Endometriosis
Open accessAbstract
A healthy 25-year-old woman presents with worsening dysmenorrhea, new-onset left lower quadrant pain, and dyspareunia. She has regular menstrual cycles, and her last menstrual period was 3 weeks before presentation. How should this patient be evaluated and treated?
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Among women with endometriosis, 12% are estimated to experience extragenital endometriosis.
“Among this population, 12% are estimated to experience endometriosis of nonreproductive organs, referred to as extragenital endometriosis.2–7”
From Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome: A Review of Diagnosis and Management (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
The Clinical Problem section describes endometriosis at distant, nonreproductive sites, including the diaphragm, pleura, and pericardium. It calls these cases rare but gives no estimate that 12% of women with endometriosis experience them; searches for the percentage and extragenital prevalence found no such estimate. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEstrogens play a critical role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
“Biochemical, histological and clinical evidence show that estrogens play a critical role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis”
From Endometriosis and Medical Therapy: From Progestogens to Progesterone Resistance to GnRH Antagonists: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Endometriosis is a common chronic inflammatory disease causing pain and infertility.
“endometriosis, a common chronic inflammatory disease causing pain and infertility [1,2,3]”
From Endometriosis and Medical Therapy: From Progestogens to Progesterone Resistance to GnRH Antagonists: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Estradiol has proinflammatory and antiapoptotic effects on endometrial cells, especially in ectopic foci.
“the impact of estradiol (E2), which is known to have proinflammatory and antiapoptotic effects on endometrial cells, especially in ectopic foci [2,3]”
From Endometriosis and Medical Therapy: From Progestogens to Progesterone Resistance to GnRH Antagonists: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Post-operative recurrence of endometriosis is common because persistent foci not detected at surgery may progress under the influence of circulating estrogens.
“post-operative recurrence is common, because persistent foci not detected at the time of surgery may progress under the influence of circulating estrogens [1,2,3,5,6].”
From Endometriosis and Medical Therapy: From Progestogens to Progesterone Resistance to GnRH Antagonists: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Wide local excision results in complete resolution of symptoms of abdominal wall endometrioma.
“Wide local excision is the treatment of choice and results in complete resolution of symptoms [2].”
From Giant Abdominal Wall Endometrioma: A Case Report (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Wide local excision is the treatment of choice for abdominal wall endometrioma.
“Wide local excision is the treatment of choice and results in complete resolution of symptoms [2].”
From Giant Abdominal Wall Endometrioma: A Case Report (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Fertility impairments such as conception delay and infertility are associated with an endometriosis diagnosis.
“Fertility impairments such as conception delay and infertility are associated with an endometriosis diagnosis (44)”
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disease.
“Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disease (Giudice, 2010)”
From “Waiting for Godot”: a commonsense approach to the medical treatment of endometriosis (2011) · cites this paper as Giudice, 2010
Endometriosis-associated pain is often difficult to alleviate without hormonal treatments that produce often-intolerable side effects of hypoestrogenicity or surgery that frequently fails to help.
“Symptoms include dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia (vaginal hyperalgesia), chronic pelvic/abdominal musculoskeletal and other types of severe pain that are often difficult to alleviate without resorting either to hormonal treatments that produce often-intolerable side effects of hypoestrogenicity or to surgery that frequently fails to help [16,21,27,16,48].”
From Endocannabinoid involvement in endometriosis. (2010) · cites this paper as [16]
Progress in developing new treatment strategies for endometriosis-associated pain is impeded by a poor understanding of how the growths contribute to the pains.
“Although it is recognized that both inflammatory and neuropathic mechanisms contribute to endometriosis-associated pains, progress in developing new treatment strategies is impeded by a poor understanding of how the growths, which do not correlate with the pains, contribute to them [16,21,27,48].”
From Endocannabinoid involvement in endometriosis. (2010) · cites this paper as [16]
The growths do not correlate with the pains.
“Although it is recognized that both inflammatory and neuropathic mechanisms contribute to endometriosis-associated pains, progress in developing new treatment strategies is impeded by a poor understanding of how the growths, which do not correlate with the pains, contribute to them [16,21,27,48].”
From Endocannabinoid involvement in endometriosis. (2010) · cites this paper as [16]
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Cites
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- [1]Giudice LC Swiersz RO Jameson JL De Groot LJ LM, Burney Endometriosis Endocrinology 2010 2356 70 Elsevier New York 6th ed.
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Self-citationPlasma MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers for Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancer
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“Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disease (Giudice, 2010) that can be effectively cured by definitive surgery (Shakiba et al., 2008), an option generally not accepted by patients wishing to preserve fertility.”
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Pain typology and incident endometriosis
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Plasma miR-17-5p, miR-20a and miR-22 are down-regulated in women with endometriosis
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micro <scp>RNA</scp> Let‐7b: A Novel treatment for endometriosis
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“Surgical procedures usually include excision, laser ablation of endometriotic implants on the peritoneal surface, excision or drainage or ablation of endometriomas and interruption of nerve pathways [2].”
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“endometrial growths [1–3].”
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Micrometastasis of endometriosis to distant organs in a murine model
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Hair cortisol and the relationship with chronic pain and quality of life in endometriosis patients
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Should genetics now be considered the pre-eminent etiologic factor in endometriosis?
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New adverse obstetrics outcomes associated with endometriosis: A retrospective cohort study
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On-label and off-label drug use in the treatment of endometriosis
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Identification of MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Ovarian Endometriosis
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Adiposity and endometriosis severity and typology
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“Endometriosis is recognized as a major cause of infertility and pelvic pain [2,3] and thought to be associated with other disorders characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation, such as ovarian and breast cancers, Byun et al.”
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- Authors
- Giudice, L. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Giudice, Linda C.
- ORCID
- Giudice, Linda C.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2010-06-24
- Volume
- 362
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 2389-2398
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC3108065
- OpenAlex
- W1513717411
- Cited by
- 1,924
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 112 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 174 · 2020: 200 · 2019: 145 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 123 · 2016: 116 · 2015: 99 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 81
- FWCI
- 9.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD055764)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
- Keywords
- endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, treatment, young women
- MeSH terms
- Dysmenorrhea, Dyspareunia, Endometriosis, Female, Humans, Infertility, Female, Pelvic Pain
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