The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder

In the paper

“A meta-analysis found that ADHD was associated with a more than twofold greater odds of alcohol-use disorders (13 studies, over 20,000 participants) and nicotine-related disorder (14 studies, over 1,800 participants) (Groenman et al., 2017).”

• Also stated in: § Substance Use Disorders · plain

  “A meta-analysis found that ADHD was associated with a more than twofold greater odds of alcohol-use disorders (13 studies, over 20,000 participants) and nicotine-related disorder (14 studies, over 1,800 participants)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Externalizing Disorders section reports odds ratios of 2.15 for alcohol-related disorder and 2.52 for nicotine-related disorder among individuals with ADHD. Table 2 lists 13 alcohol studies and 14 nicotine studies; Table 1’s included-study sample sizes are consistent with the cited participant thresholds. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Groenman et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“The clinical significance of the signs and symptoms of the disorder has been recognized for over two centuries.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction says that children with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity were described during the preceding 200 years, and the Crichton section identifies a physician's account from 1798 as an early example resembling ADHD. Together, these support clinical recognition of the symptoms for over two centuries, without implying that the modern ADHD diagnosis existed then. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Lange et al., 2010 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Taylor, 2011 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Weikard, 1799

In the paper

“For most people with ADHD, many genetic and environmental risk factors accumulate to cause the disorder”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Summary says most ADHD cases arise from a pool of genetic and environmental risk factors, with cumulative vulnerability contributing to the disorder. The opening section likewise states that several such factors act together to increase susceptibility in most cases. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Faraone et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Another meta-analysis, with 135 studies and about a quarter of a million youths, found no significant differences in prevalence between North America and Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and Oceania”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The discussion (indexed under “Abstract > 13.01 (1)”; page unavailable) says North American ADHD prevalence estimates did not differ significantly from those for Europe, Oceania, South America, Asia or Africa. The paper also reports that its multivariate analysis included 135 studies. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Polanczyk et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of six studies with over 5,300 participants estimated the prevalence of ADHD in adulthood to be 2.5%”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report a pooled adult ADHD prevalence of 2.5% (95% CI 2.1–3.1). The Abstract says six studies were omitted from 12 identified studies, consistent with six in the analysis, but the passages available from our copy do not substantiate the citing sentence’s figure of over 5,300 participants. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites Simon et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“ADHD occurs throughout the developed and developing world and is more common in males compared with females.”

• Also stated in: § How Common is ADHD? · plain

  “ADHD is more common in males.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Gender Differences section states that males were more likely than females to meet criteria for ADHD across all diagnostic algorithms. This directly supports the attributed claim; page numbers were not supplied in the passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Willcutt, 2012 source

In the paper

“It has not become more common over the past three decades”

• Also stated in: § How Common is ADHD? · plain

  “The latter meta-analysis found no increase in the prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents over the past three decades”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract concludes that, across three decades, there was no evidence of an increase in children in the community meeting ADHD criteria when standardized diagnostic procedures were used. The paper distinguishes this from rising rates of diagnosis and treatment. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Polanczyk et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Black individuals are at higher risk for ADHD diagnoses than the general US population.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Conclusions and Relevance section explicitly states that the meta-analysis suggests Black individuals are at higher risk for ADHD diagnoses than the general US population. The Discussion also reports a higher pooled prevalence among Black individuals than rates reported in reviews of general populations. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Cénat et al., 2020 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of 19 studies encompassing over 150,000 U.S. Black youths under 18 years old reported an ADHD prevalence rate of 14 percent.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report a pooled ADHD prevalence of 13.87% for 19 studies assessing Black people younger than 18, which rounds to 14%. However, the reported total of 154,818 participants covers all 21 studies, including adult samples; it does not establish that the 19-study youth analysis encompassed over 150,000 participants. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Cénat et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“ADHD occurs throughout the developed and developing world”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The paper’s discussion (indexed as Abstract > 13.01 (1); page unavailable) reports ADHD prevalence estimates from North America, Europe, Oceania, South America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. That geographic coverage supports the claim that ADHD occurs in both developed and developing parts of the world. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Polanczyk et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“A third meta-analysis performed by the same researchers, of four studies with over 9.2 million participants, found an ADHD treatment rate of only 0.02% among persons at least fifty years old”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Table 2 reports a 0.02% pooled ADHD-treatment prevalence for the analysis restricted to an age cutoff of at least 50, but that estimate uses only two datasets and has a wide 95% confidence interval (0.00–1.88%). The four studies with 9,260,809 participants described in section 3.1 contributed nine datasets; the pooled treatment estimate for all nine was 0.09%, not 0.02%. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Dobrosavljevic et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Patterns of associated disorders also differ between the dimensions”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Comorbid Mental Disorders section states that inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity differ in the strength of their associations with symptoms of other disorders. Its conclusion explicitly describes differential associations between the two dimensions and other mental disorders. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Willcutt et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of 19 studies with over 55,000 participants found that 5.9% of youths meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Overall ADHD section reports a 5.9% prevalence among children and adolescents when studies used best-estimate diagnoses. But Table 1 (under Summary and Conclusions) shows that the 19 studies with 55,125 participants used parent ratings and yielded 6.1%, not 5.9%; the citing sentence combines results from different analyses. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Willcutt, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of 20 studies encompassing 13 countries and seven regions/metropolitan areas, involving more than 26,000 participants, estimated that 2.8% of adults meet criteria for ADHD”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (ADHD prevalence in childhood and persistence into adulthood) report that current adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys. Methods and materials (Samples; Field procedures) describe 20 WMH surveys and 26,744 respondents assessed for ADHD, but the paper presents a pooled survey analysis, not a meta-analysis of 20 studies. Its listed survey locations also do not support the stated breakdown of 13 countries and seven regions or metropolitan areas. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  cites Fayyad et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“a meta-analysis of seven studies with over 11.7 million participants based on ADHD clinical diagnoses, performed by the same team, reported a prevalence of only 0.2% for persons at least fifty years old”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Section 3.1 reports seven clinical-diagnosis studies with 11,706,296 participants. Section 3.2 gives their pooled prevalence as 0.23%, which rounds to 0.2% to one decimal place. However, Table 2 distinguishes that overall estimate from the analysis limited to an age cutoff of at least 50, which reports 0.19% from seven data sets; the citing sentence conflates the two analyses. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Dobrosavljevic et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of parent ratings of symptoms in 29 studies with over 42,000 participants, and teacher ratings in 24 studies with over 56,000 participants, found a roughly two-to-one male/female ratio in youth”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Table 1 (Summary and Conclusions; page not supplied) reports a male-to-female ratio of 1.9:1 for parent symptom ratings across 29 studies (42,687 participants) and 2.2:1 for teacher symptom ratings across 24 studies (56,970 participants). Both support the citing sentence’s roughly two-to-one ratio in children and adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Willcutt, 2012 source

In the paper

“a tenfold increase in the organophosphate metabolite dimethyl alkylphosphate (DMAP) was associated with 55% increase in the probability of having ADHD”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract Results and Results ('Any Subtype of ADHD') report an adjusted odds ratio of 1.55 for ADHD with a tenfold increase in urinary DMAP concentration. That is 55% higher odds, not necessarily a 55% higher probability, as the citing sentence states. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Bouchard et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“those with ASD and those with ADHD had an increased rate of rare genetic mutations compared with controls”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract and Results (‘Rates of constrained rare variation’; page not provided) report that children with ASD and children with ADHD had higher burdens than controls of rare protein-truncating variants in constrained genes. The claim omits that restriction and implies an increased rate of rare genetic mutations generally, which the paper does not establish. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Satterstrom et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Children with detectable levels of the most-commonly detected DMAP metabolite were twice as likely to have ADHD compared with those with undetectable levels”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Any Subtype of ADHD) identify dimethylthiophosphate as the most commonly detected DMAP metabolite and report approximately double the odds of ADHD for children above the median of detectable concentrations versus those below the detection limit. The claim extends that finding to all children with detectable levels, which the paper does not establish. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Bouchard et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Children of mothers in the highest quintile of phthalate metabolite levels were three times more likely to have had ADHD as children compared with those in the bottom quintile, after adjusting for confounders”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report that, after covariate adjustment, children in the highest maternal ∑DEHP quintile had almost three times the odds of an ADHD diagnosis as those in the lowest quintile (OR 2.99). The claim omits that this finding was specific to ∑DEHP: the Results report no association for several other phthalate measures. It also describes an odds ratio as being three times more likely. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Engel et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“found a dose-response relationship between maternal prenatal use of acetaminophen and ADHD”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report increasing adjusted ADHD hazard ratios across one, two, and three trimesters of maternal prenatal acetaminophen exposure. The Discussion also reports a roughly twofold hazard ratio for exposure lasting 29 days or more. These findings support the attributed dose-response association, not a causal conclusion. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Ystrom et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“This study confirmed a polygenic cause for most cases of ADHD, meaning that many genetic variants, each having a very small effect, combine to increase risk for the disorder.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion reports modest effects for individual risk variants (odds ratios 1.077–1.198) and describes an important role for common variants in ADHD’s polygenic architecture. The Results section “Polygenic Architecture of ADHD” estimates SNP heritability, but neither passage establishes that polygenic risk causes most individual ADHD cases. The claim’s “most cases” qualifier therefore goes beyond the paper’s findings. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Demontis et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“No associations were found for other anti-epileptic drugs”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In Results > Main Findings (Table 4; page unavailable), none of the other antiepileptic drugs had a statistically significant adjusted association with offspring ADHD compared with no exposure. The Discussion (page unavailable) likewise describes these results as not significant, while cautioning that some drugs may still carry a risk. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Christensen et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“those with blood lead levels in the highest fifth were four times more likely to have ADHD compared with those in the bottom fifth”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that children in the fifth (highest) blood-lead quintile had higher odds of ADHD than those in the lowest quintile (adjusted odds ratio 4.1; 95% CI, 1.2–14.0). This supports the citing sentence’s approximate fourfold comparison, though the reported measure is an odds ratio. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Braun et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“Family, twin, and DNA studies show that genetic and environmental influences are partially shared between ADHD and many other psychiatric disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, conduct disorder, eating disorders, and substance use disorders) and with somatic disorders (e.g. migraine and obesity)”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction reports genetic overlap between ADHD and several psychiatric conditions, and the Results (Genetic correlation with other traits) report significant genetic overlap with depression, anorexia nervosa, and obesity-related phenotypes. The paper says environmental risks contribute to ADHD, but the cited passages do not establish that environmental influences are shared with those other disorders. They also do not substantiate every example in the citing sentence, including migraine. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Demontis et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The 'ADHD’s Clinical Features & Course' section (page not given) reports genetic overlap with several psychiatric disorders, and 'Common Variant ADHD as a Polygenic Disorder' (page not given) describes shared genetic risk with obesity. The cited text does not establish shared environmental influences across these disorders, and the searched passages do not substantiate the migraine or eating-disorder examples. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Faraone and Larsson, 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Introduction and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) support shared genetic influences between ADHD and autism spectrum disorder and suggest a role for family-shared environmental influences. The paper does not establish the claim for the other listed psychiatric disorders or for migraine and obesity. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Ghirardi et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“those with blood lead levels in the top third were 2.3 times more likely to have ADHD compared with those in the bottom third”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Main Effects of Environmental and Sociodemographic Factors) report an adjusted odds ratio of 2.3 for ADHD in children in the highest blood-lead tertile versus the lowest. The cited sentence paraphrases that comparison, though 2.3 is an odds ratio rather than a direct probability ratio. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Froehlich et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“Prenatal exposure to the anti-epileptic drug valproate was associated with a 50% greater risk of ADHD.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Table 2 in Results > Main Findings reports an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.48 (95% CI, 1.09–2.00) for ADHD in offspring exposed to valproate during pregnancy versus those not exposed—approximately 50% higher risk. The Conclusions also describe a significantly increased risk. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Christensen et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of nine studies and 586 people found moderately lower overall blood levels of omega-3 PUFAs in ADHD than non-ADHD youth”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Study 1 Results (section 2.4) report nine studies with 586 participants and moderately lower overall blood omega-3 levels in the ADHD group (g = 0.42). The Study 1 summary (section 2.5) describes the comparison as children with ADHD versus typically developing children. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Hawkey and Nigg, 2014 source

In the paper

“No associations were found with ADHD in offspring”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report no overall association between estimated PFOS or PFOA levels from birth through 24 months and childhood ADHD. But the study combined cohorts using maternal blood or breast-milk measurements to estimate children’s exposure; it did not establish a separate null finding for PFAS exposure specifically through breast milk. The Discussion also notes possible increased ADHD prevalence in some subgroups. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Forns et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Another meta-analysis, combining 85 studies with a total of over 4.6 million births, found a small-to-moderate correlation between low birth weight and ADHD (Momany et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Birth Weight and ADHD; page unavailable) report that 85 unadjusted studies found a significant association between lower birth weight and increased ADHD symptoms, but describe the correlation (r = −.14) as small, not small-to-moderate. The Methods (Sample of Studies; page unavailable) give the figure of 4,645,482 participants for the full meta-analysis of 94 effect sizes, not specifically for the 85-study analysis. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Momany et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“After further adjusting for paternal occupation and urbanization level of residence it found the enterovirus patients were 25 percent more likely to subsequently be diagnosed with ADHD (Tseng et al., 2020).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report a 25% higher adjusted ADHD risk among children with enterovirus infection than among controls, supporting the citing sentence. The 1.25 hazard ratio is for enterovirus infection generally; the paper does not establish that figure specifically for enterovirus 71, as the claim’s quote states. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Tseng et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Two meta-analyses, one with seven studies with over 28,000 participants and another with three studies and over 1.4 million participants, found that children of obese mothers were roughly 60% more likely to develop ADHD (Jenabi et al., 2019; Sanchez et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Main analysis reports a pooled hazard ratio of 1.65 for ADHD among children of women with prepregnancy obesity, supporting the roughly 60% figure; its pooled odds ratio is lower, at 1.42. The Description of studies reports 10 included papers and 1,464,097 participants, while the Discussion refers to 8 individual studies—not the three- or seven-study counts in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Jenabi et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The Results section (Risk of Specific Neurodevelopmental Outcomes; page unavailable) reports that children of mothers who were obese before pregnancy were 62% more likely to have ADHD than children of mothers with normal pre-pregnancy weight. That supports the attributed claim of a roughly 60% higher likelihood. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Sanchez et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of six studies combining 1.4 million people found that children whose mothers had hypertensive disorders during pregnancy had a 25% increase in the rate of ADHD (Maher et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The ADHD: Primary Analysis reports adjusted estimates from six studies including 1,395,605 participants and an association between maternal hypertensive disorders and offspring ADHD. Its pooled estimate is an odds ratio of 1.29 (95% CI, 1.22–1.36), not a 25% increase in the ADHD rate; an odds ratio does not directly measure a rate increase. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Maher et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Two meta-analyses, one with 21 studies and over 3,900 participants, the other with 15 studies with over a thousand participants, found that those diagnosed with ADHD have a moderate tendency to favor small immediate rewards over large delayed rewards (Jackson and MacKillop, 2016; Marx et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Methods and Materials (Sample characteristics) report 21 studies with 3,913 participants. The Results (Primary Meta-Analysis Findings) report a significant medium-sized difference in delay discounting between ADHD and control groups (d = 0.43), supporting the paraphrase that people with ADHD more often favor smaller immediate monetary rewards over larger delayed ones. The 15-study figure refers to the other cited meta-analysis, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Jackson and MacKillop, 2016 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Marx et al., 2018

In the paper

“A nationwide population-based cohort study of over 18,000 children from the South Korean National Health Insurance database found that lower levels of family income were associated with increased rates of ADHD (Choi et al., 2017). A Swedish study of over 800,000 people reported similar results even after adjusting for shared familial/genetic risk factors in families (Larsson et al., 2014b).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract Results report 18,029 participants and an increased ADHD risk among children in decreasing, consistently low, and consistently mid-low income households compared with the consistently mid-high income group. The statement about adjustment for shared familial or genetic risk is attributed to the separately cited Swedish study, not to Choi et al. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Choi et al., 2017 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Larsson et al., 2014b

In the paper

“A Brazilian population-based study including 5,671 children found those with migraine about four times more likely to have ADHD (Arruda et al., 2020).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports analyzable data from 5,671 children. In “ADHD as a Function of Headache Diagnosis—Univariate Analyses” (page not available), ADHD prevalence was 10.8% in children with migraine versus 2.6% in controls, a relative risk of 4.1. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Arruda et al., 2020 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of 17 studies encompassing 647 families (over 2,300 participants) evaluated the quality of life of parents whose children had ADHD relative to parents with typically developing children. Parents of the former reported a moderate deficit in quality of life relative to parents of the latter (Dey et al., 2019).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The QOL ES section reports lower quality of life for parents of children with mental disorders than for parents of healthy children (g = -0.63), and Table 3 includes ADHD studies. But that effect is pooled across disorders, not reported as an ADHD-specific estimate; the paper reports 26 included studies, not an ADHD-only meta-analysis of 17 studies and 647 families. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Dey et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“large studies from Sweden (Chang et al., 2014a), Finland (Chudal et al., 2015) and a consortium of eight European countries (Pohlabeln et al., 2017) each found ADHD to be more likely among children of teenage mothers than among children of older mothers.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Chang et al., 2014a
• Supported

  The citation to Chudal et al. supports the Finland portion of the sentence. The Abstract describes a nationwide Finnish study, and the Results report higher adjusted ADHD risk for offspring of mothers younger than 20 than for the reference group aged 25–29 (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.15–1.72). Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Chudal et al., 2015 source
• Supported

  The Results (p. 8) describe a study of 15,577 children from eight European countries. The Table 2 passage (p. 9) reports that children born to mothers younger than 20 were 3–4 times more likely to develop ADHD than children born to mothers aged 25 or older, supporting the finding attributed to Pohlabeln et al. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Pohlabeln et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“A U.S. study of over 8,000 high school and collegiate athletes (predominantly male football players) found that those with ADHD were three times as likely to have had three or more reported concussions”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Methods (Participants) describe 8,056 high school and collegiate athletes in U.S. studies, 96% male and 93.4% football players. The Abstract (Results) reports that ADHD was associated with 2.93 times the prevalence of three or more historical concussions, supporting the claim’s rounded figure of three times. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Nelson et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Another meta-analysis, combining twelve studies with over 1,900 participants, found that adults with ADHD had very elevated levels of emotional dysregulation compared with normally developing controls”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that adults with ADHD had significantly more pronounced emotion dysregulation than healthy controls, with a large effect size (Hedges’ g = 1.17). But the paper reports 13 studies and 2,535 participants overall—not 12 studies—and says 10 studies contributed to the between-group comparison. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Beheshti et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Those with ADHD were twice as likely to make a false confession”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Methods report 22,226 young people in Iceland. In Results (Table 4), 23.2% of interrogated participants who were ADHD-symptomatic and unmedicated reported a false confession, compared with 10.8% of those who were neither symptomatic nor medicated—approximately twice the rate. The comparison is among participants who had been interrogated, not the entire sample. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Gudjonsson et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A study of a U.S. sample of almost 30,000 adults found that those with ADHD were twice as likely not to have graduated from high school on time, after adjusting other psychiatric disorders”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (page not available) describe a U.S. analysis sample of 29,662 adults and report an association between ADHD and failure to graduate high school on time after adjustment for co-occurring disorders. But the adjusted odds ratios differ by ADHD subtype—1.38, 1.78, and 2.06—so saying that people with ADHD were uniformly twice as likely overstates the finding. The paper reports odds, rather than a doubling of probability. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Breslau et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A Swedish study of over half a million people found a more than threefold association between ADHD and subsequent drug use disorders after adjusting for sex and parental education”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Method section reports a Swedish cohort of 551,164 people. The Results section reports a hazard ratio of 3.34 for future drug use disorder among those with childhood ADHD after accounting for gender and parental education, matching the claimed more-than-threefold association. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Sundquist et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Studies of 2.7 million girls from Denmark (Ostergaard et al., 2017), 380,000 from Sweden (Skoglund et al., 2019) and 7,500 from Taiwan (Hua et al., 2020) found that those with ADHD were more likely to have teen pregnancies than those without ADHD.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ostergaard et al., 2017 source
• Supported

  The Results report a Swedish cohort of 384,103 women and girls and significantly more teenage deliveries among those with ADHD (15.3%) than those without ADHD (2.8%). This confirms the part of the citing sentence attributed to Skoglund et al.; the Denmark and Taiwan studies have separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Skoglund et al., 2019 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Hua et al., 2020

In the paper

“These medications, which are as efficacious, or more efficacious, than many medications used for non-psychiatric disorders (Leucht et al., 2012)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The ADHD section reports robust symptom-reduction effect sizes for methylphenidate, amphetamines and atomoxetine. The Discussion says psychiatric drugs have effect sizes in the same range as most general medical drugs, while cautioning that comparisons across diseases are only qualitative. Together, these passages support the claim as a broad comparison, not a precise ranking. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  cites Leucht et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of 23 studies with over 2,900 children with ADHD reported that stimulant medications reduced anxiety by 14% relative to placebo”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Included trials section reports 23 trials involving 2,959 children. The Risk of anxiety with psychostimulants section reports a relative risk of 0.86 versus placebo, equivalent to a 14% lower risk of anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Coughlin et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“A longitudinal study of some 15,000 U.S. adolescents reported that those with ADHD had a 12% reduction in employment and a 34% reduction in earnings relative to non-ADHD siblings”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Data and Empirical Methods reports that about 15,000 participants were followed longitudinally, but the sibling analyses used nearly 3,500. The Results sections report 34–36% lower earnings and a 12–14 percentage-point reduction in employment compared with siblings; the claim incorrectly calls the employment difference a 12% reduction. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Fletcher, 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A Danish study of over half a million children (over 6,400 with ADHD) found that discontinuation of ADHD medication was associated with a small but significant decline in grade point averages”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Table 2 (Data > Variables) lists 571,107 children in the population sample and 6,444 across the two ADHD samples. The Abstract reports significant declines in GPA with treatment discontinuation, but calls the effects large—not small—and gives reductions of 0.18 and 0.22 standard deviations. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Keilow et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Five medications for ADHD were associated with significantly worse anorexia (atomoxetine, d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), four with insomnia (d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), three with weight loss (atomoxetine, methylphenidate, modafinil), two each with abdominal pain (methylphenidate, guanfacine), discontinuation due to adverse event (”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The meta-review studies adverse effects of ADHD medications in children and adolescents with mental disorders (p. 1). Its adverse-effects table (Discussion, p. 12) reports significantly elevated anorexia risks for atomoxetine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate and modafinil; the adjoining d-amphetamine results are not visible in the retrieved passages, so confidence in the complete five-drug list is slightly lower. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Solmi et al., 2020 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of methylphenidate treatment for ADHD found moderate improvements in response inhibition (25 studies, 787 participants) and sustained attention (29 studies, 956 participants), but no significant effect on working memory (13 studies, 559 participants) (Tamminga et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The section “Effect of MPH on response inhibition, working memory and sustained attention” reports a significant mean effect size of 0.40 for response inhibition, consistent with a moderate improvement. The reported 95% confidence interval is 0.22–0.58. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Tamminga et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis found that stimulants did not increase the risk for alcohol (11 studies, over 1,300 participants, nicotine (6 studies, 884 participants), cocaine (7 studies, 950 participants), or cannabis abuse or dependence (9 studies, over 1,100 participants) (Humphreys et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (COCAINE) report that seven studies found comparable odds of later cocaine abuse or dependence among children with ADHD who did and did not receive stimulant medication (OR 1.10; 95% CI 0.51–2.38). The Discussion likewise describes no increased or reduced risk across substance outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Humphreys et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of 14 fMRI studies with 212 participants reported that medication treatment for ADHD made the brains of youth with ADHD function in a way that was more like the brains of people without ADHD in brain areas involved in the control of cognition, which is typically disrupted in ADHD (Rubia et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Meta-Analysis, page unavailable) report 14 pediatric fMRI datasets involving 212 children and adolescents with ADHD, not 14 distinct studies; some papers contributed multiple datasets. The Discussion reports that acute stimulants increased activation in the right inferior frontal cortex, a cognitive-control region, and the paper’s own fMRI comparison found normalization relative to healthy controls. The claim captures the general finding but blurs the dataset count and the distinction between acute effects and treatment more generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Rubia et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A meta-analysis found that children and adolescents on methylphenidate were 50% more likely to report abdominal pain (46 studies, over 4,600 youths) and over three times more likely to experience decreases in appetite (52 studies, over 4,800 youths) and weight (7 studies, over 850 youths) (Holmskov et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section reports that methylphenidate was associated with decreased weight in children and adolescents, with a relative risk of 3.89 across seven parallel-group trials involving 859 participants. This supports the attributed claim of more than three times the likelihood of weight decrease. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Holmskov et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Five medications for ADHD were associated with significantly worse anorexia (atomoxetine, d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), four with insomnia (d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), three with weight loss (atomoxetine, methylphenidate, modafinil), two each with abdominal pain (methylphenidate, guanfacine), discontinuation due to adverse event (”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Anti-ADHD medications section (p. 5) identifies atomoxetine and lisdexamphetamine as the two medications associated with significantly worse hypertension than placebo or controls. The paper describes its meta-review as covering children and adolescents with mental disorders (p. 1). (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Solmi et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Five medications for ADHD were associated with significantly worse anorexia (atomoxetine, d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), four with insomnia (d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), three with weight loss (atomoxetine, methylphenidate, modafinil), two each with abdominal pain (methylphenidate, guanfacine), discontinuation due to adverse event (”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The adverse-effects table (p. 12) lists significant insomnia for d-amphetamine and elevated insomnia risks for lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, and modafinil. The paper describes its meta-review as covering children and adolescents with mental disorders (p. 1). (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Solmi et al., 2020 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis found that stimulants did not increase the risk for alcohol (11 studies, over 1,300 participants, nicotine (6 studies, 884 participants), cocaine (7 studies, 950 participants), or cannabis abuse or dependence (9 studies, over 1,100 participants) (Humphreys et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Nicotine) report that six studies found no significant overall association between stimulant treatment and later nicotine dependence. The Discussion likewise says the meta-analysis suggests no increased risk across substance outcomes, including nicotine. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Humphreys et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of methylphenidate treatment for ADHD found moderate improvements in response inhibition (25 studies, 787 participants) and sustained attention (29 studies, 956 participants), but no significant effect on working memory (13 studies, 559 participants) (Tamminga et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section reports significant improvements in response inhibition and sustained attention, while the working-memory effect did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.053). The Population and study characteristics section gives the cited counts for all three domains (page numbers unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Tamminga et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis found that children and adolescents on methylphenidate were 50% more likely to report abdominal pain (46 studies, over 4,600 youths) and over three times more likely to experience decreases in appetite (52 studies, over 4,800 youths) and weight (7 studies, over 850 youths) (Holmskov et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report an increased risk of abdominal pain in cross-over trials (RR 1.61; 33 trials), but the parallel-group estimate was RR 1.30 (13 trials) and was not reported as a significant increase. Thus, the paper supports an association, but not a single 50% increase across the 46 trials cited in the sentence. Its Trial Sequential Analysis also says the evidence remained insufficient to establish the association conclusively. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Holmskov et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Five medications for ADHD were associated with significantly worse anorexia (atomoxetine, d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), four with insomnia (d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), three with weight loss (atomoxetine, methylphenidate, modafinil), two each with abdominal pain (methylphenidate, guanfacine), discontinuation due to adverse event (”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Anti-ADHD medications section (p. 5) explicitly reports significantly worse abdominal pain with methylphenidate and guanfacine versus placebo or controls. The paper describes itself as a meta-review of adverse effects in children and adolescents with mental disorders (p. 1). (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Solmi et al., 2020 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of methylphenidate treatment studies reported a 55% increase in adverse events relative to placebo, none life-threatening (11 studies, over 2,100 youths), but a fivefold increase in anorexia (3 studies, 613 youths), and more than fourfold increase in insomnia (4 studies, 749 youths) (Ching et al., 2019).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Adverse Effects section reports significantly higher odds of insomnia with methylphenidate than with placebo (OR 4.66; 95% CI, 1.99–10.92). The supplied passage does not give a page number. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Ching et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“Five medications for ADHD were associated with significantly worse anorexia (atomoxetine, d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), four with insomnia (d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), three with weight loss (atomoxetine, methylphenidate, modafinil), two each with abdominal pain (methylphenidate, guanfacine), discontinuation due to adverse event (”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Anti-ADHD medications section (p. 5) explicitly identifies atomoxetine, methylphenidate, and modafinil as the three medications associated with significantly worse weight loss. The paper describes its meta-review population as children and adolescents with mental disorders (p. 1). (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Solmi et al., 2020 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis found that stimulants did not increase the risk for alcohol (11 studies, over 1,300 participants, nicotine (6 studies, 884 participants), cocaine (7 studies, 950 participants), or cannabis abuse or dependence (9 studies, over 1,100 participants) (Humphreys et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Marijuana section; page not provided) report that nine studies found comparable odds of marijuana abuse or dependence in children with and without stimulant treatment. The Discussion likewise concludes that stimulant treatment was not associated with increased risk of later substance outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Humphreys et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Medication treatment for ADHD had no effect on brain structure in studies of 4,180 ADHD patients in the ENIGMA-ADHD Working Group set of 36 cohorts from around the world (Hoogman et al., 2017; Hoogman et al., 2019).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Effect of medication; page unavailable) report no brain-volume differences between participants who had and had not used stimulant medication. But the Abstract (Methods; page unavailable) gives 1,713 participants with ADHD and 1,529 controls from 23 sites—not 4,180 ADHD patients across 36 cohorts. The Discussion also cautions that the cross-sectional design was not optimal for testing medication effects, so finding no difference does not establish that treatment had no effect on brain structure. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Hoogman et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Discussion reports no significant association between psychostimulant medication and cortical dimensions, but cautions that the observational design does not justify a firm conclusion that medication had no effect. Materials and Methods says the 36-cohort cortical analysis included 4,180 individuals, of whom 2,246 had ADHD and 1,934 were healthy controls—not 4,180 ADHD patients. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Hoogman et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A study from Germany, however, specifically addressed whether stimulants predicted patients being very short (i.e., being less than or equal to the third percentile of the population). After comparing 3,806 boys not treated with methylphenidate with 118 treated boys, the results did not indicate that methylphenidate increased the probability of this adverse outcome (McCarthy et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report 3,806 non-ADHD controls and 118 boys using methylphenidate. The Discussion (Height and BMI) says the analysis could not confirm an association between methylphenidate use and height at or below the third percentile. This supports the claim that the results did not indicate an increased probability, though it does not establish that an increase is impossible. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites McCarthy et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis found that children and adolescents on methylphenidate were 50% more likely to report abdominal pain (46 studies, over 4,600 youths) and over three times more likely to experience decreases in appetite (52 studies, over 4,800 youths) and weight (7 studies, over 850 youths) (Holmskov et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report decreased appetite with methylphenidate in both parallel-group trials (RR 3.66; 16 trials, 2,962 participants) and cross-over trials (RR 3.04; 36 trials, 1,901 participants). Together, these are 52 trials and 4,863 participants, matching the citing sentence’s appetite figures. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Holmskov et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of methylphenidate treatment for ADHD found moderate improvements in response inhibition (25 studies, 787 participants) and sustained attention (29 studies, 956 participants), but no significant effect on working memory (13 studies, 559 participants) (Tamminga et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Population and study characteristics section reports 29 sustained-attention data points involving 956 participants. The Effect of MPH section reports a significant sustained-attention effect size of 0.42 (95% CI 0.26–0.59), consistent with a moderate improvement. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Tamminga et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis found that stimulants did not increase the risk for alcohol (11 studies, over 1,300 participants, nicotine (6 studies, 884 participants), cocaine (7 studies, 950 participants), or cannabis abuse or dependence (9 studies, over 1,100 participants) (Humphreys et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Alcohol; page not provided) report that 11 studies evaluated alcohol abuse or dependence and found no significant difference between children with ADHD who did and did not receive stimulant medication (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.46–1.38). The Discussion likewise describes the meta-analysis as suggesting no increased or reduced risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Humphreys et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Five medications for ADHD were associated with significantly worse anorexia (atomoxetine, d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), four with insomnia (d-amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil), three with weight loss (atomoxetine, methylphenidate, modafinil), two each with abdominal pain (methylphenidate, guanfacine), discontinuation due to adverse event (”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The medication results table (p. 12) lists discontinuation due to an adverse event for both lisdexamphetamine (RR 3.11, 95% CI 1.20–3.76) and guanfacine (OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.20–5.81). The paper describes its scope as children and adolescents with mental disorders (p. 1). (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Solmi et al., 2020 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of methylphenidate treatment studies reported a 55% increase in adverse events relative to placebo, none life-threatening (11 studies, over 2,100 youths), but a fivefold increase in anorexia (3 studies, 613 youths), and more than fourfold increase in insomnia (4 studies, 749 youths) (Ching et al., 2019).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Adverse Effects section reports that the risk of anorexia was 5.11 times higher with methylphenidate than with placebo. The Study Characteristics section describes the included trials as studies of children and adolescents, supporting the claim’s reference to youths. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Ching et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“It found moderate reductions in ADHD symptoms in both children and adolescents (6 RCTs, 240 participants) and adults (6 RCTs, 339 participants), but half the studies did not use active controls.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Table 2 lists six child/adolescent and six adult studies in the ADHD-symptom meta-analyses. The Original article section says two child/adolescent and four adult studies used waiting-list controls—six of the twelve studies, or half. Waiting-list controls are not active controls; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  cites Zhang et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“The non-medical use of prescribed stimulants in individuals without ADHD is associated with lower educational attainment.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results section ('Predicting adult educational attainment'; page unavailable) reports that adolescents who used prescription stimulants nonmedically had lower odds of obtaining a college degree by age 35. It does not report this association specifically for individuals without ADHD; the nonmedical-use groups include people with and without a history of medical stimulant use. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites McCabe et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Obtaining prescriptions from multiple prescribers or filling prescriptions at multiple pharmacies was highly correlated with abuse, misuse, and diversion.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction says obtaining ADHD prescriptions from multiple prescribers or pharmacies may reflect unsanctioned use. The Discussion says the study did not assess shoppers’ intent or their association with substance abuse or dependence. It therefore does not establish the claimed high correlation with abuse, misuse, and diversion. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Cepeda et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Those dispensed stimulant medications were more than eight times as likely to engage in shopping behavior than those dispensed nonstimulants, but only one in 250 people with stimulant prescriptions engaged in shopping behavior (Cepeda et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Table 5 in the Results reports shopping behavior in 18,024 of 4,197,377 subjects dispensed stimulants—approximately one in 233, reasonably summarized as one in 250. It also reports an odds ratio of 8.3 compared with subjects dispensed no stimulants, supporting the other part of the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Cepeda et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Removing studies with waiting list controls made results nonsignificant.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Original article reports that results became nonsignificant after removing two studies whose interventions were not exclusively meditation-based, not after removing waiting-list-controlled studies. It reports that restricting analyses to waiting-list controls increased effect sizes, but our copy does not report results for an analysis excluding those studies. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites Zhang et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A study examined Swedish national pharmacy dispensing data for all 56,922 individuals who filled a methylphenidate prescription between 2010 and 2011. 4,304 of the methylphenidate users (7.6%) overused medication as measured by dispensed prescriptions.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that 4,304 of 56,922 methylphenidate users (7.6%) filled prescriptions representing above 150% coverage and were categorized as overusers. The Patients and methods passage identifies the data as Swedish national pharmacy dispensing data from 2010–2011. This is a dispensing-based measure, not a direct measure of medication taken. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Bjerkeli et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“These “shopping” behaviors were four times more frequent in the ADHD group than in the asthma group.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that overlapping prescriptions from at least two prescribers filled at three or more pharmacies—the study’s definition of shopping behavior—were approximately fourfold more frequent in the ADHD medication cohort than in the asthma medication cohort (0.27% versus 0.07%). (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Cepeda et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“A cohort study of over 1.8 million pregnancies in the United States and over 2.5 million pregnancies in the health registries of Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland reported that use of methylphenidate (but not amphetamines) by pregnant woman was associated with a higher risk for cardiac malformations from 12.9 per thousand infants to 16.5 per thousand infants (Huybrechts et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Primary Analyses (page not supplied) report a null association between first-trimester amphetamine exposure and cardiac malformations after adjustment (RR 0.96; 95% CI, 0.78–1.19). The Discussion likewise states that no association was observed. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Huybrechts et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“Two others, one combining twenty studies with over 3,000 participants, and another combining 37 studies with over 3,800 participants, found no increase in risk of all-cause treatment discontinuation in youths (Catala-Lopez et al., 2017; Schwartz and Correll, 2014).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In the Results (Findings from network meta-analysis, Table 2), the atomoxetine row reports all-cause discontinuation across 37 trials and 3,844 participants. Its odds ratio of 0.85 (95% credible interval 0.68–1.07) shows no statistically clear increase versus placebo, though the evidence is rated very low quality. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Catala-Lopez et al., 2017 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schwartz and Correll, 2014 source

In the paper

“A Swedish registry study of over 23,000 adolescents and young adults treated with methylphenidate for ADHD found no evidence for an association between psychosis and methylphenidate treatment. A year after initiation of methylphenidate treatment, the incidence of psychotic events was 36% lower in in those with a history of psychosis and 18% lower in those without a history of psychosis relative to”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract (Interpretation) reports no evidence that starting methylphenidate increases psychotic-event risk, and the Discussion reports no immediate increase in the 12 weeks after initiation. But the Discussion also reports lower psychotic-event incidence one year later, so the broader claim of no association with treatment is not fully supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Hollis et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Overuse was 17 times more frequent for ages 46–65 compared with ages 6–12 year.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract Results report an odds ratio of 17.5 for overuse among ages 46–65 versus ages 6–12, consistent with the claim’s approximate 17-fold comparison. The Results (Bivariate logistic regression) also report substantially higher overuse prevalence in the older group (18.5% versus 1%). (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Bjerkeli et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“Those who used prescription stimulants non-medically were 17% less likely to earn a bachelor’s degree than those who had neither medical or non-medical use (McCabe et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Methods (Measures; page unavailable) define population controls as adolescents with neither medical nor nonmedical stimulant use. The Results (Predicting adult educational attainment; page unavailable) report significantly lower odds of earning a bachelor’s degree by age 35 among adolescent nonmedical users than among those controls, but the passages in our copy do not give the claimed 17% figure. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites McCabe et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A year after initiation of methylphenidate treatment, the incidence of psychotic events was 36% lower in in those with a history of psychosis and 18% lower in those without a history of psychosis relative to the period immediately before the beginning of treatment (Hollis et al., 2019).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion states that, one year after methylphenidate initiation, incidence was 18% lower in those without a history of psychosis than in the period immediately before treatment. The Results give the corresponding incidence rate ratio of 0.82 (95% CI 0.62–1.07) and note that the difference was not statistically significant. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Hollis et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“A cohort study of over 1.8 million pregnancies in the United States and over 2.5 million pregnancies in the health registries of Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland reported that use of methylphenidate (but not amphetamines) by pregnant woman was associated with a higher risk for cardiac malformations from 12.9 per thousand infants to 16.5 per thousand infants (Huybrechts et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion and Validation Analyses (page not supplied) report a small increased risk of cardiac malformations with first-trimester methylphenidate exposure, but not amphetamine exposure. The stated change from 12.9 to 16.5 per 1,000 is not reported: Table 3 gives 12.7 per 1,000 unexposed infants versus 18.8 per 1,000 methylphenidate-exposed infants in the US cohort; the Nordic figures are 13.3 versus 17.1. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Huybrechts et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A year after initiation of methylphenidate treatment, the incidence of psychotic events was 36% lower in in those with a history of psychosis and 18% lower in those without a history of psychosis relative to the period immediately before the beginning of treatment (Hollis et al., 2019).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report a 36% lower incidence rate of psychotic events in those with a history of psychosis during the 12-week period one year after methylphenidate initiation, compared with the 12 weeks immediately before initiation. The Discussion states the same comparison. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Hollis et al., 2019 source

In the paper

“After ongoing treatment, the risk for attempted suicide was no longer elevated among patients with ADHD (Man et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that suicide-attempt risk returned to baseline during prolonged methylphenidate treatment (IRR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.77–2.38). The Key Points describe this as a finding among patients receiving methylphenidate for ADHD. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Man et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Those dispensed stimulant medications were more than eight times as likely to engage in shopping behavior than those dispensed nonstimulants, but only one in 250 people with stimulant prescriptions engaged in shopping behavior (Cepeda et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Table 5) report an odds ratio of 8.3 (95% CI 6.9–10.2) for shopping behavior among subjects dispensed stimulant versus nonstimulant ADHD medications. This supports the claim’s “more than eight times as likely” phrasing. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Cepeda et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Using the same Hong Kong database, the risk for psychosis did not differ between periods when patients were on and off methylphenidate treatment (Man et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (page not provided) report no statistically significant difference in incident psychotic events between methylphenidate treatment and baseline periods (IRR 0.98, 95% CI 0.52–1.86). The Abstract identifies the data as Hong Kong population-based electronic medical records. The finding is a lack of detected difference, not proof that the risks are identical. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Man et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“It was also twice as frequent among those with previous alcohol and drug misuse (Bjerkeli et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract’s Results report about twice the adjusted odds of methylphenidate overuse among people with a previous diagnosis related to psychoactive substance use (OR 2.1). But the Results’ bivariate comparison gives overuse prevalences of 20.0% versus 5.5%—about 3.6 times as frequent, not twice. The paper measured prior diagnoses rather than alcohol and drug misuse directly. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Bjerkeli et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A U.S. study of over 440,000 respondents found that use of illegal drugs or other non-medical use of prescription drugs preceded non-medical use of ADHD medication in more than three out of four cases (Sweeney et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that illicit drug use or nonmedical use of another prescription drug preceded nonmedical use of ADHD stimulants in 77.6% of cases—more than three out of four. The Discussion identifies this as a finding from the study's general-population sample. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Sweeney et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of 32 studies with over two thousand participants found that cognitive training resulted in small to moderate improvements in executive functioning in preschoolers with ADHD (Scionti et al., 2019).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Main Analyses) report improved executive functioning among preschoolers with ADHD symptoms, but that subgroup comprised four studies and 112 participants—not all 32 studies. The Discussion reports an ADHD-subgroup effect of g = 0.785, larger than the sentence’s ‘small to moderate’ description. The copy identifies 32 studies overall but does not establish the claimed total of over two thousand participants. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Scionti et al., 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 263 participants exploring the efficacy of neurofeedback found a small reduction in inattention, but no significant reduction in hyperactivity-impulsivity or overall ADHD symptoms with ratings by probably blinded evaluators (researchers measuring outcomes did not know if patients were receiving the active or control treatment) (Micou”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section reports no significant reduction in hyperactivity/impulsivity on teacher assessments, which the paper describes as probably blinded (SMD = −0.14, p = 0.26). The claim is supported in that assessor-specific context; parent assessments showed a significant improvement. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 263 participants exploring the efficacy of neurofeedback found a small reduction in inattention, but no significant reduction in hyperactivity-impulsivity or overall ADHD symptoms with ratings by probably blinded evaluators (researchers measuring outcomes did not know if patients were receiving the active or control treatment) (Micou”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section reports a small, significant improvement in inattention with EEG neurofeedback on probably blinded teacher assessments (SMD −0.30), with no significant improvement in overall ADHD symptoms or hyperactivity/impulsivity on those assessments. The Abstract reports that the meta-analysis included five studies and 263 patients. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was associated with small-to-medium improvements in ADHD symptoms in three meta-analyses (ten studies with 699 participants, 16 studies with 1,408 participants, 7 studies with 534 participants) (Bloch and Qawasmi, 2011; Chang et al., 2018; Hawkey and Nigg, 2014).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section reports that this meta-analysis included 10 trials with 699 participants and found a small, significant improvement in ADHD symptoms (SMD 0.31). This supports the finding and sample size attributed to Bloch and Qawasmi; the other two meta-analyses are cited separately. Page numbers were not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Bloch and Qawasmi, 2011 source
• Supported

  The Results section reports that omega-3 supplementation improved parent-reported total ADHD symptoms across seven studies with 534 participants (g = 0.38), matching the figures associated with Chang et al. in the citing sentence. The Discussion describes this as a modest effect compared with placebo. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Chang et al., 2018 source
• Supported

  The Abstract (Results) reports that Hawkey and Nigg’s supplementation meta-analysis included 16 studies with 1,408 participants and found improved ADHD composite symptoms (g = 0.26). The Discussion describes the benefit as small but reliable, supporting the part of the three-meta-analysis sentence attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Hawkey and Nigg, 2014 source

In the paper

“The authors concluded “there is insufficient methodologically sound evidence to support the recommendation of meditation-based therapies as an intervention aimed to target ADHD core symptoms or related neuropsychological dysfunctions in children/adolescents or adults with ADHD” (Zhang et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Clinical Implications section states the citing sentence’s conclusion nearly verbatim. It applies to ADHD core symptoms and related neuropsychological dysfunctions in children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Zhang et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“There were no significant effects on academic outcomes in math and reading (95 studies, 290 youths) (Cortese et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results section (Academic Ability; page not provided) reports no significant effects on reading or arithmetic, supporting the main claim. The citing sentence’s parenthetical is not supported as written: the paper reports five trials measuring reading and five measuring arithmetic, with 15 trials in the meta-analysis overall—not 95 studies. The passages do not establish the figure of 290 youths. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Cortese et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Probably blinded cognitive training studies with active controls (6 studies, 287 youths) reported no significant reduction in ADHD symptoms. But they did find moderate improvements in verbal working memory (5 studies, 263 youths). There were no significant effects on academic outcomes in math and reading (95 studies, 290 youths) (Cortese et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (ADHD Symptoms; page unavailable) report that, for probably blinded measures, effects dropped to nonsignificant levels when the analysis included only trials with an active control arm. This supports the claimed lack of a statistically significant reduction in ADHD symptoms under those conditions. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Cortese et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Another meta-analysis found no significant effect of exercise on either hyperactivity/impulsivity (4 studies, 227 participants) or inattention symptoms (6 studies, 277 participants), but significant reductions in anxiety and depression (5 studies, 164 participants) (Zang, 2019).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that hyperactive/impulsive symptoms improved with physical exercise, but the improvement was not statistically significant. That supports the claim of no significant effect. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Zang, 2019 source

In the paper

“Another meta-analysis found no significant effect of exercise on either hyperactivity/impulsivity (4 studies, 227 participants) or inattention symptoms (6 studies, 277 participants), but significant reductions in anxiety and depression (5 studies, 164 participants) (Zang, 2019).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) states that inattention symptoms improved with exercise, but the improvement was not statistically significant. This supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Zang, 2019 source

In the paper

“But they did find moderate improvements in verbal working memory (5 studies, 263 youths).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Neuropsychological Outcomes; page unavailable) report a significant improvement in verbal working memory that persisted in an analysis restricted to trials with active controls; the reported overall effect (SMD 0.52) is moderate. Our copy does not verify that this analysis comprised five studies and 263 youths, or that the verbal-working-memory assessments were classified as probably blinded. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Cortese et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 263 participants exploring the efficacy of neurofeedback found a small reduction in inattention, but no significant reduction in hyperactivity-impulsivity or overall ADHD symptoms with ratings by probably blinded evaluators (researchers measuring outcomes did not know if patients were receiving the active or control treatment) (Micou”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section reports no significant effect on overall ADHD symptoms or hyperactivity/impulsivity in teacher assessments, which the paper describes as probably blinded. It reports a significant improvement in inattention in those assessments. The finding is specific to probably blinded ratings; parent ratings showed significant improvements in all three outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“but significant reductions in anxiety and depression (5 studies, 164 participants) (Zang, 2019).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says the meta-analysis found that physical exercise significantly improved anxiety and depression in children with ADHD. The cited sentence also specifies 5 studies and 164 participants, but those figures were not found in our copy, so that part is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Zang, 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured