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Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects
Open accessAbstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) has been used as a traditional Rasayana herb for a long time. Traditional uses of this plant indicate its ameliorative properties against a plethora of human medical conditions, viz. hypertension, stress, diabetes, asthma, cancer etc. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the geographical distribution, traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of W. somnifera and its active constituents. In addition, it presents a detailed account of its presence as an active constituent in many commercial preparations with curative properties and health benefits. Clinical studies and toxicological considerations of its extracts and constituents are also elucidated. Comparative analysis of relevant in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical investigations indicated potent bioactivity of W. somnifera extracts and phytochemicals as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, cardio-protective and spermatogenic agents. W. somnifera was found to be especially active against many neurological and psychological conditions like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, ischemic stroke, sleep deprivation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The probable mechanism of action that imparts the pharmacological potential has also been explored. However, in-depth studies are needed on the clinical use of W. somnifera against human diseases. Besides, detailed toxicological analysis is also to be performed for its safe and efficacious use in preclinical and clinical studies and as a health-promoting herb.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesizes ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacotherapeutics, clinical and toxicological data on *Withania somnifera* (Ashwagandha), reporting a wide range of bioactive constituents and pharmacological activities. It concludes that WS has broad therapeutic potential, but many findings remain preclinical or in silico and require clinical validation.
Key findings
- Phytochemically, the review reports more than 12 alkaloids, 40 withanolides, and several sitoindosides in WS, with withanolide D and withaferin A as dominant withanolides; organ-specific distributions are summarized for roots, leaves, and fruits.
- Preclinical studies report anti-cancer/apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and sleep/anxiolytic/antistress activities. Examples include a novel root protein fraction with IC50 92 µg/ml in MDA-MB-231 cells, methanolic root extract with IC50 10 µg/ml in PC3 cells, and anti-*Salmonella typhimurium* activity with a 32.00 ± 0.75 mm zone of inhibition and MIC 6.25 mg/ml.
- Clinical reports include 240 mg Shoden daily reducing HAM-A, DASS-21, morning cortisol, and DHEA; 300 mg twice daily standardized to 1.5% withanolides improving mental health, concentration, vitality, and social function; 3 g/day root powder stabilizing blood glucose comparably to Daonil; and 300 mg capsule for 60 days reducing serum cortisol.
- Toxicity data include LD50 of total root alkaloids at 465 mg/kg in rats and 432 mg/kg in mice, alcoholic root extract LD50 1260 mg/kg in mice, withaferin A i.p. LD50 around 80 mg/kg in mice, and no toxicity up to 3000 mg/kg for a withanolide-free aqueous root fraction.
Methods
- Narrative comprehensive review covering ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacotherapeutics, clinical studies, and toxicology; no systematic review protocol or meta-analysis is stated.
- Data sources include ethnomedicinal reports, Ayurvedic and herbal commercial formulations, phytochemical isolation studies, preclinical in vitro and in vivo experiments, clinical trials, and toxicity studies.
- Main analysis is qualitative synthesis, with tables summarizing traditional uses, commercial formulations, major phytochemicals, organ-specific phytochemical distribution, pharmacological properties, and neuroprotective/psychoactive activities.
Limitations
- The paper states that in silico COVID-19 findings need validation in in vitro and in vivo systems, that no approved anti-cancer drug candidates from WS are available, and that clinical trials with WS phytochemicals/formulations are needed.
- The paper notes that one stress study lacked merit because of a small sample, and that many neuroprotective drugs effective in animal models have failed clinical trials, with no clinical drugs available for ischemic stroke.
- Evident from the text: the review is narrative rather than systematic, and findings are heterogeneous across extracts, doses, models, and study designs, with many claims relying on preclinical or in silico evidence.
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Claims the paper makes
302 Not checked yet · 9 Own interpretation · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“| | (Methanol: | 0.016-0.25 µg / ml | SK-N-MC | MTT cell viability assay | Growth stimulatory effects | [181] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and discussion passages report computational properties and SARS-CoV-2 protein simulations, not an SK-N-MC cell-viability experiment. Searches for SK-N-MC, the methanol–chloroform extract, the 0.016–0.25 µg/ml range, and growth stimulation found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Could not verify
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Methanolic chloroform root | Prevent β-amyloid induced | SK-N-MC cells | Decrease in accumulation of Aβ and transport them | [181,311] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and discussion passages (page not provided) describe docking of Withania somnifera compounds with the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, not effects of a root extract on amyloid. Searches for SK-N-MC cells, β-amyloid, and transport of Aβ to the periphery found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked yetcites [311] Shah, 2017, Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Aqueous extracts of WS (200, 400 mg/kg for 5 days) were found to be effective in decreasing blood glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.8. Anti-diabetic activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Gupta, 2004, Cardioprotection from ischemia and reperfusion injury by Withania somnifera: a hemodynamic, biochemical and histopathological assessment, Mol. Cell Biochem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Withaferin-A extracted from WS (1.882 µg per mouse) could inhibit phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced [Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)] shedding by the inhibition of TNF-α and Interleukine (IL)-1b in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell lines (HUVECs) by inactivating tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE).”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.6. Anti-inflammatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] Kuboyama, 2006, Withanoside IV and its active metabolite, sominone, attenuate Abeta(25–35)-induced neurodegeneration, Eur. J. Neurosci. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Rectal gel application of WS root extracts (500 µg/ml and 1000 mg/kg b.w.) were documented to exhibit mucorestorative and anti-inflammatory activities by reducing neutrophil infiltration, necrosis, and edema in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease [265].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.6. Anti-inflammatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [265] Perumal, 1992, Vitamin E attenuates the toxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on free radical scavenging systems in rat brain, Brain Res. Bull. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Cytoprotection against lead toxicity (25-400 µM) in C6 cells was found by pretreatment with 0.1% WS extract [174].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.7. Immunomodulatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [174] Kumar, 2017, Ethnomedicinal plants uses to cure different human diseases by rural and tribal peoples of Hathras district of Uttar Pradesh, J. Pharm. Phytochem
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In cellular models of cystic fibrosis, withaferin-A (3 µM/ml in vitro) led to inhibition of IL-8 and NFκB in cellular models (HEK293) of cystic fibrosis [197].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > Sl. No.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [197] Malhotra, 1965, Studies on Withania-ashwagandha, Kaul. V. The effect of total alkaloids (ashwagandholine) on the central nervous system, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“WS extract (500 mg/kg/day) along with Ricinus communis extract (250 mg/kg/day) showed a reduction in tissue inflammation in methotrexate (3 mg/kg twice a week) induced arthritis in Wistar rats [135].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > Sl. No.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Jabbar, 2006, An inventory of the ethnobotanicals used as anthelmintics in the southern Punjab (Pakistan), J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“WS leaves and root (methanolic and hexane) extracts were also reported to increase the synergistic antibacterial activity of Tibrim (isoniazid and rifampicin) against E. coli and Salmonella typhi [29].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Arora, 2004, The in vitro antibacterial/synergistic activities of Withania somnifera extracts, Fitoterapia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition to that, withaferin-A could block the NFκB activation by specifically targeting cysteine 179 in the catalytic site of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IKK-b) [130].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > Sl. No.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Hsu, 2019, Identification of Withaferin A as a Potential Candidate for Anti-Cancer Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Cancers source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Withanolide D reportedly decreases anti-apoptotic genes (TERT, Bcl-2, Puma) in the Leukemic Murine mouse model [114].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.5. Anti-cancer and apoptotic activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Grandhi, 1994, A comparative pharmacological investigation of Ashwagandha and Ginseng, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition to that, WS treatment could significantly improve the insulin sensitivity index in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) rats [27].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.8. Anti-diabetic activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Anwer, 2008, Effect of Withania somnifera on insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus rats, Basic Clin. Pharm. Toxicol. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Under in vitro conditions, withanolide A and withanosides IV and VI were found to have a role in the extension of axons and dendrites [165].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.3. Phytochemistry
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Kuboyama, 2014, Effects of Ashwagandha (roots of Withania somnifera) on neurodegenerative diseases, Biol. Pharm. Bull. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“WS further demonstrated potent antimicrobial properties against Salmonella typhimurium (32.00 ± 0.75 mm zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration 6.25 mg/ml,) in vitro [17].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Alam, 2012, Methanolic extracts of Withania somnifera leaves, fruits and roots possess antioxidant properties and antibacterial activities, BMC Complement Alter. Med source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“WS is known to possess cardioprotective and cardiotropic properties in animal models when administered at 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg/day as a polyherbal combination containing 50 mg/capsule of WS tuber for 60 days (orally) [246,277].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.9. Cardio-protective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [246] Panda, 2018, Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Jajpur district of Odisha, India, J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem.
- Not checked yetcites [277] Pushpakarani, 2014, Ethnomedicines used by Kaniyakaran tribes in Kaniyakumari district-Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India, J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Withanolide A can reconstruct neuronal networks as well [166].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.3. Phytochemistry
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Dose-dependent immunomodulatory activity of WS (20, 50, 100 mg/Kg) was seen in Erhlich ascites tumor (EAT) bearing mice [211].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.7. Immunomodulatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [211] Minu, 2012, Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property, Int J. Curr. Pharm. Rev. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition to that, it showed potential antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative bacteria viz.E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae [17,346].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Alam, 2012, Methanolic extracts of Withania somnifera leaves, fruits and roots possess antioxidant properties and antibacterial activities, BMC Complement Alter. Med source
- Not checked yetcites [346] Singh, 2019, Phytomedicines for female infertility in Barpeta District of Assam, India Pleione, source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“WS extract (0.05% and 0.1%, in vitro) could also reduce excitotoxic damage caused by kainic acid by reducing oxidative stress [257].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [257] Patel, 2016, Safety assessment of Withania somnifera extract standardized for Withaferin A: acute and sub-acute toxicity study, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Derivatives of WS root extract promoted neurite outgrowth extension in the cell lines of human neuroblastoma [404].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [404]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the possible role of withaferin-A in the neuroprotective activity of WS root extract [274].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.1. Anti-Parkinson's disease (PD) activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] Prince, 2008, Cardioprotective effect of ‘Marutham’a polyherbal formulation on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats, Fitoterapia source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A 28kDA nontoxic, acidic protease inhibitor glycoprotein extracted from WS tubers imparted a fungistatic effect to many phytopathogenic fungi like Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium verticillioides by inhibiting hyphal growth and spore germination [115].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Grover, 2012, Blocking Protein kinase C signaling pathway: mechanistic insights into the anti-leishmanial activity of prospective herbal drugs from Withania somnifera, BMC Genom. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A significant hike in the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), superoxide dismutase, glutathione (GSH), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) has been recorded when root extract was applied in animals exposed to lead nitrate [286,322].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
- Not checked yetcites [322] Sharma, 2015, Ethnobotanical uses of common plant species growing along the National Highway 5 from solan to Shimla in Himachal Pradesh, World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“WS showed an ability to reverse β-amyloid induced neuropathogenesis.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Oxidative damage caused by streptozotocin in mice was also attenuated via reducing oxidative stress by WS extracts [258].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [258] Patil, 2007, Observations on plantlore in Buldhana district of Maharashtra, Anc. Sci. life
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Later, further studies have validated the potential of withanolides and sitoindosides (VII-X) to escalate the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase [176].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] Kumar, 2021, SILAC-based quantitative MS approach reveals Withaferin A regulated proteins in prostate cancer, J. Proteom. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The oxygen-carrying capacity of blood was found to be escalated by the extract by improving the hemoglobin and red blood cell (RBC) count of the blood [326].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [326] Shinwari, 2013, Biological screening of indigenous knowledge based plants used in diarrheal treatment, Pak. J. Bot.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“WS-derived glycowithanolides showed marked antioxidant activity in the striatum and cortex of the rat brain by inducing an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities [50,51].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Bhattacharya, 2000, Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study, Phytomedicine source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Bhattacharya, 2001, Anti-oxidant effect of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides in chronic foot shock stress-induced perturbations of oxidative free radical scavenging enzymes and lipid peroxidation in rat frontal cortex and striatum, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Root powder extract of WS (20 mg/kg body weight for 30 days) markedly reduced the number of degenerating cells in Carbonic Anhydrase (CA)2 and CA3 of rat's hippocampus subjected to stress [141].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [141] Jain, 2011, Traditional phytotherapy of Balaghat district, Madhya Pradesh, India, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the various constituents present in the extract, glycowithanolides are chiefly responsible for neuroprotective activity owing to their superior lipid peroxidation and inhibition properties.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Besides, in healthy individuals, it improved endurance at an intensity of 65% VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake) [305].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Sarkhel, 2014, Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neuroprotective activities of WS have been well documented by many studies.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Dutta, 2018, Protective effects of Withania somnifera extract in SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Exp. Neurol. source
- Not checked yetcites [168] Kumar, 2009, Possible neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera root extract against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced behavioral, biochemical, and mitochondrial dysfunction in an animal model of Huntington’s disease, J. Med. Food source
- Not checked yetcites [341] Singh, 2011, Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of flavonoids of Withania somnifera L, Indian J. Pharm. Sci.
- Not checked yetcites [393] Yan, 1997, An intracellular protein that binds amyloidbeta peptide and mediates neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s disease, Nature source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“WS showed synergistic protection in the case of cisplatin-treated L. donovani-infected mice when compared to only WS-treated L. donovani-infected mice by increasing the percentage of Clusters of differentiation-4 + (CD4 +) and CD8 + T cells and Natural killer (NK) cell-associated marker NK1 [299].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [299] Samadi, 2010, A novel RET inhibitor with potent efficacy against medullary thyroid cancer in vivo, Surgery source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The ethanolic root extract of WS showed neuroprotective activity in bisphenol A (BPA) induced loss of spatial learning and working memory in Swiss albino mice [57].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Biswal, 2013, Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on the development of chemotherapy-induced fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patients, Integr. Cancer Ther. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Trigunayat et al. [374] reported the antagonizing activity of WS root extract in ischemia-reperfusion injury due to the rise in Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) level and changes in Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (T-SH) levels.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.3. Anti-Ischemic stroke activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [374] Umair, 2017, An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“An oral dose of leaf water extract of WS ameliorated LPS mediated cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in male Wistar rats [122].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] Halder, 2015, Correction: Withania somnifera Root Extract Has Potent Cytotoxic Effect against Human Malignant Melanoma Cells, PLoS ONE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, flavonoids from WS extracts were reported to be effective against Candida albicans with Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of 0.039 and MIC of 0.039 [345].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [345] Singh, 2015, Medicinal Plants Used for Sexual and Reproductive Problems by Kol Tribe in Sidhi District, Madhya Pradesh, India, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ahmad et al. [9] reported dose-dependent reversal of the 6-OHDA induced neurotoxicity mainly due to the strong antioxidant properties of WS extract.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.1. Anti-Parkinson's disease (PD) activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Ahmad, 2005, Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera on 6-hydroxydopamine induced Parkinsonism in rats, Hum. Exp. Toxicol. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Methanolic extract of WS (0.125-2 mg/ml) reportedly inhibited acid production, tolerance, and biofilm production of oral microflora such as Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mutans at sub-Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) levels in vitro [253].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] Parida, P.K., Paul, D., and Chakravorty, D. (2021). Free Energy Landscapes and Residue Network Analysis for Six SARS-CoV-2 Targets in Complex with Plausible Phytochemical Inhibitors from Withania somnifera: 1 µS Molecular Dynamics Simulations (Chemrxiv preprint). source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A polyherbal formulation, EuMil, containing WS as a major component was demonstrated to regulate cerebral monoamine levels after they were subjected to chronic electro-shock stress in rats as documented by Bhattacharya et al. [409].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [409]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A very recent finding of Lopresti et al. [190] showed that daily intake of 240 mg of WS extract can cause a reduction in Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A) and stress scale-21 (DASS-21).”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Mahajan, 2007, Traditional herbal remedies among the tribes of Bijagarh of West Nimar district, Madhya Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The methanolic root extract of WS can also significantly suppress ethanol and morphine stimulation in rats [40].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Benjamin, 2019, Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Aqueous extract of WS (100 mg/kg/day) in drinking water for long-term treatment (8 months) was found to be nontoxic in rats [320].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [320] Sharma, 2013, Traditional herbal medicines used for the treatment of skin disorders by the Gujjar tribe of Sub-Himalayan tract, Uttarakhand, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It was also associated with a reduction in morning cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Mahajan, 2007, Traditional herbal remedies among the tribes of Bijagarh of West Nimar district, Madhya Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“WS root extract showed significant protective properties in 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as evidenced by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) [140].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2.1. Withania somnifera against psychological and behavioral disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [140] Jain, 2011, Some ethnomedicinal plant species of Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirectn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in a placebo-controlled study with WS extract, subtle changes in thyroid indices were noted in patients affected by bipolar disorder.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2.1. Withania somnifera against psychological and behavioral disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Gauttam, 2013, Development of polyherbal antidiabetic formulation encapsulated in the phospholipids vesicle system, J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study among 66 patients, a standardized extract of WS (WSE) was suggested as a promising adjunctive treatment in patients affected by recent exacerbations of schizophrenia [71].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2.1. Withania somnifera against psychological and behavioral disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Chopra, 2010, Ayurveda–modern medicine interface: A critical appraisal of studies of Ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
hedgedconditionaln = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Standardized ratios of root extract powder of WS prevented stress-induced neuronal degeneration in the hippocampal Cornu Ammonis-2 (CA2) and CA3 areas compared to control or nonstressed animals [141].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [141] Jain, 2011, Traditional phytotherapy of Balaghat district, Madhya Pradesh, India, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ethanolic extract of WS was found to be potential anxiolytic (against ICD-10 anxiety disorders) in A double-blind, placebo-controlled study with no adverse effects compared to the placebo group [25].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Andrade, 2000, A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy ff an ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera, Indian J. Psychiatry
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“WS is being considered a reasonably safe drug.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Oral administration of WS root powder at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day prevented posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-induced memory impairment in single prolonged stress (SPS) rat model [18].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Alzoubi, 2019, Withania somnifera root powder protects againist post-traumatic stress disorer-induced memory impairment, Mol. Biol. Rep.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“WS treatment caused a better harmonic balance between reproductive hormones and metabolites of seminal plasma in infertile males [120].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Guruprasad, 2013, Indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants among the Iruliga tribal population of Western Ghats areas, Karnataka, India, J. Anthropol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, glycol-withanolides from WS extracts were able to normalize perturbations found in oxidative free radical scavenging enzymes and lipid peroxidation in the frontal cortex of rats and striatum induced by foot-shock stress in rats [53].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Bhattacharya, 2014, Socio-environmental surveys of Tinchuley and Takdah: two emerging ecotourism hamlets of North Bengal, India, Int. Lett. Nat. Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“T cell population reduction and Th1 cytokine upregulation in chronically stressed mice were corrected by aqueous root extract of WS [156].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] Khare, 2021, Exploring phytochemicals for combating antibiotic resistance in microbial pathogens, Front. Pharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ashwagandha root extracts (500 mg/kg) in male Wistar rats were even shown to antagonize hippocampal oxidative stress as documented by [18].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Alzoubi, 2019, Withania somnifera root powder protects againist post-traumatic stress disorer-induced memory impairment, Mol. Biol. Rep.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the alcoholic extract of seeds (dissolved in normal saline) was 1750 ± 41 mg (p.o) in albino mice [338].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [338] Singh, 2010, Investigation on ethnomedicinal plants of district Firozabad, J. Adv. Lab. Res. Biol.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study by Shukla et al. [334] showed a reduction of ROS and apoptosis along with an increase in essential metal ions (Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , and Au 2+ ) in seminal plasma resulted in improved semen quality.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [334] Singh, 2006, Contribution ofgenomics and proteomics in understanding the role of modifyingfactors in Parkinson’s disease, Indian J. Biochem.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“WS has a remarkable quality to reduce the corticosterone levels in treated mice compared to vehicle-treated ones which were subjected to restraint stress for 30 days straight [47].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Bhatt, 2008, Indigenous plants in traditional healthcare system in Kedarnath valley of western Himalaya, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The patented Compound Herbal Preparation (CHP) that includes Paeonia alba, W. somnifera, Centella asiatica, Spirulina platensis, Bacopa monnieri, and Melissa officinalis was found to improve attention, cognition, and impulse control in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [154].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2.1. Withania somnifera against psychological and behavioral disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] Khan, 2008, Ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta prostrta Linn, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Targeting cancer stem cells”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [149] Kataria, 2012, Water extract from the leaves of Withania somnifera protect RA differentiated C6 and IMR-32 cells against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hence, it becomes obligatory to focus on herbal and natural drugs like Withania that can provide overall protection to mental and neuronal health [100].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] Fatima, 2014, Study of traditional ethnoflora used by the bhills of kelwandi region in Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra J. Adv. Appl. Sci. Technol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The antioxidant nature of WS extract makes it very suitable for treating neurological disorders associated with oxidative burst.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Withania somnifera extract has antioxidant properties.
In the paper
“Alongside COVID-19, an aqueous root extract of WS also reduced the Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) mediated stress level and mortality [388].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 5. Recent developments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [388] Xu, 2009, 2, 3-Dihydrowithaferin A-3β-O-sulfate, a new potential prodrug of withaferin A from aeroponically grown Withania somnifera, Bioorg. Med. Chem. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“LD 50 of alcoholic root extract was found to be 1260 mg/kg b.w. in mice [318].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [318] Sharma, 2010, Plants used by the rural communities of district Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Inhibition of STAT3”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“phosphorylation and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“activation”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Cooley, 2009, Naturopathic care for anxiety: a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“ROS, inactivation of PI3K/”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“AKT pathway”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [187] Lopresti, 2019, An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Medicine source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Another preprint detailing in silico analysis from Parida et al. [256] reveals inhibition of COVID-19 spike and NSP3 by 2,3-Dihydrowithaferin A and 27-Deoxy-14-hydroxywithaferin A.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 5. Recent developments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [256] Parvaiz, 2014, Ethnobotanical studies on plant resources of mangowal, district Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan, Avicenna J. phytomedicine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Withanolide-free aqueous fraction of roots showed no toxicity up to 3000 mg/kg b.w. in Foster rats and Swiss albino mice [406].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [406]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Suppression of AP-1 and,”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [405]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mitochondrial”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“dysfunction, induction of”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [187] Lopresti, 2019, An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Medicine source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“dysfunction, induction of”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“ROS, inactivation of PI3K/”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [187] Lopresti, 2019, An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Medicine source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“There are still no clinical drugs available for treating patients with ischemic stroke [105].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] Gannon, 2014, Subtle changes in thyroid indices during a placebo-controlled study of an extract of Withania somnifera in persons with bipolar disorder, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Inhibition of Notch-1,”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] Hamza, 2008, The protective effect of a purified extract of Withania somnifera against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in rats, Cell Biol. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“LD 50 of withaferin A (i.p. administrated) was around 80 mg/kg in mice [319].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [319] Sharma, 2011, Therapeutic potential of hydromethanolic root extract of Withania somniferaon neurological parameters in swiss albino mice subjected to lead nitrate, Int J. Curr. Pharm. Res
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Oral LD dose of standard WS extract (WSE) was found to be more than 2000 mg/kg in Wistar Rats [260].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [260] Patil, 2010, Traditional Medicolore in Badwani District (MP) India, J. Phytol.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Quercetin-3-rutinoside-7-glucoside, rutin, and isochlorogenic acid B from WS worked better than withanolide and withanone against chief protease of SARS-CoV2 [184].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 5. Recent developments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [184] Li, 2015, Synergistic antitumor activity of withaferin A combined with oxaliplatin triggers reactive oxygen species-mediated inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in human pancreatic cancer cells, Cancer Lett. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“No toxic signs or mortality were observed with 2000 mg/kg of WS root hydroalcoholic extract (WSR) in Wistar rats [270].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [270] Prakash, 2013, Neuroprotective role of Withania somnifera root extract in maneb-paraquat induced mouse model of parkinsonism, Neurochem Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fas-ligand levels and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“caspase-3, -8, and -9”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · boosted
“activities significantly”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Ahmed, 2018, Antioxidant activity and apoptotic induction as mechanisms of action of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) against a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, J. Int Med Res source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Anti-bacterial activity”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [248] Pandey, 2018, Multifunctional neuroprotective effect of Withanone, a compound from Withania somnifera roots in alleviating cognitive dysfunction, Cytokine source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Anti-bacterial activity”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Biswas, 2010, Inherited folk pharmaceutical knowledge of tribal people in the Chittagong hill tracts, Bangladesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“GABA-mimetic effect”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Bhattacharya, 2003, Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress, Pharm. Biochem Behav. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Inhibited IL-8 and Ijb”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“phosphorylation and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“degradation by blocking”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [197] Malhotra, 1965, Studies on Withania-ashwagandha, Kaul. V. The effect of total alkaloids (ashwagandholine) on the central nervous system, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Increases the circulating”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“antibody titer and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“antibody-forming cells”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Deshmukh, 2011, Ethnoveterinary medicine from Jalna district of Maharashtra state, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Hypoglycemic properties”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Gupta, 2004, Cardioprotection from ischemia and reperfusion injury by Withania somnifera: a hemodynamic, biochemical and histopathological assessment, Mol. Cell Biochem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Alteration of the signaling”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“pathway involving”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“suppress the tumor growth”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [153] Khan, 2006, Augmentation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and Th-1 cytokines by Withania somnifera in stressed mice, Int. Immunopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“nNOS inhibition”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Bhatt, 2008, Indigenous plants in traditional healthcare system in Kedarnath valley of western Himalaya, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Withanolides and sitoindosides | Neuroprotective activity | Mice | Increase in catalase, GPx | [176] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] Kumar, 2021, SILAC-based quantitative MS approach reveals Withaferin A regulated proteins in prostate cancer, J. Proteom. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Restoring the level of N-”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Biswal, 2013, Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on the development of chemotherapy-induced fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patients, Integr. Cancer Ther. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standardized root extracts | Serves as a tonic, energy rejuvenator, and | Human | Increase in phenols, amino acids, proteins, starch, | [305] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Sarkhel, 2014, Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Withanolides and sitoindosides | Neuroprotective activity | Mice | Increase in catalase, GPx | [176] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] Kumar, 2021, SILAC-based quantitative MS approach reveals Withaferin A regulated proteins in prostate cancer, J. Proteom. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Reduction of stress levels”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [203] Manjunath, 2015, Standardized extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) markedly offsets rotenone-induced locomotor deficits, oxidative impairments and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster, J. Food Sci. Technol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standardized root extracts | Serves as a tonic, energy rejuvenator, and | Human | Increase in phenols, amino acids, proteins, starch, | [305] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Sarkhel, 2014, Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Extract capsules | Improves oxygen-carrying capacity of the | Human | Increase in hemoglobin and RBC count | [326] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [326] Shinwari, 2013, Biological screening of indigenous knowledge based plants used in diarrheal treatment, Pak. J. Bot.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| | Chloroform) (3:1) | | | LDH leakage assay | Prevention of cellular | |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Extract capsules | Improves oxygen-carrying capacity of the | Human | Increase in hemoglobin and RBC count | [326] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [326] Shinwari, 2013, Biological screening of indigenous knowledge based plants used in diarrheal treatment, Pak. J. Bot.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract | Reduce NO production | Mice | Decrease in NADPH-d | [47] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Bhatt, 2008, Indigenous plants in traditional healthcare system in Kedarnath valley of western Himalaya, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Growth stimulatory effects”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standardized root extracts | Serves as a tonic, energy rejuvenator, and | Human | Increase in phenols, amino acids, proteins, starch, | [305] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Sarkhel, 2014, Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standardized root extracts | Serves as a tonic, energy rejuvenator, and | Human | Increase in phenols, amino acids, proteins, starch, | [305] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Sarkhel, 2014, Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Hydromethanolic root extracts | Potent anti-oxidant | Male Swiss Albino mice | Increase in CAT, SOD, GSH, and GST | [166,286, |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
- Not checked yetcites [322] Sharma, 2015, Ethnobotanical uses of common plant species growing along the National Highway 5 from solan to Shimla in Himachal Pradesh, World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Roots and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Withaferin-A”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Withanolide-A”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Dirnagl, 1999, Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view, Trends Neurosci. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“| Standardized root extracts | Serves as a tonic, energy rejuvenator, and | Human | Increase in phenols, amino acids, proteins, starch, | [305] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Sarkhel, 2014, Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Withanolides and sitoindosides | Neuroprotective activity | Mice | Increase in catalase, GPx | [176] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] Kumar, 2021, SILAC-based quantitative MS approach reveals Withaferin A regulated proteins in prostate cancer, J. Proteom. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Glycowithanolides | Neuroprotective activity | Mice | Decrease in lipid peroxidation | [176] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] Kumar, 2021, SILAC-based quantitative MS approach reveals Withaferin A regulated proteins in prostate cancer, J. Proteom. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standardized root extracts | Serves as a tonic, energy rejuvenator, and | Human | Increase in phenols, amino acids, proteins, starch, | [305] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Sarkhel, 2014, Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract | Reduce NO production | Mice | Decrease in NADPH-d | [47] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Bhatt, 2008, Indigenous plants in traditional healthcare system in Kedarnath valley of western Himalaya, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Glycowithanolides | Neuroprotective activity | Mice | Decrease in lipid peroxidation | [176] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] Kumar, 2021, SILAC-based quantitative MS approach reveals Withaferin A regulated proteins in prostate cancer, J. Proteom. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standardized root extracts | Serves as a tonic, energy rejuvenator, and | Human | Increase in phenols, amino acids, proteins, starch, | [305] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Sarkhel, 2014, Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standardized root extracts | Serves as a tonic, energy rejuvenator, and | Human | Increase in phenols, amino acids, proteins, starch, | [305] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Sarkhel, 2014, Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Reduced cellular stress”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [355] Sureshbabu, 2018, Traditional botanical knowledge of local people of Anantagiri and Dhamagundam forest area, Vikarabad district Telangana state, J. Sci. Innov. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Enhanced motor learning”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [355] Sureshbabu, 2018, Traditional botanical knowledge of local people of Anantagiri and Dhamagundam forest area, Vikarabad district Telangana state, J. Sci. Innov. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| | | | | DIL staining and spine | activity and thus has the | |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Hydromethanolic root extracts | Potent anti-oxidant | Male Swiss Albino mice | Increase in CAT, SOD, GSH, and GST | [166,286, |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
- Not checked yetcites [322] Sharma, 2015, Ethnobotanical uses of common plant species growing along the National Highway 5 from solan to Shimla in Himachal Pradesh, World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Extract capsules | Improves oxygen-carrying capacity of the | Human | Increase in hemoglobin and RBC count | [326] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [326] Shinwari, 2013, Biological screening of indigenous knowledge based plants used in diarrheal treatment, Pak. J. Bot.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standardized root extracts | Serves as a tonic, energy rejuvenator, and | Human | Increase in phenols, amino acids, proteins, starch, | [305] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Sarkhel, 2014, Ethnobotanical survey of folklore plants used in treatment of snakebite in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract | Neuroprotection | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in Bcl-2, increase in Bax | [274] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] Prince, 2008, Cardioprotective effect of ‘Marutham’a polyherbal formulation on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats, Fitoterapia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Methanol extract | Revitalize nerve cells | SH-SY5Y cells | Regenerates neurites and reconstruct synapses | [166] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Hydromethanolic root extracts | Potent anti-oxidant | Male Swiss Albino mice | Increase in CAT, SOD, GSH, and GST | [166,286, |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
- Not checked yetcites [322] Sharma, 2015, Ethnobotanical uses of common plant species growing along the National Highway 5 from solan to Shimla in Himachal Pradesh, World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract | Neuroprotection | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in Bcl-2, increase in Bax | [274] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] Prince, 2008, Cardioprotective effect of ‘Marutham’a polyherbal formulation on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats, Fitoterapia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| WS extract | Dose-dependent reversal of 6-OHDA | Rats | Increase in strong antioxidant property, | [9] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Ahmad, 2005, Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera on 6-hydroxydopamine induced Parkinsonism in rats, Hum. Exp. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Hydromethanolic root extracts | Potent anti-oxidant | Male Swiss Albino mice | Increase in CAT, SOD, GSH, and GST | [166,286, |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
- Not checked yetcites [322] Sharma, 2015, Ethnobotanical uses of common plant species growing along the National Highway 5 from solan to Shimla in Himachal Pradesh, World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Glycowithanolides | Manage stroke and post-stroke syndromes | Charles-Foster (CF) male | Decrease in reperfusion, hypoperfusion induced | [374] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [374] Umair, 2017, An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Semi purified root extract | Enhanced activity neuronal receptors | APP/PS1 Alzheimer's | Trigger expression of Neuronal receptors such as | [286,311] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
- Not checked yetcites [311] Shah, 2017, Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Hydromethanolic root extracts | Potent anti-oxidant | Male Swiss Albino mice | Increase in CAT, SOD, GSH, and GST | [166,286, |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
- Not checked yetcites [322] Sharma, 2015, Ethnobotanical uses of common plant species growing along the National Highway 5 from solan to Shimla in Himachal Pradesh, World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Methanolic chloroform root | Prevent β-amyloid induced | SK-N-MC cells | Decrease in accumulation of Aβ and transport them | [181,311] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. source
- Not checked yetcites [311] Shah, 2017, Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Methanolic chloroform root | Prevent β-amyloid induced | SK-N-MC cells | Decrease in accumulation of Aβ and transport them | [181,311] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. source
- Not checked yetcites [311] Shah, 2017, Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Methanol extract | Revitalize nerve cells | SH-SY5Y cells | Regenerates neurites and reconstruct synapses | [166] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Leaf water extract | Neurodegeneration | Wistar rats | Decrease in cognitive and motor coordination | [122] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] Halder, 2015, Correction: Withania somnifera Root Extract Has Potent Cytotoxic Effect against Human Malignant Melanoma Cells, PLoS ONE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Semi purified root extract | Enhanced activity neuronal receptors | APP/PS1 Alzheimer's | Trigger expression of Neuronal receptors such as | [286,311] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
- Not checked yetcites [311] Shah, 2017, Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| WS extract | Dose-dependent reversal of 6-OHDA | Rats | Increase in strong antioxidant property, | [9] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Ahmad, 2005, Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera on 6-hydroxydopamine induced Parkinsonism in rats, Hum. Exp. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Ethanolic root extract | Dopaminergic neurodegradation | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in MDA, NO levels, increase in TH | [273] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] Prakasha, 2010, Folk medicine of NR Pura taluk in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract | Neuroprotection | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in Bcl-2, increase in Bax | [274] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] Prince, 2008, Cardioprotective effect of ‘Marutham’a polyherbal formulation on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats, Fitoterapia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Leaf water extract | Neurodegeneration | Wistar rats | Decrease in cognitive and motor coordination | [122] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] Halder, 2015, Correction: Withania somnifera Root Extract Has Potent Cytotoxic Effect against Human Malignant Melanoma Cells, PLoS ONE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Semi purified root extract | Enhanced activity neuronal receptors | APP/PS1 Alzheimer's | Trigger expression of Neuronal receptors such as | [286,311] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
- Not checked yetcites [311] Shah, 2017, Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Ethanolic root extract | Parkinsonism | Mice | Increase in striatum dopamine | [306] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [306] Satoh, 1996, Free radical-independent protection by nerve growth factor and Bcl-2 of PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide-triggered apoptosis, J. Biochem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Methanol extract | Revitalize nerve cells | SH-SY5Y cells | Regenerates neurites and reconstruct synapses | [166] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Ethanolic root extract | Dopaminergic neurodegradation | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in MDA, NO levels, increase in TH | [273] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] Prakasha, 2010, Folk medicine of NR Pura taluk in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| WS extract | Dose-dependent reversal of 6-OHDA | Rats | Increase in strong antioxidant property, | [9] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Ahmad, 2005, Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera on 6-hydroxydopamine induced Parkinsonism in rats, Hum. Exp. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Hydromethanolic root extracts | Potent anti-oxidant | Male Swiss Albino mice | Increase in CAT, SOD, GSH, and GST | [166,286, |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
- Not checked yetcites [322] Sharma, 2015, Ethnobotanical uses of common plant species growing along the National Highway 5 from solan to Shimla in Himachal Pradesh, World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Leaf water extract | Neurodegeneration | Wistar rats | Decrease in cognitive and motor coordination | [122] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] Halder, 2015, Correction: Withania somnifera Root Extract Has Potent Cytotoxic Effect against Human Malignant Melanoma Cells, PLoS ONE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Ethanolic root extract | Dopaminergic neurodegradation | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in MDA, NO levels, increase in TH | [273] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] Prakasha, 2010, Folk medicine of NR Pura taluk in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Ethanolic root extract | Dopaminergic neurodegradation | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in MDA, NO levels, increase in TH | [273] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] Prakasha, 2010, Folk medicine of NR Pura taluk in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Withanolide free root extract | Stress | Mice | Decrease in stress-triggered alternation | [86] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Dhawale, 2015, Ethnomedicinal Survey Of Yavatmal District (MS), Asian J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Aqueous extract of root | H 2 O 2 and Aβ induced AD | PC12 cells | Increase in cell viability | [172] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Kumar, 2015, Ethnobatanical study of some common plants from district hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh (India, Int J. Adv. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Ethanol root extract | BPA induced cognitive dysfunction | Swiss albino mice | Increase in antioxidant property, NMDAR | [57] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Biswal, 2013, Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on the development of chemotherapy-induced fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patients, Integr. Cancer Ther. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standard extract (Shoden) | Anxiety | Human | Decrease in HAM-A, DASS-21, cortisol, DHEA-S | [190] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Mahajan, 2007, Traditional herbal remedies among the tribes of Bijagarh of West Nimar district, Madhya Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standard extract (Shoden) | Anxiety | Human | Decrease in HAM-A, DASS-21, cortisol, DHEA-S | [190] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Mahajan, 2007, Traditional herbal remedies among the tribes of Bijagarh of West Nimar district, Madhya Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Aqueous extract of root | Sleep deprivation | Rats | Increase in alertness, recognition memory, and | [204] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Marandi, 2015, Antivenom herbal formulations used against snakebites by the Oroan tribals of Latehar, Jharkhand, World J. Pharm. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract in 0.5% carboxy | Anti HD activity | 3 NP treated wister mice | Increase in weight, motor movements | [171] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kumar, 2014, Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity, BioMed. Res. Int.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standard root extract | Schizophrenic depression and anxiety | Human | Decrease in single item depression, anxiety | [109] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Ghatapanadi, 2011, Documentation of folk knowledge on medicinal plants of Gulbarga district, Karnataka, Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Methanolic root extracts | Behavioral changes | Male Spradue-Dawley rats | Decrease in morphine/ethanol mediated | [40] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Benjamin, 2019, Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Ethanol root extract | BPA induced cognitive dysfunction | Swiss albino mice | Increase in antioxidant property, NMDAR | [57] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Biswal, 2013, Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on the development of chemotherapy-induced fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patients, Integr. Cancer Ther. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Withanolide free root extract | Stress | Mice | Decrease in stress-triggered alternation | [86] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Dhawale, 2015, Ethnomedicinal Survey Of Yavatmal District (MS), Asian J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standard extract (Shoden) | Anxiety | Human | Decrease in HAM-A, DASS-21, cortisol, DHEA-S | [190] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Mahajan, 2007, Traditional herbal remedies among the tribes of Bijagarh of West Nimar district, Madhya Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Ethanol root extract | BPA induced cognitive dysfunction | Swiss albino mice | Increase in antioxidant property, NMDAR | [57] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Biswal, 2013, Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on the development of chemotherapy-induced fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patients, Integr. Cancer Ther. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract | 3-NP induced HD | Rats | Decrease in lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels, | [171] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kumar, 2014, Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity, BioMed. Res. Int.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract | 3-NP induced HD | Rats | Decrease in lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels, | [171] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kumar, 2014, Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity, BioMed. Res. Int.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root powder | PTSD induced memory impairment | Rats | Decrease in PTSD induced oxidative stress | [18] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Alzoubi, 2019, Withania somnifera root powder protects againist post-traumatic stress disorer-induced memory impairment, Mol. Biol. Rep.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| WS root extract | Neuroprotective activity | Mice | Decrease in iNOS | [274] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] Prince, 2008, Cardioprotective effect of ‘Marutham’a polyherbal formulation on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats, Fitoterapia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| WS root extract | Neuroprotective activity | Mice | Decrease in iNOS | [274] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] Prince, 2008, Cardioprotective effect of ‘Marutham’a polyherbal formulation on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats, Fitoterapia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract in 0.5% carboxy | Anti HD activity | 3 NP treated wister mice | Increase in weight, motor movements | [171] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kumar, 2014, Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity, BioMed. Res. Int.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standard extract (Shoden) | Anxiety | Human | Decrease in HAM-A, DASS-21, cortisol, DHEA-S | [190] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Mahajan, 2007, Traditional herbal remedies among the tribes of Bijagarh of West Nimar district, Madhya Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Aqueous extract of root | Sleep deprivation | Rats | Increase in alertness, recognition memory, and | [204] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Marandi, 2015, Antivenom herbal formulations used against snakebites by the Oroan tribals of Latehar, Jharkhand, World J. Pharm. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Hydro-alcoholic extract | MCA induced cerebral ischemia | Male Wistar rats | Increase in motor functioning | [69] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Chengappa, 2018, Adjunctive Use of a Standardized Extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to Treat Symptom Exacerbation in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study, J. Clin. Psychiatry
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/ | hTDP-43 A315T mice | depression cluster subscores Decrease in cytoplasmic mislocalization of hTDP-43 | [96] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Dwivedi, 2000, Modification of coronary risk factors by medicinal plants, J. Med. Aromat. Plant Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract | 3-NP induced HD | Rats | Decrease in lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels, | [171] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kumar, 2014, Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity, BioMed. Res. Int.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract | Stroke induced vasospasm | Rats | Increase in cAMP | [374] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [374] Umair, 2017, An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Root extract in 0.5% carboxy | Anti HD activity | 3 NP treated wister mice | Increase in weight, motor movements | [171] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kumar, 2014, Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity, BioMed. Res. Int.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Aqueous extract of root | Sleep deprivation | Rats | Increase in alertness, recognition memory, and | [204] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Marandi, 2015, Antivenom herbal formulations used against snakebites by the Oroan tribals of Latehar, Jharkhand, World J. Pharm. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Standard extract (Shoden) | Anxiety | Human | Decrease in HAM-A, DASS-21, cortisol, DHEA-S | [190] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Mahajan, 2007, Traditional herbal remedies among the tribes of Bijagarh of West Nimar district, Madhya Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Withaferin A | 3-NP induced HD | Rats | Increase in free radical scavenging activity | [53,306] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Bhattacharya, 2014, Socio-environmental surveys of Tinchuley and Takdah: two emerging ecotourism hamlets of North Bengal, India, Int. Lett. Nat. Sci.
- Not checked yetcites [306] Satoh, 1996, Free radical-independent protection by nerve growth factor and Bcl-2 of PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide-triggered apoptosis, J. Biochem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Compound Herbal Preparation | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Human (73 child patients) | Increase in attention, cognition, impulse control | [154] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] Khan, 2008, Ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta prostrta Linn, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirectn = 73- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| WS extracts | frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) ALS | OD1 G93A mice | Increase in immunomodulatory effect, autophagy, | [97,98] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Elufioye, 2017, Plants-derived neuroprotective agents: cutting the cycle of cell death through multiple mechanisms, Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med.: eCAM source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Esakkimuthu, 2019, Quantitative analysis of medicinal plants used to treat musculoskeletal ailments by non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| WS extracts | frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) ALS | OD1 G93A mice | Increase in immunomodulatory effect, autophagy, | [97,98] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Elufioye, 2017, Plants-derived neuroprotective agents: cutting the cycle of cell death through multiple mechanisms, Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med.: eCAM source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Esakkimuthu, 2019, Quantitative analysis of medicinal plants used to treat musculoskeletal ailments by non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Mamsyadi Kwatha that includes | depression | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in behavioral despair, ↑anti-reserpine | [332] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [332] Sindhu, 2005, Behavioral differences in a rotenone-induced hemiparkinsonism rat model following intranigral or median forebrain bundle infusion, Brain Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Compound Herbal Preparation | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Human (73 child patients) | Increase in attention, cognition, impulse control | [154] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] Khan, 2008, Ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta prostrta Linn, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirectn = 73- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Mamsyadi Kwatha that includes | depression | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in behavioral despair, ↑anti-reserpine | [332] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [332] Sindhu, 2005, Behavioral differences in a rotenone-induced hemiparkinsonism rat model following intranigral or median forebrain bundle infusion, Brain Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Mamsyadi Kwatha that includes | depression | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in behavioral despair, ↑anti-reserpine | [332] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [332] Sindhu, 2005, Behavioral differences in a rotenone-induced hemiparkinsonism rat model following intranigral or median forebrain bundle infusion, Brain Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Compound Herbal Preparation | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Human (73 child patients) | Increase in attention, cognition, impulse control | [154] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] Khan, 2008, Ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta prostrta Linn, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirectn = 73- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| WS extracts | frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) ALS | OD1 G93A mice | Increase in immunomodulatory effect, autophagy, | [97,98] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Elufioye, 2017, Plants-derived neuroprotective agents: cutting the cycle of cell death through multiple mechanisms, Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med.: eCAM source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Esakkimuthu, 2019, Quantitative analysis of medicinal plants used to treat musculoskeletal ailments by non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
- It may state two separate claims as one. 78
- The quote only partly states this claim. 63
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It occurs naturally in drier regions extending from the Mediterranean through tropical Africa through South Africa and from the Canary and Cape Verde Islands to the Middle East and Arabia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, China, Nepal and India.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.2. Distribution and traditional uses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] Mahalingam, 2014, Levy. Genetics of huntington disease, Am. J. Neuroradiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [215] Mishra, 2013, Ethnomedicinal plants used to cure the gynaecological disorders by ethnic populace of Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh, India, Med. Plants-Int. J. Phytomedicines Relat. Ind.
- Not checked yetcites [377] Vecsey, 2009, Sleep deprivation impairs cAMP signaling in the hippocampus, Nature source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Roots are reported to contain 0.13-0.31%alkaloids, volatile oils, starch, amino acids, glycosides, reducing sugars, and steroids [199].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [199] Mallick, 2014, Study of ethnomedicinal values of some shrub in Rourkela steel city and its surroundings, Sundergarh, Odisha, Int J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Tech.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ashwagandha has been tremendously used as astringent, anti-carbuncle, anti-stress, tonic, narcotic, diuretic and against worms, piles, goitre, leucoderma, nervous breakdown, insomnia and constipation [6,192].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Agarwal, 1999, Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
- Not checked yetcites [192] Mahishi, 2005, Medicinal plant wealth of local communities in some villages in Shimoga District of Karnataka, India, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In India, the plant is widely distributed in the drier parts, especially in Punjab, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Rajasthan [169].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.2. Distribution and traditional uses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Kumar, 2010, In vitro protective effects of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal root extract against hydrogen peroxide and β-amyloid(1-42)-induced cytotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells, Phytother. Res. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“WS is an evergreen, xerophytic, woody, short, tender, perineal shrub that grows about 2 m tall and 1 m wide.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.1. Botanical/taxonomic description
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Dar, 2019, An anti-cancerous protein fraction from Withania somnifera induces ROS-dependent mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, Int J. Biol. Macromol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In India, however, it is grown as a medicinal crop mainly for its fleshy roots that possess a plethora of bioactive compounds having several pharmacological implications [191,215,377].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.2. Distribution and traditional uses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] Mahalingam, 2014, Levy. Genetics of huntington disease, Am. J. Neuroradiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [215] Mishra, 2013, Ethnomedicinal plants used to cure the gynaecological disorders by ethnic populace of Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh, India, Med. Plants-Int. J. Phytomedicines Relat. Ind.
- Not checked yetcites [377] Vecsey, 2009, Sleep deprivation impairs cAMP signaling in the hippocampus, Nature source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ashwagandha extracts in Swiss albino mice caused suppression of cyclophosphamide-induced potentiation of Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, a significant increase in white blood cell counts, platelet counts, and Immunoglobulin E-mediated anaphylaxis as a reduction of ovalbumin-induced edema [6].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.7. Immunomodulatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Agarwal, 1999, Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Oral administration of WS root extract powder (500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) was found to be effective against systemic lupus erythematosus like symptoms (nephritis, proteinuria, autoantibody production), reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in female Balb/c mouse models [212,213].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.6. Anti-inflammatory activity
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Besides having antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressant characters, they are potent antioxidants implicated in the neuroprotection ability of the plant extract [63,106].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.3. Phytochemistry
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Canevari, 2004, Toxicity of Amyloid β Peptide: Tales of calcium, mitochondria, and oxidative Stress, Neurochem Res source
- Not checked yetcites [106] Gannon, 2019, Effects of a standardized extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on depression and anxiety symptoms in persons with schizophrenia participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Ann. Clin. Psychiatry.: Off. J. Am. Acad. Clin. Psychiatr. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Polyherbal formulations which contained WS (50, 75, and 100 mg/ml, in vitro) also provides cardio-protection (doxorubicin-induced) in animals ( [220,367]) by activating a transcription factor known as nuclear factor-erythroid-2(Nrf)-2, which stimulates phase-II detoxification enzymes, thereby evading apoptosis in an Nrf-2-dependent manner in HL-1 cardiomyocytes [295].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.9. Cardio-protective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [220] Mohanty, 2008, Withania somnifera provides cardioprotection and attenuates ischemia-reperfusion induced apoptosis, Clin. Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [367] Tripathi, 2021, Identification of bioactive molecule from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. source
- Not checked yetcites [295] Sachan, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Flora vis-à-vis agro-climatic conditions of Uttar Pradesh, J. Med Plants Stud.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients administered with root powder of WS (3 g/day to each human subject for 30 days) were observed to have a stabilized blood glucose concentration that could be compared to the effect of an oral hypoglycemic drug Daonil [24] with no adverse effects.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.8. Anti-diabetic activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Andallu, 2000, Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root, Indian J. Exp. Biol.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, an increase in the rate of survival and reduction in bacterial load in various organs of Balb/c mice suffering from salmonellosis was reported after administration of WS leaves and root extracts [248].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [248] Pandey, 2018, Multifunctional neuroprotective effect of Withanone, a compound from Withania somnifera roots in alleviating cognitive dysfunction, Cytokine source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, withaferin-A from WS could block the inflammatory responses caused due to cytokine-induced damage to the islets of Langerhans in vitro after transplantation and it exhibited potential anti-glycating activity [33,357].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.8. Anti-diabetic activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Bahadur, 2020, Traditional usage of medicinal plants among the local communities of Peshawar valley, Pakistan, Acta Ecol. Sin. source
- Not checked yetcites [357] Tariq, 2013, Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Yelagiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, Res. J. Pharm. Technol.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The methanolic root extract also promotes attenuation of proliferative, metastatic, and angiogenic signals mediated by interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in prostate cancer PC3 cells with an IC50 dose of 10 µg/ml [36].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.5. Anti-cancer and apoptotic activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Balkrishna, A., Pokhrel, S., Singh, J. and Varshney, A. (2020). Withanone from Withania somnifera may inhibit novel coronavirus (COVID-19) entry by disrupting interactions between viral S-protein receptor binding domain and host ACE2 receptor (Research Square Preprint). DOI:10.21203/rs-17806/v1. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Besides, withanolides possess the ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and promote the formation of dendrites in human neuroblastoma cells [369,404].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.3. Phytochemistry
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [369] Udayakumar, 2009, Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of Withania somnifera root and leaf extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats, Int J. Mol. Sci. source
- Not checked yetcites [404]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Aqueous root extracts of WS (0.05-0.4 mg/ml) can modulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and leukemic THP-1 cell viability, increase oxidant scavenging and caspase (8, 9, 3/7) activities, at the same time decrease tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10 and Glutathione (GSH) levels [238].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.5. Anti-cancer and apoptotic activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [238] Nisar, 2014, Ethno-medicinal uses of plants from district Bahawalpur, Pakistan, Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Withaferin-A from the extracts (2 µM in vitro) prevented Iκb kinase activation and phosphorylation, which further blocked the translocation of NFκB, binding of NFκB and DNA, and transcription in murine fibrosarcoma L929sA cells [148].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.6. Anti-inflammatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] Kannan, 2016, Ethnomedicinal plants used for Wound Healing purposes by Malayali Tribes of Kalrayan Hills, Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India, Glob. J. Res. Med. Plants Indig. Med.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Treatment with WS (50 mg/kg b.w. for 30 days) in wister rats significantly restored the balance between myocardial oxidant and antioxidant [31,119,222], anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic effects, and further reduced histopathologic deterioration of myocardium and triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) positivity (apoptosis) in rat models [223].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.9. Cardio-protective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Ashour, 2012, Evaluation of the potential cardioprotective activity of some Saudi plants against doxorubicin toxicity, Z. Nat. C.
- Not checked yetcites [119] Gupta, 2019, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal ameliorates neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments associated with systemic inflammation, BMC Complement. Altern. Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [222] Mohanty, 2015, Herbal folk remedies of Dhenkanal district, Odisha, India, Int. J. Herb. Med.
- Not checked yetcites [223] Mohanty, 2016, Withania somnifera Leaf Extract Ameliorates Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Behavioral and Neuromorphological Alterations by Improving Brain Antioxidant Status in Zebrafish (Danio rerio), Zebrafish source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ethanolic extract of WS is cytotoxic (99.7 µg/ml), an inducer of apoptosis, and an inhibitor of cell migration and angiogenesis [271].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.5. Anti-cancer and apoptotic activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [271] Prakash, 2014, Withania somnifera alleviates parkinsonian phenotypes by inhibiting apoptotic pathways in dopaminergic neurons, Neurochem. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Withaferin-A protected the integrity of the vascular barrier of HUVECs in mice, which was induced by High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) by inhibiting the expression of Calmodulin (CAMs), inflicting hyperpermeability, migration, and adhesion of leukocytes, production of TNF-α, IL-6 and activation of nuclear factor of j-light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NFκB) [186].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.6. Anti-inflammatory activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [186] Lopresti, 2019, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examining the hormonal and vitality effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in aging, overweight males, Am. J. Men. ’S. Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, standardized WS extracts (1.5% withanolides) at a dose of 300 mg/kg prevented cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin and restored several biochemical changes like reduction in elevated malondialdehyde level, catalase, superoxide dismutase activity, calcium content, Bcl-2 protein levels [127].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.9. Cardio-protective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] Heyninck, 2014, Withaferin A inhibits NFkappaB activation by targeting cysteine 179 in IKKbeta, Biochem Pharm. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“[171] validated the same as they presented that root extracts of WS efficiently cut down the lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels and escalated the activity of the antioxidant enzymes.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.2. Anti-Huntington's disease (HD) activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kumar, 2014, Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity, BioMed. Res. Int.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“WS extracts acted as a tonic, energy rejuvenator, and stimulant due to the presence of an array of amino acids, proteins, starch, reducing sugar, and steroidal lactones.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The withanosides and withanolides present in the plant extract could minimize the accumulation of β-amyloid peptides and oligomers in the brain and transport them to the periphery [181,311].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. source
- Not checked yetcites [311] Shah, 2017, Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The root extract has been reported to bring down nitric oxide production by inhibiting the activation of stress-induced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADPH)-diaphorase (NADPH-d) in the brain.”
- Also stated in: § 1.11. Neuroprotective activity · plain
“This is achieved through activating choline acetyltransferase and suppressing the release of corticosterone [47].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Bhatt, 2008, Indigenous plants in traditional healthcare system in Kedarnath valley of western Himalaya, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 1.11. Neuroprotective activity · plain
In the paper
“WS protected the packed cell volume drop effect and reduced parasite load d in malarial mice with a MIC of 600 mg/kg, leaves and root bark extracts showed 50.43% and 29.13% parasite inhibition [90].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.10. Antimicrobial activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] Donkor, 2018, Stroke in the 21st century: a snapshot of the burden, epidemiology, and quality of life, Stroke Res Treat. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The extract exhibited the tremendous potential to inhibit lipid peroxidation and revitalize the nerve cells.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several neuronal cell markers [Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2)], Neurofilament (NF)-H, Growth Associated Protein 43 (GAP-43) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95)], markers of glial cells [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)] and oxidative stress markers of DNA is found to be significantly reduced by WS extracts [162].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] Kuboyama, 2002, Axon- or dendrite-predominant outgrowth induced by constituents from Ashwagandha, NeuroReport source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With mild and transient adverse effects, 1000 mg of standardized WS extract showed potent activity in the treatment of anxiety and depression caused by schizophrenia in a human trial [109].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Ghatapanadi, 2011, Documentation of folk knowledge on medicinal plants of Gulbarga district, Karnataka, Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Certain neuronal receptors and their activities were up-regulated when treated with WS such as low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), β-amyloid peptide-degrading protease neprilysin [311], and dopaminergic D2 receptor [286].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [311] Shah, 2017, Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
- Not checked yetcites [286] Rampilla, 2015, Ethno-Medicinal Plants in Sacred Groves in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Eur. J. Med. Plants source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The antioxidant property is mainly due to the presence of phenolics.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It could heal severely damaged neurons by regenerating neurites and reconstructing synapses [166].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Kulkarni, 2008, Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng, Prog. neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, withanoside-IV induced both axons and dendrites and restored synapses in rat cortical neurons that were damaged by amyloid-b (Ab) (dose: 10 µM/kg/day) [165,167].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre-treatment with WS inhibited cell death by glutamate induction which further induced reversal of glutamate evoked a stress response by upregulating HSP70 and restoring neuronal plasticity in neural CAMs, and its polysialylated form [152].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [152] Khan, 2005, Herbal folklores for male sexual disorders and debilities in western Uttar Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While 15 days of oral administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of WS did not improve the symptoms of stroke, 30 days of oral treatment restored motor functioning in treated rats.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.3. Anti-Ischemic stroke activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Chengappa, 2018, Adjunctive Use of a Standardized Extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to Treat Symptom Exacerbation in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study, J. Clin. Psychiatry
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ethanolic root extract of WS was reported to restore impaired motor movements, bring down MDA and NO levels, enhance catalase activity and revive tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons, all of which in turn reduce oxidative stress and protect dopaminergic neurodegradation elicited by PQ and MB toxicity in Swiss albino mice [273].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.1. Anti-Parkinson's disease (PD) activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] Prakasha, 2010, Folk medicine of NR Pura taluk in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chronic treatment with root extract of WS suspended in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (0.5 ml/100 g b.w.) was found to increase weight and improve motor movement in 3-NP treated rats owing to its anabolic, adaptogenic and anti-oxidant properties that are effective in restoring the energy balance.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.2. Anti-Huntington's disease (HD) activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The root extracts of the plant have been found to play a pivotal role against anxiety, depression, senile dementia, cognitive disorder, and many other neurodegenerative disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease).”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11. Neuroprotective activity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mamsyadi Kwatha, an Ayurvedic compound formulation (ingredients: Nardostachys jatamansi, W. somnifera, and Hyoscyamus niger in 8:4:1 ratio) exhibited profound antidepressant activity in Swiss albino mice via reversing behavioral despair remarkably and via exhibiting anti-reserpine activity [332].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2.1. Withania somnifera against psychological and behavioral disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [332] Sindhu, 2005, Behavioral differences in a rotenone-induced hemiparkinsonism rat model following intranigral or median forebrain bundle infusion, Brain Res source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intake of Shoden beads for 8 weeks showed increased testosterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (18%) resulting IN sexual and psychological well-being with more vigour and less fatigue in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study among overweight males [189].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [189] Machiah, 2006, Purification of a post-synaptic neurotoxic phospholipase A2 from Naja naja venom and its inhibition by a glycoprotein from Withania somnifera, Biochimie source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Three hundred mg twice a day standardized to 1.5% withanolides from WS root along with dietary counseling, deep breathing, relaxation techniques, and standard multivitamin significantly improved mental health, concentration, vitality, and social function leading to a better quality of life without any serious adverse effects [74].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Dar, 2015, Pharmacologic overview of Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng, Cell. Mol. life Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With a dose of 2 g every 8 h, the root extract of WS caused lower fatigue scores (Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale) and improvement in quality of life in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy [59].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Blum, 2001, Molecular pathways involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, dopamine and MPTP: contribution to the apoptotic theory in Parkinson’s disease, ProgNeurobiol
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Withanolide free root extract of WS, up to a dose of 10 mg/kg/day in mice can act as triethylene glycol (TEG) in response to stress-triggered changes.It also protected against stress-induced changes in blood glucose and insulin levels and acted as an antidepressant in higher doses of 33.3 and 100 mg/kg/day [86].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Dhawale, 2015, Ethnomedicinal Survey Of Yavatmal District (MS), Asian J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the study, 12 hr sleep-deprived rats were found to exhibit neuromotor dysfunction and memory impairments, which could be reverted with pretreatment before sleep deprivation with WS extract for 15 days.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Marandi, 2015, Antivenom herbal formulations used against snakebites by the Oroan tribals of Latehar, Jharkhand, World J. Pharm. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In another study, involving 60 adults, the plant extract was found to reduce stress significantly without any side effects compared to the placebo group.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [189] Machiah, 2006, Purification of a post-synaptic neurotoxic phospholipase A2 from Naja naja venom and its inhibition by a glycoprotein from Withania somnifera, Biochimie source
plaindirectn = 60- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“WSE also improved auditory-verbal working memory and social cognition in patients of bipolar disorder with cognitive dysfunction [70].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2.1. Withania somnifera against psychological and behavioral disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Choi, 2015, Withaferin-A inhibits colon cancer cell growth by blocking STAT3 transcriptional activity, J. Cancer Prev. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, 20 and 50 mg/kg of aqueous concentrate of WS roots in inbred Charles Foster strain male rats could show its GABA-mimetic effect hence can act as a potential antidepressant [52].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Bhattacharya, 2003, Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress, Pharm. Biochem Behav. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Standard water extract of WS improved cognitive and psychomotor performance in a double-blind, multi-dose, placebo-controlled, crossover study among 20 healthy males.Significant improvements in reaction time, choice, discrimination, card sorting, digit vigilance, and digit symbol substitution were noted [269].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [269] Prabhulkar, 2012, Microbiosensor for Alzheimer’s diseasediagnostics: detection of amyloid beta biomarkers, J. Neurochem. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a central nervous system study, the acute toxicity (LD 50 ) of total alkaloids isolated from the roots was 465 mg/kg and 432 mg/kg in rats and mice, respectively.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [200] Manchanda, 2017, Withania somnifera leaf alleviates cognitive dysfunction by enhancing hippocampal plasticity in high fat diet induced obesity model, BMC Complement Alter. Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“EuMil is also seen to reduce glucose intolerance and normalize male sexual behavior [407].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [407]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“WS along with Terminalia arjuna, Phyllanthus emblica (= Emblica officinalis), and Ocimum tenuiflorum (= O. sanctum) in a capsule form (Cardipro) twice daily improved the condition of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.Following the treatment, a significant reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed along with decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and increased high-”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Fahn, 2000, The spectrum of levodopa-induced dyskinesias, Ann. Neurol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A standardized WS extract (Shoden beads) (240 mg) once daily for 60 days in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study significantly deceased morning cortisol and depression according to Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) [190].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Mahajan, 2007, Traditional herbal remedies among the tribes of Bijagarh of West Nimar district, Madhya Pradesh, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“High-concentration full-spectrum extract of WS root (300 mg capsule for 60 days) significantly reduced serum cortisol and provided resistance towards stress in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial [68].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Chengappa, 2013, Randomized placebo-controlled adjunctive study of an extract of Withania somnifera for cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder, J. Clin. Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A root extract of WS reversed transactive response DNA binding protein 43 (TARDBP or TDP-43) proteinopathy in mouse ALS/FTLD.The extract significantly reversed the cytoplasmic mislocalization of hTDP-43 when administered in hTDP-43 A315T mice orally and was suggested as a promising therapeutic agent against TDP-43 proteinopathy [96].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.5. Anti-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/ Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Dwivedi, 2000, Modification of coronary risk factors by medicinal plants, J. Med. Aromat. Plant Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“WS showed an immunomodulatory effect by reducing glial activation remarkably, via inducing autophagy, and via preventing nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) phosphorylation besides changing the expression of multiple cytokines/chemokines [98].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.5. Anti-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/ Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Esakkimuthu, 2019, Quantitative analysis of medicinal plants used to treat musculoskeletal ailments by non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre-treatment was also found to improve alertness, recognition memory, and explorative nature among rats.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Marandi, 2015, Antivenom herbal formulations used against snakebites by the Oroan tribals of Latehar, Jharkhand, World J. Pharm. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Treatment with WS improved semen quality and sperm motility of infertile males.It reduced oxidative stress, inhibited lipid peroxidation with an increase in antioxidants [10].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 3. Clinical studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Ahmad, 2010, Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males, Fertil. Steril. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inhibition of Ras-Mnk and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“PI3-AKT-mTOR, inhibition”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Ritumala, 2019, Traditional Uses of Plants for Human Use-A Case Study from Kirtinagar Region of Garhwal Himalaya, J. Agric. Technol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Withanone from WS was predicted to inhibit COVID-19 replication by interacting with N343 to reduce spike glycosylation [264].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 5. Recent developments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [264] Perese, 1989, A 6-hydroxydopamine-induced selective parkinsonianrat model, Brain Res. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and selegiline, but they are only able to delay the progression of the disease and provide symptomatic relief [390].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [390] Yadav, 2003, Ethanomedicinal uses of some important plants of Jhajjar district, Haryana, India, Environ. Conserv. J. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“downregulation of cancer”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“stem cells”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] Hamza, 2008, The protective effect of a purified extract of Withania somnifera against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in rats, Cell Biol. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Four compounds from WS have been found to inhibit COVID-19 envelope (E) protein by binding with the pore region and reduce viral replication [3].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 5. Recent developments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Alharbi, 2021, Structure Insights of SARS-CoV-2 open state envelope protein and inhibiting through active phytochemical of ayurvedic medicinal plants from Withania somnifera, Saudi J. Biol. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest potent antiviral especially anti-SARS-CoV2 activity but these in silico findings are needed to be validated in”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 5. Recent developments
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Induction of ROS and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Autophagy”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [303] Sankar, 2007, The neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera root extract in MPTP-intoxicated mice: an analysis of behavioral and biochemical variables, Cell MolBiolLett
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“A preprint from Balkrishna et al. [37] predicts withanone from WS could bind with receptor-binding domain (RBD) complex of COVID-19 spike protein and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and concomitantly reduce viral entry.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 5. Recent developments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Banerjee, 2021, Bacosides from Bacopa monnieri extract: an overview of the effects on neurological disorders, Phytother. Res.: PTR source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Phosphorylation and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“disassembly of Vimentin”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [365] Tomita, 2021, Withanolide Derivative 2, 3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Modulates the Circadian Clock via Interaction with RAR-Related Orphan Receptor α (RORa), J. Nat. Prod. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“self-renewal of cancer stem”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“cells”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [161] Ku, 2014, Withaferin A is an inhibitor of endothelial protein C receptor shedding in vitro and in vivo, Food Chem. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“HSP90 inhibition and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“degradation of Akt and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Cdk4”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [302] Sandhu, 2010, Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) on physical performance and cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy young adults, Int J. Ayurveda Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“inhibition of transcription”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“of ACC1 gene”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [405]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“The commonly available drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases include galantamine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and selegiline, but they are only able to delay the progression of the disease and provide symptomatic relief [390].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [390] Yadav, 2003, Ethanomedicinal uses of some important plants of Jhajjar district, Haryana, India, Environ. Conserv. J. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“LD 50 of aqueous methanol extract of WS by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration in mice was 1076 ± 78 mg/kg and that of an equimolar combination of sitoindosides VII and VIII and withaferin-A was 1564 ± 92 mg/kg [117].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 4. Toxicity studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Gupta, 2013, Efficacy of Withania somnifera on seminal plasma metabolites of infertile males: a proton NMR study at 800 MHz, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“FOXO3a and Bim”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“dependent apoptosis”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [335] Singh, 2007, Pesticides and metalsinduced Parkinson’s disease: involvement of free radicals andoxidative stress, Cell Mol. Biol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Downregulation of HPV16”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“E6 and E7, increasing p53”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [232] Mushtaq, 2012, Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Phytomedicines among the local communities of Arid areas of Pakistan, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibition of AKT,”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“inhibition of c-MET”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [303] Sankar, 2007, The neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera root extract in MPTP-intoxicated mice: an analysis of behavioral and biochemical variables, Cell MolBiolLett
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Withania somnifera happens to be one of the prime examples of the Rasyana medicinal plant which possesses immunomodulation, anti-cancer, anti-depressant, neuroprotective, and other biological properties [73].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Da Silva, V.G. (2005). Candomblé e umbanda: caminhos da devoção brasileira. Selo Negro.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inhibition of RET proto-”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“oncogene phosphorylation”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [232] Mushtaq, 2012, Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Phytomedicines among the local communities of Arid areas of Pakistan, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Activation of ERK/RSK and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“CHOP/Elk1, upregulation”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“of DR5”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [401] Muruganandam, 2002, Effect of poly herbal formulation, EuMil, on chronic stress-induced homeostatic perturbations in rats., Indian J. Exp. Biol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Suppression of glycolysis”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“and Tricarboxylic acid”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“(TCA) cycle. Inhibition of”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [161] Ku, 2014, Withaferin A is an inhibitor of endothelial protein C receptor shedding in vitro and in vivo, Food Chem. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Normalized the blood”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“glucose, urine sugar, tissue”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“glucose-6-phosphatase”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [376] Vaidyanathan, 2014, Survey of Ethnomedicinal Plants and Folklore Studies On Malayali Tribals Of Vellakadai Village A Part Of Shervaroy Range In Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, Int. J. Recent Sci. Res.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibiting hyphal growth”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“and spore germination”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Grover, 2012, Blocking Protein kinase C signaling pathway: mechanistic insights into the anti-leishmanial activity of prospective herbal drugs from Withania somnifera, BMC Genom. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Attenuation of acute stress-”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“induced gastric ulcerations”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“reduction in acid -pepsin”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Bhogaonkar, 2006, Ethnopharmacology of Banjara tribe of Umarkhed taluka, district Yavatmal, Maharashtra for reproductive disorders, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Antagonizes hippocampal”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“oxidative stress”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Prevents changes of major”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Alzoubi, 2019, Withania somnifera root powder protects againist post-traumatic stress disorer-induced memory impairment, Mol. Biol. Rep.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“of eIF4E phosphorylation”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“and protein translation,”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Ritumala, 2019, Traditional Uses of Plants for Human Use-A Case Study from Kirtinagar Region of Garhwal Himalaya, J. Agric. Technol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“eIF2A-dependent”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“translation inhibition”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [304] Saranraj, 2016, Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants from Vellore district, Tamil nadu, India, Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“cyclophosphamide-”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“induced potentiation of”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“DTH reaction was”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Agarwal, 1999, Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibited acid production,”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“biofilm formation of oral”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“bacteria, and acid”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] Parida, P.K., Paul, D., and Chakravorty, D. (2021). Free Energy Landscapes and Residue Network Analysis for Six SARS-CoV-2 Targets in Complex with Plausible Phytochemical Inhibitors from Withania somnifera: 1 µS Molecular Dynamics Simulations (Chemrxiv preprint). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibited proteinuria, TNF-”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“α, nephritis, ROS and NO”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [212] Mirjalili, 2009, Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine, Molecules source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Antioxidant activities”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“increased; they were”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“compared with the control”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Ahmed, 2018, Antioxidant activity and apoptotic induction as mechanisms of action of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) against a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, J. Int Med Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“A significant increase in”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“white blood cell counts and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“platelet counts”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Agarwal, 1999, Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stabilized blood glucose”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“levels”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Andallu, 2000, Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root, Indian J. Exp. Biol.
- Not checked yetcites [27] Anwer, 2008, Effect of Withania somnifera on insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus rats, Basic Clin. Pharm. Toxicol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“TNF-α level significantly”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“decreased”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Ahmed, 2018, Antioxidant activity and apoptotic induction as mechanisms of action of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) against a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, J. Int Med Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Attenuated p38, ERK-1/2,”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“C jun JNK”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] Kannan, 2016, Ethnomedicinal plants used for Wound Healing purposes by Malayali Tribes of Kalrayan Hills, Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India, Glob. J. Res. Med. Plants Indig. Med.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Attenuation of”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“proliferative, metastatic”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“arresting cell cycle in G2/”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Balkrishna, A., Pokhrel, S., Singh, J. and Varshney, A. (2020). Withanone from Withania somnifera may inhibit novel coronavirus (COVID-19) entry by disrupting interactions between viral S-protein receptor binding domain and host ACE2 receptor (Research Square Preprint). DOI:10.21203/rs-17806/v1. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Activated Nrf2, abrogated”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“apoptosis in a Nrf2-”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“stimulated phase II”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [223] Mohanty, 2016, Withania somnifera Leaf Extract Ameliorates Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Behavioral and Neuromorphological Alterations by Improving Brain Antioxidant Status in Zebrafish (Danio rerio), Zebrafish source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Produced myocardial”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“adaptive changes”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“(augmentation of”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222] Mohanty, 2015, Herbal folk remedies of Dhenkanal district, Odisha, India, Int. J. Herb. Med.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Enhancement of neuronal”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“vitro injury that mimics TBI”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“mRNA and protein levels”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [310] Shah, 2015, Combinations of Ashwagandha leaf extracts protect brain-derived cells against oxidative stress and induce differentiation, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibited TNF-α and IL-1b”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] Kuboyama, 2006, Withanoside IV and its active metabolite, sominone, attenuate Abeta(25–35)-induced neurodegeneration, Eur. J. Neurosci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“HSP90 inhibition”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [210] Minhas, 2012, Therapeutic effect of Withania somnifera on pristane-induced model of SLE, Inflammopharmacology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Blocked the rise in”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“homeostasis model”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“insulin sensitivity index”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375] Umair, 2019, Ethnomedicinal uses of the local flora in Chenab riverine area, Punjab province Pakistan, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Restoration of LDH and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“creatine phosphokinase”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222] Mohanty, 2015, Herbal folk remedies of Dhenkanal district, Odisha, India, Int. J. Herb. Med.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“downregulation of c-FLIP”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Ritumala, 2019, Traditional Uses of Plants for Human Use-A Case Study from Kirtinagar Region of Garhwal Himalaya, J. Agric. Technol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Apoptosis, externalization”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“of phosphatidylserine and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“occurrence of DNA nicks,”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Chaudhary, 2003, Evaluation of Withania somnifera in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke in rats, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cardiotropic and”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“cardioprotective”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [246] Panda, 2018, Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Jajpur district of Odisha, India, J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem.
- Not checked yetcites [277] Pushpakarani, 2014, Ethnomedicines used by Kaniyakaran tribes in Kaniyakumari district-Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India, J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Inhibition of the”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“significant increase in”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“plasma corticosterone”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Bhogaonkar, 2006, Ethnopharmacology of Banjara tribe of Umarkhed taluka, district Yavatmal, Maharashtra for reproductive disorders, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Fruits”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Fatty acids”
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
“Hydrocarbons (squalene)”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Bhatia, 2015, Traditional phytoremedies for the treatment of menstrual disorders in district Udhampur, J&K, India, J. Ethnopharmacol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“Enhanced GSH levels”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206] Marwat, 2008, Ethnophytomedicines for treatment of various diseases in DI Khan district, Sarhad J. Agric.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Reduction of stress levels”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [203] Manjunath, 2015, Standardized extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) markedly offsets rotenone-induced locomotor deficits, oxidative impairments and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster, J. Food Sci. Technol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reduce oxidative stress”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Elufioye, 2017, Plants-derived neuroprotective agents: cutting the cycle of cell death through multiple mechanisms, Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med.: eCAM source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Esakkimuthu, 2019, Quantitative analysis of medicinal plants used to treat musculoskeletal ailments by non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| | | | | Internalization of Aβ 1-42 by | Inhibits | |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Kushwaha, 2021, Phytochemicals present in Indian ginseng possess potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virulence: A molecular docking and MD simulation study, Microb. Pathog. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Ethanolic root extract | Parkinsonism | Mice | Increase in striatum dopamine | [306] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [306] Satoh, 1996, Free radical-independent protection by nerve growth factor and Bcl-2 of PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide-triggered apoptosis, J. Biochem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Glycowithanolides | Manage stroke and post-stroke syndromes | Charles-Foster (CF) male | Decrease in reperfusion, hypoperfusion induced | [374] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [374] Umair, 2017, An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Glycowithanolides | Manage stroke and post-stroke syndromes | Charles-Foster (CF) male | Decrease in reperfusion, hypoperfusion induced | [374] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [374] Umair, 2017, An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Root extract | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/ | hTDP-43 A315T mice | depression cluster subscores Decrease in cytoplasmic mislocalization of hTDP-43 | [96] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Dwivedi, 2000, Modification of coronary risk factors by medicinal plants, J. Med. Aromat. Plant Sci.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard root extract | Schizophrenic depression and anxiety | Human | Decrease in single item depression, anxiety | [109] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Ghatapanadi, 2011, Documentation of folk knowledge on medicinal plants of Gulbarga district, Karnataka, Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Root powder | PTSD induced memory impairment | Rats | Decrease in PTSD induced oxidative stress | [18] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Alzoubi, 2019, Withania somnifera root powder protects againist post-traumatic stress disorer-induced memory impairment, Mol. Biol. Rep.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Aqueous extract of root | H 2 O 2 and Aβ induced AD | PC12 cells | Increase in cell viability | [172] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Kumar, 2015, Ethnobatanical study of some common plants from district hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh (India, Int J. Adv. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Aqueous extract of root | Sleep deprivation | Rats | Increase in alertness, recognition memory, and | [204] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Marandi, 2015, Antivenom herbal formulations used against snakebites by the Oroan tribals of Latehar, Jharkhand, World J. Pharm. Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Hydro-alcoholic extract | MCA induced cerebral ischemia | Male Wistar rats | Increase in motor functioning | [69] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Chengappa, 2018, Adjunctive Use of a Standardized Extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to Treat Symptom Exacerbation in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study, J. Clin. Psychiatry
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Withaferin A | 3-NP induced HD | Rats | Increase in free radical scavenging activity | [53,306] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Bhattacharya, 2014, Socio-environmental surveys of Tinchuley and Takdah: two emerging ecotourism hamlets of North Bengal, India, Int. Lett. Nat. Sci.
- Not checked yetcites [306] Satoh, 1996, Free radical-independent protection by nerve growth factor and Bcl-2 of PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide-triggered apoptosis, J. Biochem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Root extract | 3-NP induced HD | Rats | Decrease in lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels, | [171] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kumar, 2014, Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity, BioMed. Res. Int.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard root extract | Schizophrenic depression and anxiety | Human | Decrease in single item depression, anxiety | [109] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Ghatapanadi, 2011, Documentation of folk knowledge on medicinal plants of Gulbarga district, Karnataka, Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Methanolic root extracts | Behavioral changes | Male Spradue-Dawley rats | Decrease in morphine/ethanol mediated | [40] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Benjamin, 2019, Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Root extract | Stroke induced vasospasm | Rats | Increase in cAMP | [374] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [374] Umair, 2017, An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | bipolar disorder | Human (53 patients) | Increase in auditory-verbal working memory, social | [70] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Choi, 2015, Withaferin-A inhibits colon cancer cell growth by blocking STAT3 transcriptional activity, J. Cancer Prev. source
plaindirectn = 53- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| WS extract | bipolar disorder | Human (60 patients) | Increase in thyroid function | [108] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Gauttam, 2013, Development of polyherbal antidiabetic formulation encapsulated in the phospholipids vesicle system, J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res source
plaindirectn = 60- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | schizophrenia | Human (66 patients) | Decrease in symptoms, stress | [71] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Chopra, 2010, Ayurveda–modern medicine interface: A critical appraisal of studies of Ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirectn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| WS extracts | frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) ALS | OD1 G93A mice | Increase in immunomodulatory effect, autophagy, | [97,98] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Elufioye, 2017, Plants-derived neuroprotective agents: cutting the cycle of cell death through multiple mechanisms, Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med.: eCAM source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Esakkimuthu, 2019, Quantitative analysis of medicinal plants used to treat musculoskeletal ailments by non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | bipolar disorder | Human (53 patients) | Increase in auditory-verbal working memory, social | [70] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Choi, 2015, Withaferin-A inhibits colon cancer cell growth by blocking STAT3 transcriptional activity, J. Cancer Prev. source
plaindirectn = 53- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | schizophrenia | Human (66 patients) | Decrease in symptoms, stress | [71] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Chopra, 2010, Ayurveda–modern medicine interface: A critical appraisal of studies of Ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirectn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | bipolar disorder | Human (53 patients) | Increase in auditory-verbal working memory, social | [70] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Choi, 2015, Withaferin-A inhibits colon cancer cell growth by blocking STAT3 transcriptional activity, J. Cancer Prev. source
plaindirectn = 53- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Compound Herbal Preparation | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Human (73 child patients) | Increase in attention, cognition, impulse control | [154] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] Khan, 2008, Ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta prostrta Linn, Indian J. Tradit. Knowl.
plaindirectn = 73- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Standard WS extract (WSE) | schizophrenia | Human (66 patients) | Decrease in symptoms, stress | [71] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Chopra, 2010, Ayurveda–modern medicine interface: A critical appraisal of studies of Ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. source
plaindirectn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| WS extract | bipolar disorder | Human (60 patients) | Increase in thyroid function | [108] |”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Gauttam, 2013, Development of polyherbal antidiabetic formulation encapsulated in the phospholipids vesicle system, J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res source
plaindirectn = 60- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
No approved drug candidates from Withania somnifera are available as of the time of the review.
“Though several formulations of WS showed very promising anti-cancer activities in both in vitro and in vivo conditions, still no approved drug candidates are available till now.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Withanolides are marker compounds characteristically present in Solanaceae members, especially in the Withania genus.
“Withanolides are marker compounds as they are characteristically present in Solanaceae members, especially in the Withania genus.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The dominant withanolides are withanolide D and withaferin A.
“The dominant withanolides are withanolide D and withaferin A.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The neuroprotective and other therapeutic effects of WS observed in animal models and in vitro studies will translate to humans.
“was suggested as a promising therapeutic agent against TDP-43 proteinopathy [96].”
“In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study among 66 patients, a standardized extract of WS (WSE) was suggested as a promising adjunctive treatment in patients affected by recent exacerbations of schizophrenia [71].”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some drugs for neurodegenerative disease have side effects.
“Besides, some of them come with side effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Withania somnifera contains a varied range of bioactive compounds including alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and phenols.
“Ashwagandha houses a varied range of bioactive compounds ranging from alkaloids to steroids, flavonoids to phenols.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Withania somnifera extract has antioxidant properties.
“The antioxidant nature of WS extract makes it very suitable for treating neurological disorders associated with oxidative burst.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Withania somnifera can promote neuronal health and help restore neurodegradation.
“Moreover, it can promote neuronal health that can help to restore neurodegradation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Withania somnifera, popularly known as ashwagandha (also Indian Ginseng, Winter Cherry), is a commonly used and marketed herb as part of Ayurvedic herbals and dietary supplements for relieving stress and anxiety, improving sleep, increasing muscle mass and strength, improving sexual function in both males and females, increasing memory and as “immune-booster.”10”
From Ashwagandha-induced liver injury—A case series from India and literature review (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Moreover, it was found that WS is predominantly active against many neurological conditions like AD, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease [144,145].”
From Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical to Clinical Trial Insights (2023) · cites this paper as [144]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.1. Anti-Parkinson's disease (PD) activity
“WS root extract could restore the expression level of Bcl-2 and bring down Bax protein, thereby stabilizing the apoptotic homeostasis and providing neuroprotection.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
“| Root extract | Neuroprotection | Swiss albino mice | Decrease in Bcl-2, increase in Bax | [274] |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.8. Anti-diabetic activity
“Aqueous extracts of WS (200, 400 mg/kg for 5 days) were found to be effective in decreasing blood glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
“| | Aqueous extract | 200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt./ | Non-insulin- | Determination of blood | Blocked the rise in | [375] |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.2. Anti-Huntington's disease (HD) activity
“Kumar and Kumar [171] employed 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), a potent neurotoxin that inhibits succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity resulting in oxidative stress and striatal damage in animals to generate HD symptoms in male Wistar rats”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
“| Root extract in 0.5% carboxy | Anti HD activity | 3 NP treated wister mice | Increase in weight, motor movements | [171] |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 2. Sleep inducing, anxiolytic and antistress properties
“Manchanda et al. [204] used an aqueous extract of WS root to elucidate its sleep-inducing potential.”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
“| | Leaf extract | 140 mg/kg | Wistar albino female | Novel object recognition test | Conferred intact | [204] |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 6. Conclusions
“There are still no clinical drugs available for treating patients with ischemic stroke [105].”
§ Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects > 1.11.3. Anti-Ischemic stroke activity
“Plasminogen activator is the only clinically administered drug in ischemic stroke that serves only a handful of patients.”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anand, U., Dey, A., Chandel, A. K. S., Sanyal, R., Mishra, A., Pandey, D. K., Falco, V. D., Upadhyay, A., Kandimalla, R. J. L., Chaudhary, A., et al. (2022) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2022.02.007 · Cited by 2,011
“New trends are evolving in the drug discovery paradigm that includes designing new derivatives of old drugs with high efficacy and lower toxicities.(269,270) Several natural compounds isolated from microbial, plants, or natural sources were suggested to hold enormous potential to target stress response pathways by mou…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnand, U., Tudu, C. K., Nandy, S., Sunita, K., Tripathi, V. S., Loake, G. J., Dey, A., & Proćków, J. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114744 · Cited by 161
Self-citationMitra, S., Anand, U., Jha, N. K., Shekhawat, M. S., Saha, S. C., Nongdam, P., Rengasamy, K. R. R., Proćków, J., & Dey, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.772418 · Cited by 151
Self-citationBiswas, P., Anand, U., Saha, S. C., Kant, N., Mishra, T., Masih, H., Bar, A., Pandey, D. K., Jha, N. K., Majumder, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.17323 · Cited by 129
Self-citationDeep learning for medicinal plant species classification and recognition: a systematic review
Kiflie, M. A., Sharma, D. P., & Mesfin, A. H. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1286088 · Cited by 139
“…properties, such as stress and anxiety reduction, anti-in fl ammatory effects, immune system modulation, anti-tumor effects, and sexual dysfunction improvement, and has been thoroughly researched for its potential pharmacotherapeutic applications (Anand et al., 2019; Subhabrata et al., 2021).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Paul, S., Chakraborty, S., Anand, U., Dey, S., Nandy, S., Ghorai, M., Saha, S. C., Patil, M. T., Kandimalla, R., Proćków, J., & Dey, A.
- Affiliations
- Presidency University (IN)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- University of Calcutta (IN)
- University of Kalyani (IN)
- Savitribai Phule Pune University (IN)
- Kakatiya Medical College (IN)
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Proćków, Jarosław
- Dey, Abhijit
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-11
- Volume
- 143
- Pages
- 112175
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3202927745
- Semantic Scholar
- ec84dcb6db4982eddc14b54954dd39a9a43f8c4f
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 482
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 9.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Presidency University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Keywords
- Withania somnifera, ethnopharmacology, Rasayana, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, anticancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity, neuroprotective activity, hepatoprotection, antidiabetic activity, immunomodulation, antimicrobial activity, toxicity, traditional medicine, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, anxiety and depression
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Animals, Antiviral Agents, Humans, Plant Extracts, Psychotropic Drugs, Plant Roots, Risk Assessment, Neuroprotective Agents, Ethnopharmacology, Withania, Patient Safety, Phytochemicals
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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