The DOI matches its Crossref record; 121 of the 132 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 73 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities
Open accessAbstract
Endometriosis is a debilitating gynecologic disease affecting millions of women across the world, with symptoms including dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Theorized to stem from the phenomenon of retrograde menstruation, the diagnosis of endometriosis is typically delayed by 8-10 years owing to misinterpretation of symptoms as common menstrual cramps in adolescent girls and young women. With increased incidence of endometriosis in young girls correlated with earlier menarche, the development of diagnostic biomarkers is imperative for diagnosing and treating women afflicted with endometriosis as early as we can. In the past few years, multiple reviews highlighted the list of potential diagnostic candidates in peritoneal fluid, blood, urine, and endometrial biopsies from endometriosis patients in different stages of disease and menstrual cycle. In this review, we explore the opportunities and challenges facing the field of diagnostic biomarkers for endometriosis. We highlight the importance of eutopic endometrium as a source of potential diagnostic biomarkers by looking at the expression levels of noncoding RNA in tissue as well as in blood. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges that hinder our efforts in validating candidate diagnostic biomarkers for endometriosis.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for endometriosis are urgently needed because diagnosis is typically delayed by 8–10 years, but disease heterogeneity, comorbidities, and nonstandardized sample collection hinder validation. It highlights eutopic endometrium and circulating/tissue noncoding RNAs as promising candidates, while cautioning that inflammatory cytokines and endometrial DNA methylome have not proven sufficiently specific.
Key findings
- Diagnostic delay is substantial: adolescent girls delay seeking medical attention by 4.6 years, and it takes another 4.7 years until diagnosis; overall diagnosis is typically delayed by 8–10 years.
- Endometriosis symptoms are more common than in women without endometriosis: nonmenstrual pelvic pain 38.7% vs. 14.3%, dyspareunia 29.5% vs. 13.4%, and infertility 11.6% vs. 3.4%; economic burden is $1.8 billion in Canada and $18–22 billion in the United States.
- Candidate noncoding RNA biomarkers show diagnostic potential: plasma brain-derived neurotropic factor for stage I–II disease had 91.7% sensitivity and 69.4% specificity; circulating let-7b had 83.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity; miR-17-5p, miR-20a, and miR-22 discriminated severe endometriosis with an AUC of 0.90; a five-lncRNA combination had 89.7% sensitivity and 73.2% specificity.
- Cytokine panels have been tested but are limited: one six-marker panel showed 60%–71% specificity and 87%–92% sensitivity, and a 28-biomarker panel showed 63%–81% specificity and 81%–90% sensitivity, but control selection and nonendometriotic pelvic inflammation can confound results.
Methods
- Design: narrative review of diagnostic biomarkers for endometriosis, focused on opportunities and challenges in validation.
- Data/sample: literature on candidate biomarkers from peritoneal fluid, blood, urine, endometrial biopsies, eutopic endometrium, and epigenetic markers, including miRNA and lncRNA; no primary cohort or new experimental data are reported.
- Main analysis: synthesizes prior reviews, meta-analyses, and selected studies to evaluate biomarker specificity/sensitivity and discuss barriers to clinical validation; evident from the text that this is not a systematic review or meta-analysis.
Limitations
- The paper states that endometriosis is heterogeneous in phenotype and symptoms, with endopelvic and extrapelvic manifestations, and that comorbidities such as autoimmune disorders, migraines, gastrointestinal problems, and adenomyosis can mask or confound biomarker signals.
- The paper states that biomarker studies are limited by unstandardized sample collection, storage, and phenotyping; small sample sizes; lack of representation across all disease stages and menstrual stages; and discrepancies between tissue and blood miRNA expression.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not provide a systematic search strategy, quantitative synthesis, or primary validation data, so its conclusions depend on selected published literature.
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Claims the paper makes
52 Not checked yet · 14 Own interpretation · 3 Supported · 2 No basis given
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“MicroRNA expression in normal endometrium exhibits dynamic changes across the menstrual cycle (105), where their involvement in nonpathologic mechanisms can be used to understand physiologic systems that have derailed into pathologic phenotypes.”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > MicroRNA and Long Noncoding RNA
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [105] Rekker, 2013, Circulating microRNA profile throughout the menstrual cycle, PLoS One source
The Introduction reports that several studies found fluctuations in endometrial miRNA profiles across the menstrual cycle. The Discussion likewise describes differential expression in receptive and non-receptive endometrium. The paper’s finding of no significant change concerns circulating plasma miRNAs, not endometrial tissue. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In addition, Wang et al. (2016) showed that a combination of five lncRNAs can differentiate patients from disease-free control subjects with 89.7% sensitivity and 73.2% specificity, further demonstrating the potential of circulating lncRNA as a noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for endometriosis (112).”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Ahn. Biomarkers in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2017.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [112] Wang, 2016, Genome-wide long noncoding RNA analysis identified circulating lncRNAs as novel noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for gynecological disease, Sci Rep source
The Results section, “Investigation of circulating lncRNAs for use in the diagnosis of endometriosis,” reports 89.66% sensitivity and 73.17% specificity for the five-lncRNA combination, matching the citing sentence after rounding. The Discussion identifies those circulating lncRNAs as potential non-invasive biomarkers for endometriosis. (LLM, conf=0.95)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“They further identified 1,557 lncRNAs specific to the serum and 1,310 lncRNAs specific to the endometriotic tissues of endometriosis patients (112), demonstrating that the function of lncRNAs in serum may be different from that of lncRNAs found in tissue, echoing a similar pattern found in miRNA expression patterns in serum and tissue.”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Ahn. Biomarkers in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2017.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [112] Wang, 2016, Genome-wide long noncoding RNA analysis identified circulating lncRNAs as novel noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for gynecological disease, Sci Rep source
The Results section on differential expression between tissue and serum explicitly says that the expression pattern and function of serum lncRNAs may differ from those in tissue. The same section reports 1,557 lncRNAs present only in the serum set and 1,310 present only in the endometriosis tissue set. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For decades, both basic and clinical research have been much focused on elucidating the pathogenesis of endometriosis, but they have lumped different phenotypes of the disease, including ovarian, peritoneal, and deep infiltrating endometriosis, as one entity.”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Heterogeneous Nature of Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Symptoms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“which have demonstrated that the endometrium of endometriosis patients displays aberrant molecular expression patterns that give it the ability to implant, invade, and develop into endometriotic foci (27)(28)(29)(30).”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > E
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Burney, 2007, Gene expression analysis of endometrium reveals progesterone resistance and candidate susceptibility genes in women with endometriosis, Endocrinology source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Bulun, 2006, Progesterone resistance in endometriosis: link to failure to metabolize estradiol, Mol Cell Endocrinol source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Mehasseb, 2011, Estrogen and progesterone receptor isoform distribution through the menstrual cycle in uteri with and without adenomyosis, Fertil Steril source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, Naqvi et al. (26) observed five hypermethylated (MGMT, DUSP22, CDCA2, ID2, and RBBP7) and five hypomethylated (TNFRSF1B, MBPR1B, ZNF681, IGSF21, and TP73) genes in eutopic endometrium of patients compared with endometriosis-free control subjects.”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Assessing the Usefulness of Endometrial Biopsies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Naqvi, 2014, Altered genome-wide methylation in endometriosis, Reprod Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such heterogeneity of disease phenotype also increases the potential of false-negative laparoscopic surgery in symptomatic women, wherein a ''clean'' pelvic cavity might not necessarily indicate the absence of endometriosis in other areas of the body (Table 1).”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Heterogeneous Nature of Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Symptoms
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unless accompanied by explorative laparoscopic surgery for complete diagnosis, accurate differential diagnosis in potential endometriosis patients based on symptoms proves to be a difficult challenge.”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Heterogeneous Nature of Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Symptoms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The concentration of peripheral markers in blood and peritoneal fluid may be diluted with factors that are driving the development of conditions other than endometriosis in patients.”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Comorbidities
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Case studies have shown that symptoms of pelvic pain are not a useful diagnostic parameter to differentiate women with or without endometriosis (54), owing to the similarity of symptoms with other pelvic pain pathologies, such as irritable bowel disease.”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Heterogeneous Nature of Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Ballard, 2010, Can specific pain symptoms help in the diagnosis of endometriosis? A cohort study of women with chronic pelvic pain, Fertil Steril source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 8
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
In the paper
“Owing to the common misinterpretation of endometriosis-induced pain as menstrualrelated abdominal pain, the diagnosis of endometriosis is typically delayed by 8-10 years: Adolescent girls who suffer from the symptoms of endome-triosis delay seeking medical attention by 4.6 years, and by the time they seek medical attention, it takes another 4.7 years until diagnosis (11).”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > E
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Greene, 2009, Diagnostic experience among 4,334 women reporting surgically diagnosed endometriosis, Fertil Steril source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, As-Sanie et al. demonstrated that increased concentration of glutamine and glutamate within the anterior insula and greater neuronal connectivity from the anterior insula to the medial prefrontal cortex positively correlated with not only pain intensity, but also clinical anxiety and depression in patients (60).”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Heterogeneous Nature of Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] As-Sanie, 2016, Functional connectivity is associated with altered brain chemistry in women with endometriosis-associated chronic pelvic pain, J Pain source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Endometriosis is a complex disease with variable phenotypic and symptomatic presentation in women (14,15).”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > E
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Vercellini, 2007, Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, patient characteristics and severity of pelvic pain symptoms: a multivariate analysis of over 1000 patients, Hum Reprod source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Acién, 2013, Endometriosis: a disease that remains enigmatic, Int Sch Res Not Obstet Gynecol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, basic scientific research on the pathogenesis of extrapelvic endometriosis is limited.”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Heterogeneous Nature of Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Symptoms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The method of obtaining endometrial sample by either pipelle or curette is minimally invasive; however, aside from minimal discomfort for the patient, biopsy can prove to be a useful not only to test endometrial receptivity in infertile women with or without endometriosis (81), but also as a diagnostic tool for endometriosis in an outpatient setting (82).”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Assessing the Usefulness of Endometrial Biopsies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Garcia-Velasco, 2015, Is endometrial receptivity transcriptomics affected in women with endometriosis? A pilot study, Reprod Biomed Online source
- Not checked yetcites [82] Saare, 2016, The influence of menstrual cycle and endometriosis on endometrial methylome, Clin Epigenetics source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because endometriosis can be found in asymptomatic women, however, the biochemical pathway of nerve stimulation by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns by the menstrual debris (58) does not apply to the asymptomatic women, suggesting that the inflammation caused by ''menstruating'' ectopic foci and menstrual debris may not be the sole cause”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Heterogeneous Nature of Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Laux-Biehlmann, 2015, Menstruation pulls the trigger for inflammation and pain in endometriosis, Trends Pharmacol Sci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Even though GWASs have identified numerous SNPs associated with endometriosis risk across multiple populations, the strengths of the studies are affected by unstandardized methods of biologic sample collection, storage, and phenotyping of samples across studies, which may invariably lead to heterogeneous interpretations and findings (24).”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > In Search of Molecular Patterns Unique to Endometriosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Rahmioglu, 2014, Genetic variants underlying risk of endometriosis: Insights from meta-analysis of eight genome-wide association and replication datasets, Hum Reprod Update source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The studies showed that a panel of cytokines, rather than a single biomarker, improve sensitivity and specificity values, with some panels showing the ability to discriminate between different stages of disease.”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Biomarkers That Were Not So Useful: Inflammatory Cytokines
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The physiologic process of menstruation is an inflammatory event.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, one limiting factor hindering the exploration of miRNA as biomarkers in clinical trials is the small sample sizes of patients and lack of representation of all stages of endometriosis, which are also stratified by menstrual stage (85, 109, 110).”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Ahn. Biomarkers in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2017.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Burney, 2009, MicroRNA expression profiling of eutopic secretory endometrium in women with versus without endometriosis, Mol Hum Reprod source
- Not checked yetcites [109] Cho, 2015, Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for endometriosis, Fertil Steril source
- Not checked yetcites [110] Jia, 2013, Plasma miR-17-5p, miR-20a and miR-22 are down-regulated in women with endometriosis, Hum Reprod source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, miRNA profiling of eutopic endometrium in endometriosis patients would provide pathophysiologic molecular fingerprints that we can use to further understand disease pathogenesis and as potential noninvasive biomarkers for endometriosis.”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > MicroRNA and Long Noncoding RNA
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Laparoscopic surgery remains the current criterion-standard diagnostic tool for endometriosis.
“Laparoscopic surgery remains the current criterion-standard diagnostic tool; however, it is unlikely that women of reproductive age would subject themselves to such an invasive surgery when they can opt to temporarily diminish pain symptoms by means of other therapeutic mechanisms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women of reproductive age would be unlikely to subject themselves to laparoscopic surgery when they can opt to temporarily diminish pain symptoms by other therapeutic mechanisms.
“Laparoscopic surgery remains the current criterion-standard diagnostic tool; however, it is unlikely that women of reproductive age would subject themselves to such an invasive surgery when they can opt to temporarily diminish pain symptoms by means of other therapeutic mechanisms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Only 10% of women develop endometriosis.
“This is critical to elucidate why only 10% of women develop endometriosis although the phenomenon of retrograde menstruation occurs in 76%-90% of reproductive-age women (94)(95)(96).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The physiologic process of menstruation is an inflammatory event.
“The physiologic process of menstruation is an inflammatory event, as is the pathophysiologic process of endometriosis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a need for a diagnostic biomarker for endometriosis.
“Along with the need to better understand the pathophysiology of endometriosis, the need for a diagnostic biomarker for endometriosis has been equally recognized.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The time from the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease to the diagnosis is up to 8 to 10 years [38].”
From Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Classification, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Genetics (Review of Literature) (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Heterogeneous Nature of Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Symptoms
“Endometriosis is often described as occurring in three areas in the pelvis-in the peritoneum, on the ovary, and in the rectovaginal pouch-which are referred to as peritoneal implants, ovarian endometrioma, and deep infiltrating endometriosis, respectively.”
§ Biomarkers in endometriosis: challenges and opportunities > Heterogeneous Nature of Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Symptoms
“The extrapelvic manifestations include the typical peritoneal or abdominal wall endometriosis, including endometriosis found on surgical scars on the peritoneum (44,45), the urinary and gastrointestinal tract, the thorax, and the nasal mucosa (42).”
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“87 However, the extent to which this inflammation is a cause or an effect of endometriosis remains unclear.”
BackgroundClinical Management of Endometriosis
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“Usually it takes up to 8 to 10 years to reach the diagnosis of this disease [4].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ahn, S. H., Singh, V., & Tayade, C.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Tayade, Chandrakant
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 523-532
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2586274172
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (394924)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
- Keywords
- endometriosis, diagnostic biomarkers, eutopic endometrium, non-coding RNA, peritoneal fluid, blood biomarkers, urinary biomarkers, endometrial biopsy, biomarker validation, delayed diagnosis, retrograde menstruation, infertility, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain
- MeSH terms
- Biopsy, Endometriosis, Endometrium, Female, Genetic Markers, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Reproducibility of Results, Biomarkers, Comorbidity, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators, MicroRNAs, RNA, Long Noncoding
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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