune-booster.”10”
From Ashwagandha-induced liver injury—A case series from India and literature review (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Moreover, it was found that WS is predominantly active against many neurological conditions like AD, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease [144,145].”
From Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical to Clinical Trial Insights (2023) · cites this paper as [144]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.1. Anti-Parkinson's disease (PD) activity
“WS root extract could restore the expression level of Bcl-2 and bring down Bax protein, thereby stabilizing the apoptotic homeostasis and providing neuroprotection.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
“| Root extract | Neuroprotection | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in Bcl-2, increase in Bax | [274] |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.8. Anti-diabetic activity
“Aqueous extracts of WS (200, 400 mg/kg for 5 days) were found to be effective in decreasing blood glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
“| | Aqueous extract | 200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt./ | Non-insulin- | Determination of blood | Blocked the rise in | [375] |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.2. Anti-Huntington's disease (HD) activity
“Kumar and Kumar [171] employed 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), a potent neurotoxin that inhibits succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity resulting in oxidative stress and striatal damage in animals to generate HD symptoms in male Wistar rats”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
“| Root extract in 0.5% carboxy | Anti HD activity | 3 NP treated wister mice | Increase in weight, motor movements | [171] |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
“Manchanda et al. [204] used an aqueous extract of WS root to elucidate its sleep-inducing potential.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
“| | Leaf extract | 140 mg/kg | Wistar albino female | Novel object recognition test | Conferred intact | [204] |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
“There are still no clinical drugs available for treating patients with ischemic stroke [105].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.3. Anti-Ischemic stroke activity
“Plasminogen activator is the only clinically administered drug in ischemic stroke that serves only a handful of patients.”
Citations
Cites
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Das, S. R., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000659 · Cited by 9,036
Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view
Dirnagl, U., Iadecola, C., & Moskowitz, M. A. (1999) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01401-0 · Cited by 3,943
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783
The Science of Stroke: Mechanisms in Search of Treatments
Moskowitz, M. A., Lo, E. H., & Iadecola, C. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.07.002 · Cited by 1,930
Blum, D. L., Torch, S., Lambeng, N., Nissou, M.-F., Benabid, A., Sadoul, R., & Verna, J. (2001) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(01)00003-x · Cited by 1,269
Stroke in the 2 1 s t Century: A Snapshot of the Burden, Epidemiology, and Quality of Life
Donkor, E. S. (2018) · Stroke Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2018/3238165 · Cited by 1,262
Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants
Schmid, R., Bruneton, J., & Hatton, C. K. (1995) · Taxon · doi:10.2307/1223435 · Cited by 911
Anand, U., Jacobo-Herrera, N. J., Altemimi, A. B., & Lakhssassi, N. (2019) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo9110258 · Cited by 871
Self-citationMabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classifications and uses.
Mabberley, D. J. (2008) · Cited by 751
Steroidal Lactones from Withania somnifera, an Ancient Plant for Novel Medicine
Mirjalili, M. H., Moyano, E., Bonfill, M., Cusido, R. M., & Palazón, J. (2009) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules14072373 · Cited by 657
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- Balkrishna, A., Pokhrel, S., Singh, J. and Varshney, A. (2020). Withanone from Withania somnifera may inhibit novel coronavirus (COVID-19) entry by disrupting interactions between viral S-protein receptor binding domain and host ACE2 receptor (Research Square Preprint). DOI:10.21203/rs-17806/v1. · DOI
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Anand, U., Dey, A., Chandel, A. K. S., Sanyal, R., Mishra, A., Pandey, D. K., Falco, V. D., Upadhyay, A., Kandimalla, R. J. L., Chaudhary, A., et al. (2022) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2022.02.007 · Cited by 2,011
“New trends are evolving in the drug discovery paradigm that includes designing new derivatives of old drugs with high efficacy and lower toxicities.(269,270) Several natural compounds isolated from microbial, plants, or natural sources were suggested to hold enormous potential to target stress response pathways by mou…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnand, U., Tudu, C. K., Nandy, S., Sunita, K., Tripathi, V. S., Loake, G. J., Dey, A., & Proćków, J. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114744 · Cited by 161
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Self-citationDeep learning for medicinal plant species classification and recognition: a systematic review
Kiflie, M. A., Sharma, D. P., & Mesfin, A. H. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1286088 · Cited by 139
“…properties, such as stress and anxiety reduction, anti-in fl ammatory effects, immune system modulation, anti-tumor effects, and sexual dysfunction improvement, and has been thoroughly researched for its potential pharmacotherapeutic applications (Anand et al., 2019; Subhabrata et al., 2021).”
BackgroundBashir, A., Nabi, M., Tabassum, N., Afzal, S., & Ayoub, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1049334 · Cited by 121
“Bashir A, Nabi M, Tabassum N, Afzal S and Ayoub M (2023), An updated review on phytochemistry and molecular targets of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAlzheimer's disease: Molecular aspects and treatment opportunities using herbal drugs
Thakral, S., Yadav, A., Singh, V., Kumar, M., Kumar, P., Narang, R., Sudhakar, K., Verma, A., Khalilullah, H., Jaremko, M., et al. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.101960 · Cited by 103
Cellular landscaping of cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer
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“plant that has short stems, tuberous roots, and bisexual flowers [10,11].”
BackgroundAkhgarjand, C., Asoudeh, F., Bagheri, A., Kalantar, Z., Vahabi, Z., Shab‐bidar, S., Rezvani, H., & Djafarian, K. (2022) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7598 · Cited by 93
Dioscin: A review on pharmacological properties and therapeutic values
Bandopadhyay, S., Anand, U., Gadekar, V. S., Jha, N. K., Gupta, P. K., Behl, T., Kumar, M., CHAUHAN, R., Shekhawat, M. S., & Dey, A. (2021) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1815 · Cited by 79
Self-citationExploring Ayurveda: principles and their application in modern medicine
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Wang, Y., Hu, H., Liu, X., & Guo, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1138499 · Cited by 68
Ashwagandha-induced liver injury—A case series from India and literature review
Philips, C. A., Valsan, A., Theruvath, A. H., Ravindran, R., Oommen, T. T., Rajesh, S., Bishnu, S., Augustine, P., & India, O. B. O. T. L. R. C. (2023) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1097/hc9.0000000000000270 · Cited by 62
“”[10] Nonetheless, conclusive evidence from rigorous, methodologically sound, well-designed, validated, and replicated trials does not exist for the aforementioned indications.”
BackgroundNagori, K., Nakhate, K. T., Yadav, K., Ajazuddin, & Pradhan, M. (2023) · Future Pharmacology · doi:10.3390/futurepharmacol3040053 · Cited by 61
Hegab, A. M. M., Hassanin, S. O., Mekky, R. H., Abuzahrah, S. S., Hamza, A. A., Talaat, I. M., & Amin, A. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18020248 · Cited by 54
“Various phytochemical investigations have shown the presence of over 12 alkaloids, 40 withanolides, and various steroids in different parts of the WIT plant [13,34,80].”
Can Ashwagandha Benefit the Endocrine System?—A Review
Wiciński, M., Fajkiel-Madajczyk, A., Kurant, Z., Kurant, D., Gryczka, K., Falkowski, M., Wiśniewska, M., Słupski, M., Ohla, J., & Zabrzyński, J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242216513 · Cited by 66
“It is well known as Withania somnifera , which means “sleep inducer” in Latin, which correlates with its sleeping properties; Indian ginseng, widely used in Indian medicine; or Indian winter cherry [1].”
BackgroundBhat, J. A., Akther, T., Najar, R. A., Rasool, F., & Hamid, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1029123 · Cited by 51
Challenges in phytotherapy research
Panossian, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1199516 · Cited by 62
Nair, A., Kanagaraj, K., Nangan, S., Thirumalaivasan, N., Haponiuk, J. T., Thomas, S., Ramasubburayan, R., Gnanasekaran, L., Selvaraj, M., & Gopi, S. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117366 · Cited by 41
Therapeutic Potential of Different Natural Products for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Chakraborty, B., Mukerjee, N., Maitra, S., Zehravi, M., Mukherjee, D., Ghosh, A., Massoud, E. E. S., & Rahman, M. H. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/6873874 · Cited by 42
Biswas, P., Anand, U., Ghorai, M., Pandey, D. K., Jha, N. K., Behl, T., Kumar, M., CHAUHAN, R., Shekhawat, M. S., & Dey, A. (2021) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.202100507 · Cited by 39
Self-citationNetwork Pharmacology of Adaptogens in the Assessment of Their Pleiotropic Therapeutic Activity
Panossian, A., & Efferth, T. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15091051 · Cited by 49
Wiciński, M., Fajkiel-Madajczyk, A., Kurant, Z., Liss, S., Szyperski, P., Szambelan, M., Gromadzki, B., Rupniak, I., Słupski, M., & Sadowska-Krawczenko, I. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16152481 · Cited by 44
“Many of the substances contained in Ashwagandha extract have immunomodulatory effects [47].”
BackgroundKhabiya, R., Choudhary, G. P., Jnanesha, A. C., Kumar, A., & Lal, R. K. (2023) · Ecological Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2023.06.009 · Cited by 38
Nutraceuticals as Modulators of Immune Function: A Review of Potential Therapeutic Effects
Medoro, A., Davinelli, S., Colletti, A., Micoli, V. D., Grandi, E., Fogacci, F., Scapagnini, G., & Cicero, A. F. G. (2023) · Preventive Nutrition and Food Science · doi:10.3746/pnf.2023.28.2.89 · Cited by 34
“…primarily of alkaloids (witanin, scopoletin, somniferin, isopelletierin, and anaferin), steroidal lactones (witanolides and witaferins), terpenoids with a tetracyclic skeleton such as cortisol (sitoindosides I∼IV) and essential oil (puranol), and various acylsteryl glycosides (Paul et al., 2021).”
BackgroundArumugam, V., Vijayakumar, V., Balakrishnan, A., Bhandari, R. B., Boopalan, D., Ponnurangam, R., Venkateswaran, S. T., & Kuppusamy, M. (2024) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2024.103062 · Cited by 35
Tănase, D. M., Apostol, A. G., Costea, C. F., Tărniceriu, C. C., Tudorancea, I., Maranducă, M. A., Floria, M., & Șerban, I. L. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14030534 · Cited by 34
Emerging Vistas for the Nutraceutical Withania somnifera in Inflammaging
Basudkar, V., Gujrati, G., Ajgaonkar, S., Gandhi, M., Mehta, D. S., & Nair, S. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17050597 · Cited by 31
“…used for thousands of years as a ‘Rasayana’ 2 of 33 ( Rasayana is a holistic therapy that helps by suppressing the aging process by developing positive physical and mental health, boosting the immune system and maintaining youth-fulness [18]), along with providing numerous health benefits [19].”
BackgroundMurugan, R., Subramaniyan, S., Priya, S., Ragavendran, C., Arasu, M. V., Al-Dhabi, N. A., Choi, K. C., Guru, A., & Arockiaraj, J. (2023) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106578 · Cited by 29
Medicinal Plants in the Indian Traditional Medicine and Current Practices
Basu, R., Dasgupta, S. S., Babu, S. N., et al. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28780-0_9 · Cited by 26
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“Additionally, the plant possesses neuroprotective, anti-neuro-inflammatory, pro-cognitive, neuropsychiatric, antinociceptive, analgesic, anticancer, antioxidant, antipyretic, and anticonvulsant properties (Nemetchek et al. 2017; Ranjan et al. 2018; Abdul Manap et al. 2019; Brimson et al. 2020; Castelli et al. 2020; Je…”
Self-citationRetractedAbomosallam, M., Hendam, B. M., Abdallah, A. A., Refaat, R., & El-Hak, H. N. G. (2024) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-024-01461-8 · Cited by 28
“W. somnifera in either raw form or their leaves extract utilized as complementary medicine in neurological disorders (Paul et al. 2021b).”
BackgroundAn In-vitro evaluation of a polyherbal formulation, against SARS-Cov-2
Kanchibhotla, D., Subramanian, S., reddy, R., Hari Venkatesh, K. R., & Pathania, M. (2022) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100581 · Cited by 26
“Ashwagandha has a wide variety of pharmacological properties and has been routinely used for fever, respiratory disease like cough, asthma and for weight loss [25].”
Singirala, S. K., Dubey, P. K., & Roy, S. (2025) · International Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1155/ijfo/9922626 · Cited by 31
Mengesha, S. M., Abebe, G. M., & Habtemariam, T. H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75296-2 · Cited by 21
Kim, H., Choi, H., Han, K., Sim, W., Suh, H. J., & Ahn, Y. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.119224 · Cited by 31
Almasri, R., Bedir, A. S., & Raish, S. M. A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17030411 · Cited by 28
“Phytochemical analyses reveal that its roots and leaves contain bioactive compounds such as withanolides, saponins, and flavonoids, which contribute to its effectiveness in treating neurological disorders, anxiety, and hyperlipidemia [68,69].”
Gurav, S. S., Wanjari, M., Bhole, R. P., Raut, N. A., Prasad, S. K., Saoji, S. D., Chikhale, R. V., Khanal, P., Pant, A. M., Ayyanar, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.116064 · Cited by 21
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Tousif, M. I., Nazir, M., Saleem, M., Tauseef, S., Uddin, R., Altaf, M., Zengin, G., Ak, G., Ozturk, R. B., & Mahomoodally, M. F. (2022) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.028 · Cited by 19
Medicinal Characteristics of Withania somnifera L. in Colorectal Cancer Management
Macharia, J. M., Káposztás, Z., & Raposa, B. L. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16070915 · Cited by 23
Holvoet, H., Long, D. M., Law, A. D., McClure, C., Choi, J., Yang, L., Marney, L. C., Poeck, B., Strauß, R., Stevens, J. F., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14193923 · Cited by 20
“WS has traditionally been used for centuries mostly by dissolving powdered roots or leaves in water or milk [43].”
BackgroundInfluentialOrabi, M. A. A., Alshahrani, M. M., Sayed, A. M., Abouelela, M. E., Shaaban, K. A., & Abdel‐Sattar, E. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13010093 · Cited by 17
“It has been reported as an important source of withanolides, alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, nitrogen-containing compounds, and others [23].”
InfluentialSingh, H., Yadav, B., Rai, A. K., Srivastava, S., Saiprasad, A. J. V., Jameela, S., Singhal, R., Muralidharan, S., Mohan, R., Chaudhary, S., et al. (2023) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2023.102966 · Cited by 18
Phyto‐therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera : Molecular mechanism and health implications
Yadav, N., Tripathi, S., & Sangwan, N. S. (2024) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.8100 · Cited by 19
“These reports suggest that plant may help adipocytes and skeletal myotubes better absorb glucose (Paul et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialKaleem, M., Thool, M., Dumore, N. G., Abdulrahman, A. O., Ahmad, W., Almostadi, A., Alhashmi, M. H., Kamal, M. A., & Tabrez, S. S. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2024.1440430 · Cited by 18
Dalvi, P., Kalbande, D. R., Rathod, S. S., Dalvi, H., & Agarwal, A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tai.2024.3491938 · Cited by 22
Ashwagandha Ethanol Extract Attenuates Sarcopenia-Related Muscle Atrophy in Aged Mice
Ko, J.-S., Chang, B., Choi, Y., Choi, J., Kwon, H., Lee, J., Kim, S.-Y., & Choung, S. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010157 · Cited by 19
“Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, commonly known as ashwagandha, belongs to the Solanaceae family and has been a botanical remedy with a history spanning centuries [15].”
Mahendran, G., & Vimolmangkang, S. (2024) · Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) · doi:10.1007/s11240-024-02823-4 · Cited by 16
“Key bioactive constituents within W. somnifera roots include withanosides, sitoindosides, withanolides, and alkaloids, as supported by various studies (Paul et al. 2021 ; Namdeo and Ingawale 2021; Afewerky et al. 2021; Bashir et al. 2023).”
A comprehensive review on the bioactivity and pharmacological attributes of Withania somnifera
Khalid, M. U., Sultan, M. T., Baig, I., Abbas, A., Noman, A. M., Zinedine, A., Bartkienė, E., & Rocha, J. M. (2025) · Natural Product Research · doi:10.1080/14786419.2025.2499070 · Cited by 18
Sharma, P. K., Kumar, L., Goswami, Y., Pujani, M., Dikshit, M., & Tandon, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1139654 · Cited by 17
“, 2022) and recent reviews advocate the benefits of WS extract in the management of COPD patients when given alone or in combination with conventional drugs (Paul et al., 2021; Saggam et al., 2021).”
BackgroundKumar, A., Venugopal, S., Jnanesha, A. C., & Lal, R. K. (2023) · Ecological Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.egg.2023.100183 · Cited by 15
Gladen-Kolarsky, N., Monestime, O., Bollen, M., Choi, J., Yang, L., Magaña, A. A., Maier, C. S., Soumyanath, A., & Gray, N. E. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13101164 · Cited by 18
Adaptogens in Long-Lasting Brain Fatigue: An Insight from Systems Biology and Network Pharmacology
Panossian, A., Lemerond, T., & Efferth, T. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18020261 · Cited by 24
Dutta, T., Anand, U., Mitra, S. S., Ghorai, M., Jha, N. K., Shaikh, N. K., Shekhawat, M. S., Pandey, D. K., Proćków, J., & Dey, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.827411 · Cited by 17
“This plant is also used as/against the weakness of local muscular and nervous tissues (Paul et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSharma, S., Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Katare, A. K., Bhat, H. F., Hassoun, A., Aït‐Kaddour, A., Aadil, R. M., Mungure, T. E., & Bhat, Z. F. (2023) · Food Chemistry Advances · doi:10.1016/j.focha.2023.100204 · Cited by 16
Ashagrie, Y. N., Chaubey, K. K., Tadesse, M. G., Dayal, D., Bachheti, R. K., Rai, N., Pramanik, A., Lakhanpal, S., Kandwal, A., & Bachheti, A. (2025) · Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C · doi:10.1515/znc-2024-0192 · Cited by 16
Choudhary, S., Nehul, S., Singh, A., Panda, P. K., Kumar, P., Sharma, G. K., & Tomar, S. (2023) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.2793 · Cited by 14
“32,39,40,44,49,71 In this study, the three triterpenoids (azadirachtin, withanolide_A, and iso-ginkgetin) which were earlier identified by in-silico analysis targeting the SARS-CoV-2 virus-specific proteases (Mpro and PLpro), have been further investigated for their antiviral as well as…”
BackgroundCovalent binding of withanolides to cysteines of protein targets
Bailly, C. (2024) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116405 · Cited by 18
Guo, S., Gao, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00724 · Cited by 12
Rojas, I. A. S., Cuchimba, J. A., Pineda, M. C., Argüello, Y. P., Kočí, J., Kreider, R. B., Petro, J. L., & Bonilla, D. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20075298 · Cited by 19
“2021 [84] Comprehensive review focused on phytochemistry, clinical and toxicological aspects Literature review/India Withania somnifera No information of inclusion criteria 1–42 weeks 100–3000 mg (root extract) Subjective scales + Inflammatory markers + Antioxidant Based on pre-clinical and clinical research, WSE has…”
BackgroundWithaferin A: A potential selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory effect.
Liang, Y., Jiang, Q., Zou, H.-Y., Zhao, J.-Q., Zhang, J., & Ren, L. (2023) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2023.113949 · Cited by 14
Complex Interplay between DNA Damage and Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
Singh, A. D., Ravendranathan, N., Frisbee, J. C., & Singh, K. K. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14080922 · Cited by 14
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Quantifying Withanolides in Plasma: Pharmacokinetic Studies and Analytical Methods
Speers, A. B., Lozano-Ortiz, A., & Soumyanath, A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16223836 · Cited by 14
“…steroidal lactones found in the plant families Solanaceae, Leguminosae, Labiatae, Myrtaceae, and Taccaceae [19], and particularly abundant in WS [20]. group of naturally occurring steroidal lactones found in the plant families Solanaceae, Leguminosae, Chemical structures of the individual…”
Witt, K. L., van Benthem, J., Kobets, T., Chen, G., Kelber, O., Krzykwa, J. C., MacGregor, J. T., Mei, N., Mitchell, C. A., Rietjens, I. M. C. M., et al. (2025) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115277 · Cited by 11
Biharee, A., Chaudhari, L., Bhartiya, S., et al. (2023) · The Natural Products Journal · doi:10.2174/2210315513666230612111133 · Cited by 11
Vittal, M., & Vinciguerra, M. (2025) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10320-0 · Cited by 11
“This is further supported by research showing its ability to modulate oxidative stress, significantly reducing the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) while boosting levels of endogenous antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Paul et al. 2021).”
Pal, A., Jhulki, S., & Kundu, S. (2022) · doi:10.52756/bhietm.2022.e01.002 · Cited by 10
Fanibunda, S. E., Kukkemane, K., Ghai, U., Kolthur‐Seetharam, U., Hingorani, L., Vaidya, A. D. B., & Vaidya, V. A. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-04920-7 · Cited by 14
“…applications for Withania somnifera as an anxiolytic and antidepressant [19], as a neuroprotective agent against diverse stressors [76–78], in mild traumatic brain injury [74], in models of excitotoxicity [73, 79] as well as in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease [15, 17, 54].”
Raish, S. M. A., Almasri, R. S., & Bedir, A. S. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14060695 · Cited by 11
“Recent studies, such as those by Paul et al. (2021) and Behl et al. (2020), have demonstrated that W. somnifera extracts effectively mitigate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rodent models [122,132].”
InfluentialInvertebrate genetic models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Zhou, L., & Xu, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2024.1328578 · Cited by 12
Mahendran, G., & Rahman, L. U. (2024) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant · doi:10.1007/s11627-024-10428-x · Cited by 9
“…phytotherapeutic potential in treating various diseases, particularly as an anti-diabetic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antihepatic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective agent (Sivanandhan et al. 2020; Paul et al. 2021; Moghimi and Harini 2022; Shilpashree et al. 2022; Tewari et al. 2022).”
Mathe, E. H., Sethoga, L. S., Mapfumari, S., et al. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14111375 · Cited by 9
Roe, A. L., Krzykwa, J. C., Calderón, Á. I., Bascoul, C., Gurley, B. J., Koturbash, I., Li, A. P., Liu, Y., Mitchell, C. A., Oketch‐Rabah, H. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390211.2024.2417679 · Cited by 11
“Its extracts have been widely used in Unani and Ayurvedic health practices for a variety of benefits (Paul et al. 2021; Speers et al. 2021).”
Singh, S. K., Rashid, M., Chaturvedi, S., Agarwal, A. K., Chauhan, D., Gayen, J. R., & Wahajuddin, M. (2025) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108128 · Cited by 11
Ashwagandha: Is It Safe? Part 2: A Preclinical Evidence Review
Williamson, E. M., & Brendler, T. (2025) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.70090 · Cited by 10
“Literature reviews of AS generally conclude that it is safe and well-tolerated (Bashir et al. 2023; Paul et al. 2021; Yadav et al. 2024), but safety issues have been raised by regulators (Brendler et al. 2026).”
The Role of PGPRs in Medicinal Plants under Abiotic Stress
Meena, M., Singh, S. K., Swapnil, P., et al. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5611-9_10 · Cited by 9
Ali, N. H., Rehman, S. U., Naqvi, M., et al. (2023) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2023.02.003 · Cited by 9
Trivedi, S. P., Dwivedi, S., Trivedi, A., Khan, A. A., Singh, S., Yadav, K. K., Kumar, V., Dwivedi, S., Tiwari, V., & Awasthi, Y. (2024) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110944 · Cited by 8
Makhlouf, E. A., AlamElDeen, Y. K., El‐Shiekh, R. A., et al. (2024) · Natural Product Research · doi:10.1080/14786419.2024.2439009 · Cited by 8
“The extensive traditional applications of Ashwagandha suggest its potential therapeutic benefits for a range of health issues, including hypertension, stress, diabetes, asthma, and cancer (Paul et al. 2021).”
Ayurvedic Herbal Therapies: A Review of Treatment and Management of Dementia
Srivastava, V., Mathur, D., Rout, S., Mishra, B. K., Pannu, V. S., & Anand, A. (2022) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205019666220805100008 · Cited by 8
Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Wu, Y., Shi, L., Shen, H.-X., Seeram, N. P., Ma, H., & Lu, Y.-M. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143855 · Cited by 8
Anticancer Effects of Withanolides: In Silico Prediction of Pharmacological Properties
Silva, G. W. D. S. E., Marques, A. M., & Sampaio, A. L. F. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30112457 · Cited by 7
“Pharmacological studies with withanolides have demonstrated anticancer properties on human cancer cells in vitro, as well as in vivo, inhibiting tumor growth and inducing metastasis suppression [22–24].”
El-Hack, M. E. A., Elsherbeni, A. I., Hajri, A. K., Albalawi, M. A., AbdElrahman, M., Moustafa, M., Al-Shehri, M., Arain, M. A., & Ismail, I. E. (2026) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104451 · Cited by 7
Pal, T., Anand, U., Mitra, S. S., Biswas, P., Tripathi, V. S., Proćków, J., Dey, A., & de la Lastra, J. M. P. (2023) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2023.2187634 · Cited by 7
Self-citationMolecular Mechanism behind the Safe Immunostimulatory Effect of Withania somnifera
Kalpana, K., Yap, S., Tsuji, M., et al. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13050828 · Cited by 7
“) Dunal (family Solanaceae), also known as Ashwagandha of Ayurvedic medicine, is a medicinal plant known for diverse pharmacological effects [1,2].”
BackgroundChoudhary, S., Khan, S., Rustagi, S., et al. (2024) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0115680266274272240321065039 · Cited by 7
Dougnon, V. T., Legba, B. B., Gbaguidi, B., Agbodjento, E., Agbankpe, A. J., Rocha, D. K., Ayi, I., Azonbakin, S. A., Diallo, A., Bonkoungou, I. J. O., et al. (2022) · International Journal of One Health · doi:10.14202/ijoh.2022.124-160 · Cited by 7
Parkinson Disease Pharmacological and Herbal Management: A Review
Hamood, H. M., Alsaedi, M. A. Z., Al-Qrimli, A. F., & Jawad, A. Q. (2024) · South Asian Research Journal of Applied Medical Sciences · doi:10.36346/sarjams.2024.v06i01.001 · Cited by 6
Indian Ayurvedic medicine: Overview and application to brain cancer
Newton, H. B. (2024) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2024.101013 · Cited by 6
Raafat, K. M., Abdelwahab, I. A., & El‐Zahaby, S. A. (2024) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106196 · Cited by 6
Comparative and phylogenomic plastome analysis of the Physalideae tribe (Solanaceae)
Sandoval-Padilla, I., Vargas‐Ponce, O., Orejuela, A., et al. (2025) · Plant Systematics and Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00606-025-01939-0 · Cited by 6
“…and Eurasia, experiencing contrasting environmental conditions in terms of elevation, ambient light availability, temperature, water, and anthropogenic disturbance (Cueva et al. 2015; Palcheti et al. 2020; Campos et al. 2021; Paul et al. 2021; Sandoval-Padilla et al. 2022a; Martínez et al. 2023).”
Khalid, M. U., Sultan, M. T., Chaudhary, K., et al. (2025) · Journal of Food Processing and Preservation · doi:10.1155/jfpp/9938364 · Cited by 6
Panossian, A., & Lemerond, T. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18091346 · Cited by 11
Vani, I., Muralidhar, G., & Rao, B. D. (2026) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2025.1647721 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Paul, S., Chakraborty, S., Anand, U., Dey, S., Nandy, S., Ghorai, M., Saha, S. C., Patil, M. T., Kandimalla, R., Proćków, J., & Dey, A.
- Affiliations
- Presidency University (IN)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- University of Calcutta (IN)
- University of Kalyani (IN)
- Savitribai Phule Pune University (IN)
- Kakatiya Medical College (IN)
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Proćków, Jarosław
- Dey, Abhijit
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-11
- Volume
- 143
- Pages
- 112175
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3202927745
- Semantic Scholar
- ec84dcb6db4982eddc14b54954dd39a9a43f8c4f
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 482
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 9.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Presidency University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Keywords
- Withania somnifera, ethnopharmacology, Rasayana, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, anticancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity, neuroprotective activity, hepatoprotection, antidiabetic activity, immunomodulation, antimicrobial activity, toxicity, traditional medicine, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, anxiety and depression
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Animals, Antiviral Agents, Humans, Plant Extracts, Psychotropic Drugs, Plant Roots, Risk Assessment, Neuroprotective Agents, Ethnopharmacology, Withania, Patient Safety, Phytochemicals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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