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An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES Social isolation and loneliness have been associated with ill health and are common in the developed world. A clear understanding of their implications for morbidity and mortality is needed to gauge the extent of the associated public health challenge and the potential benefit of intervention. STUDY DESIGN A systematic review of systematic reviews (systematic overview) was undertaken to determine the wider consequences of social isolation and loneliness, identify any differences between the two, determine differences from findings of non-systematic reviews and to clarify the direction of causality. METHODS Eight databases were searched from 1950 to 2016 for English language reviews covering social isolation and loneliness but not solely social support. Suitability for inclusion was determined by two or more reviewers, the methodological quality of included systematic reviews assessed using the a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR) checklist and the quality of evidence within these reviews using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluations (GRADE) approach. Non-systematic reviews were sought for a comparison of findings but not included in the primary narrative synthesis. RESULTS Forty systematic reviews of mainly observational studies were identified, largely from the developed world. Meta-analyses have identified a significant association between social isolation and loneliness with increased all-cause mortality and social isolation with cardiovascular disease. Narrative systematic reviews suggest associations with poorer mental health outcomes, with less strong evidence for behavioural and other physical health outcomes. No reviews were identified for wider socio-economic or developmental outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This systematic overview highlights that there is consistent evidence linking social isolation and loneliness to worse cardiovascular and mental health outcomes. The role of social isolation and loneliness in other conditions and their socio-economic consequences is less clear. More research is needed on associations with cancer, health behaviours, and the impact across the life course and wider socio-economic consequences. Policy makers and health and local government commissioners should consider social isolation and loneliness as important upstream factors impacting on morbidity and mortality due to their effects on cardiovascular and mental health. Prevention strategies should therefore be developed across the public and voluntary sectors, using an asset-based approach.
Overview
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TL;DR
This systematic overview of 40 systematic reviews found consistent evidence linking social isolation and loneliness to increased all-cause mortality and worse cardiovascular and mental health outcomes. Evidence for other physical health, behavioural, developmental, and socio-economic outcomes was limited or absent.
Key findings
- Meta-analyses found significant associations with all-cause mortality: social isolation OR 1.29 (95% CI 1.06–1.56; excluding suicide), loneliness OR 1.26 (95% CI 1.04–1.53), and living alone OR 1.32 (95% CI 1.14–1.53); greater social participation HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.82–0.91) and better social networks HR 0.91 (95% CI 0.86–0.97).
- High social isolation was associated with increased cardiovascular relative risk of 1.5 (95% CI 1.2–1.9); largest social network size was associated with reduced cancer mortality RR 0.80 (95% CI 0.72–0.89).
- Strong evidence was found for social isolation and loneliness with all-cause mortality, and social isolation with cardiovascular disease and depression; evidence was less strong for behavioural and other physical health outcomes.
- No systematic reviews were identified for wider socio-economic or developmental outcomes; more research is needed on cancer, health behaviours, the life course, and wider socio-economic consequences.
Methods
- Systematic overview of systematic reviews; eight databases were searched from 1950 to March 2016 for English-language reviews covering social isolation and loneliness but not solely social support; non-systematic reviews were sought for comparison but not included in the primary narrative synthesis.
- Forty systematic reviews were identified, ten involving meta-analysis, largely of observational studies and mainly from the developed world; inclusion was confirmed by two or more reviewers.
- Methodological quality of included reviews was assessed using AMSTAR, and quality of evidence within reviews using GRADE; findings were synthesised narratively.
Limitations
- Stated: most research came from developed countries and only English-language publications were considered; no reviews considered health economic considerations; age was not analysed in most reviews, with two meta-analyses showing no age effect versus a stronger effect for individuals aged less than 65 years; ethnicity was infrequently recorded; most reviews were of moderate quality and none were high quality; few reviews contained longitudinal studies so causality cannot be inferred; all tools were self-report measures.
- Evident from the text: significant clinical heterogeneity existed between both the reviews and the primary studies they contained.
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82 Not checked yet · 18 No basis given · 16 Own result · 11 Own method · 4 Own interpretation
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In the paper
“Meta-analyses have identified a significant association between social isolation and loneliness with increased all-cause mortality”
- Also stated in: § 1. Mortality & General Health · plain
“Two meta-analyses of cohort studies identified a significant association between social isolation, loneliness and social network size with all-cause mortality”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Holt-Lunstad, 2015, Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review, Perspect Psychol Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Nyqvist, 2014, Structural and cognitive aspects of social capital and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies, Soc Indic Res source
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- Also stated in: § 1. Mortality & General Health · plain
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In the paper
“Those reviews which scored poorly using AMSTAR also tended to have low GRADE scores.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“Generally, the meta-analyses were of superior methodological quality to the systematic reviews.”
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In the paper
“hazard ratios for all-cause mortality for greater social participation of 0.87 (95 % CI 0.82, 0.91) and for better social networks of 0.91 (95 % CI 0.86, 0.97) 20”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Nyqvist, 2014, Structural and cognitive aspects of social capital and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies, Soc Indic Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“An association between loneliness and fewer social relationships with poor health and wellbeing was suggested in three systematic reviews of worldwide studies using different methodologies and assessment measures in individuals aged over 50-55 years.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“The impact of gender on the association was unclear as there were mixed findings from subgroup analyses in the above reviews.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“significant clinical heterogeneity existed between both the reviews and the primary studies they contained.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The search process of eight databases identified 90 papers (40 systematic reviews, 47 nonsystematic reviews and 3 metasyntheses) that considered social isolation, loneliness, social relationships or networks (Figure 1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In half of the reviews loneliness or social isolation were identified as a factor associated with the variable of interest but a validated scale was not used (Table 1).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Social isolation and loneliness have been associated with ill health and are common in the developed world.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“identifying odds ratios of increased likelihood of mortality for social isolation (excluding suicide) of 1.29 (95 % CI 1.06, 1.56), for loneliness 1.26 (95 % CI 1.04, 1.53) and living alone 1.32 (95 % CI 1.14, 1.53) 19”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Holt-Lunstad, 2015, Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review, Perspect Psychol Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In older adults attending emergency departments, social isolation and living alone were found to be associated with hospital admission in a systematic review of 14 studies 26 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Aminzadeh, 2002, Older adults in the emergency department: a systematic review of patterns of use, adverse outcomes, and effectiveness of interventions, Ann Emerg Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sixty-two different self-report questionnaires were used to measure loneliness, social isolation and related concepts (Table 2).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“identifying odds ratios of increased likelihood of mortality for social isolation (excluding suicide) of 1.29 (95 % CI 1.06, 1.56), for loneliness 1.26 (95 % CI 1.04, 1.53) and living alone 1.32 (95 % CI 1.14, 1.53) 19”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Holt-Lunstad, 2015, Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review, Perspect Psychol Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“hazard ratios for all-cause mortality for greater social participation of 0.87 (95 % CI 0.82, 0.91) and for better social networks of 0.91 (95 % CI 0.86, 0.97) 20”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Nyqvist, 2014, Structural and cognitive aspects of social capital and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies, Soc Indic Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A majority of instruments were concerned more with the function of relationships (e.g. whether people might have access to a confident or help if they need it) than with their structural characteristics (e.g. the frequency with which people interact).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“identifying odds ratios of increased likelihood of mortality for social isolation (excluding suicide) of 1.29 (95 % CI 1.06, 1.56), for loneliness 1.26 (95 % CI 1.04, 1.53) and living alone 1.32 (95 % CI 1.14, 1.53) 19”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Holt-Lunstad, 2015, Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review, Perspect Psychol Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This is supported by findings of a systematic overview which found strong and consistent evidence for an independent causal association between levels of social isolation and the risk of CVD 40 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Bunker, 2003, “Stress” and coronary heart disease: psychosocial risk factors National Heart Foundation of Australia position statement update, Med J Aust source
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In the paper
“social isolation was associated with suicidal ideation amongst individuals with multiple sclerosis 54”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Pompili, 2012, Suicide risk in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of current literature, J Psychosom Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“another found increased social isolation was associated with non-adherence to treatment in adult renal transplant patients 38 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Denhaerynck, 2005, Prevalence, consequences, and determinants of nonadherence in adult renal transplant patients: a literature review, Transpl Int source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“while two studies in another systematic review found a positive association between social network size and COPD 46 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Barton, 2015, Social support and social networks in COPD: a scoping review, COPD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These findings were also true in relation to post-stroke depression, with diverse social networks of friends and family associated with a reduction in reported depression 49 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Ouimet, 2001, Psychosocial risk factors in poststroke depression: a systematic review, Can J Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“and evidence for the effects of social isolation and loneliness being mediated through behaviours is less strong.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“one of which found that social isolation was associated with HIV infection as a contextual risk factor in transsexuals, possibly mediated through feelings of discomfort or being unsafe in public 34 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Herbst, 2008, Estimating HIV prevalence and risk behaviors of transgender persons in the United States: a systematic review, Aids Behav source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a systematic review of immigrant women in the perinatal period in Japan identified an association between social isolation and negative mental health outcomes after childbirth such as anxiety, stress and regret 50 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Kita, 2015, A systematic review of the physical, mental, social, and economic problems of immigrant women in the perinatal period in Japan, J Immigr Minority Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies identified an increased cardiovascular relative risk of 1.5 (95 % CI 1.2, 1.9) in adults with high levels of social isolation 39 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Steptoe, 2013, Stress and cardiovascular disease: an update on current knowledge, Annu Rev Public Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One systematic review focusing on the risk of mortality in cancer patients found that those with the largest network size had a reduced relative risk of mortality of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.72-0.89) 44 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Pinquart, 2010, Associations of social networks with cancer mortality: a meta-analysis, Crit Rev Oncol Hematol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A review of observational studies of tobacco use in Brazilian adolescents reported one study demonstrating an association between loneliness and increased tobacco use in adolescents 28 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Barbosa Filho, 2012, Prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use among Brazilian adolescents: a systematic review, Rev De Saude Publica source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“this review could not demonstrate the role of social isolation in a causal pathway between them, such as, for example, previous abuse causing withdrawal from social networks and subsequent depression.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“with two included longitudinal studies showing an association between loneliness and the incidence of Alzheimer's disease and dementia 57, 58 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Boss, 2015, Loneliness and cognitive function in the older adult: a systematic review, Int Psychogeriatr source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Kuiper, 2015, Social relationships and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies, Ageing Res Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Loneliness and social isolation were found to be associated with increased tobacco use in three systematic reviews”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Dyal, 2015, A systematic review of loneliness and smoking: small effects, big implications, Subst Use Misuse source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Non-systematic reviews have identified similar findings with respect to increased risk of mortality 59-64 , cardiovascular disease and outcomes 62, 65-72 , mental health 61, 62, 64, 73-90 , with less evidence for other physical health conditions and behaviours 72, 76, 80, 91-93 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Berkman, 1986, Social networks, support and health – taking the next step forward, Am J Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [60] Callaghan, 1993, Social support and health: a review, J Adv Nurs source
- Not checked yetcites [61] Hawkley, 2010, Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms, Ann Behav Med source
- Not checked yetcites [62] Ong, 2016, Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis, Gerontology source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Ottmann, 2006
- Not checked yetcites [64] Seeman, 1996, Social ties and health: the benefits of social integration, Ann Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Public Health England, 2015
- Not checked yetcites [66] Rozanski, 1999, Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy, Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [67] Arthur, 2006, Depression, isolation, social support, and cardiovascular disease in older adults, J Cardiovasc Nurs source
- Not checked yetcites [68] Ruwanpathirana, 2015, Review on cardiovascular risk prediction, Cardiovasc Ther source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The evidence base for an association with other physical health conditions was less strong with reviews identified for cancer, low back pain and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and social isolation with cardiovascular disease.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“while mixed outcomes were seen amongst those with learning disabilities 56 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Mollison, 2014, A review of risk factors associated with suicide in adults with intellectual disability, Adv Ment Health Intellect Disabil source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but noted that only a minority of the included studies assessed this relationship 31, 32 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Vancampfort, 2012, A systematic review of correlates of physical activity in patients with schizophrenia, Acta Psychiatr Scand source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Vancampfort, 2013, A review of physical activity correlates in patients with bipolar disorder, J Affect Disord source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but the most consistent significant effects were reported in relation to measures of isolation.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and social isolation with cardiovascular disease and depression (Table 4).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Only limited evidence was identified for an association with other physical health conditions, including cancer, and evidence for the effects of social isolation and loneliness being mediated through behaviours is less strong.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and nursing and care home residents 55”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Mezuk, 2014, Suicide risk in long-term care facilities: a systematic review, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A systematic review of observational studies reported mixed findings regarding an association between behaviour change and social isolation in the context of cardiovascular disease 30 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Murray, 2012, A systematic review of patient reported factors associated with uptake and completion of cardiovascular lifestyle behaviour change, BMC Cardiovasc Disord source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The evidence base was strongest for the relationship between social isolation, loneliness and cardiovascular disease, with reviews that considered hypertension, cardiovascular risk, and post-myocardial infarction mortality (PMIM).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The evidence for an association between social isolation with hypertension is more mixed 43 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Cuffee, 2014, Psychosocial risk factors for hypertension: an update of the literature, Curr Hypertens Rep
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and social isolation with cardiovascular disease and depression (Table 4).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No reviews were identified for wider socio-economic or developmental outcomes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Only two systematic reviews were identified that looked at social isolation and physical activity; these reported an association between social isolation and low levels of physical activity in two well-defined patient groups (individuals with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia) but noted that only a minority of the included studies assessed this relationship 31, 32 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Vancampfort, 2012, A systematic review of correlates of physical activity in patients with schizophrenia, Acta Psychiatr Scand source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Vancampfort, 2013, A review of physical activity correlates in patients with bipolar disorder, J Affect Disord source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For mental health there was a moderately strong evidence base, with reviews identified for well-being, depression, suicide and dementia.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is no clear evidence from non-systematic reviews as to whether parental social isolation or loneliness is associated with child abuse or adverse parenting behaviours 94-98”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Attree, 2005, Parenting support in the context of poverty: a meta-synthesis of the qualitative evidence, Health Soc Care Community source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Seagull, 1987, Social support and child maltreatment: a review of the evidence, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [96] West, 1986, The effects of loneliness – a review of the literature, Compr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [97] Anooshian, 2005, Violence and aggression in the lives of homeless children: a review, Aggress Violent Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [98] DePanfilis, 1996, Social isolation of neglectful families: a review of social support assessment and intervention models, Child Maltreat source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another systematic review of cohort studies looking at the duration of sick leave for individuals with low back pain found social isolation to be associated with longer sick leave 45”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Steenstra, 2005, Prognostic factors for duration of sick leave in patients sick listed with acute low back pain: a systematic review of the literature, Occup Environ Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Only one systematic review of observational studies was identified which looked at diet; this found strong evidence of no association between social isolation and loneliness and malnutrition in older people living in community dwellings 33 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] van der Pols-Vijlbrief, 2014, Determinants of protein-energy malnutrition in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review of observational studies, Ageing Res Rev source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“another that found levels of social integration affected non-fatal suicidal behaviour amongst the elderly population 52, 53 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Fässberg, 2012, A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this overview did not find any systematic reviews considering an association between social isolation and loneliness with physical and psychological developmental outcomes or educational achievement in children.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pattern of health risk appears similar for both the subjective state of loneliness and the objective state of social isolation, but the most consistent significant effects were reported in relation to measures of isolation.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Consistent evidence that more socially isolated adolescents were more likely to use tobacco was found in a review of ten studies”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Seo, 2012, Systematic review of social network analysis in adolescent cigarette smoking behavior, J Sch Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two other systematic reviews suggested that adults with social isolation have an increased likelihood of PMIM”
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two other systematic reviews suggested an association between social networks and depression, with large and diverse social networks with high quality relationships protecting against depression 47, 48 .”
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While no systematic reviews were identified in this overview that looked at causal physiological mechanisms by which social isolation and loneliness may influence health”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“one of which 21 reported no age effect”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Holt-Lunstad, 2010, Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review, PLoS Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is consistent evidence linking social isolation and loneliness to worse cardiovascular and mental health outcomes”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is consistent evidence linking social isolation and loneliness to worse cardiovascular and mental health outcomes”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In populations throughout the world, social isolation (defined as an objective lack of interactions with others or the wider community) and loneliness (defined as the subjective feeling of the absence of a social network or a companion) are common.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Office of National Statistics, 2013
- Not checked yetcites [2] Dykstra, 2009, Older adult loneliness: myths and realities, Eur J Ageing source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Sörensen, 2000, Vulnerability and access to resources as predictors of preparation for future care needs in the elderly, J Aging Health source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Perissinotto, 2012, Loneliness in older persons: a predictor of functional decline and death, Arch Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Yang, 2008, The prevalence of and risk factors for loneliness among older people in China, Ageing Soc source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Griffin, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The relative importance of the quality versus the quantity of such social relationships with respect to this association may vary depending on whether they are between family or friends 23-25 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Annear, 2014, Environmental influences on healthy and active ageing: a systematic review, Ageing Soc source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Chen, 2014, Loneliness and social support of older people in China: a systematic literature review, Health Soc Care Community source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Pinquart, 2000, Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: a meta-analysis, Psychol Aging source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The similar odds ratios for loneliness and social isolation 19 suggest no difference between subjective or objective measures of social isolation.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Holt-Lunstad, 2015, Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review, Perspect Psychol Sci source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and a hazard ratio for mortality of 1.13 (95% CI 1.09, 1.17) for lower social contact frequency from a meta-analysis of mixed studies 22”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Shor, 2015, Social contact frequency and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis and meta-regression, Soc Sci Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whilst these scores suggest the findings of these reviews can be accepted with some degree of confidence”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This is comparable to findings from a prospective study which identified an odds ratio of increased likelihood of survival of 1.50 (95% CI 1.42 to 1.59) for stronger social relationships (excluding suicide) 21”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Holt-Lunstad, 2010, Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review, PLoS Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This systematic overview highlights that there is consistent evidence linking social isolation and loneliness to worse cardiovascular and mental health outcomes.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of age was not analysed in the majority of the included reviews, with the exception of two meta-analyses”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore this overview cannot provide firm conclusions with regards to the impact of age on any associations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly this review cannot infer any associations with ethnicity, as it was infrequently recorded in the included reviews.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- It may state two separate claims as one. 48
- The quote only partly states this claim. 19
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight reviews were undertaken in two or more countries, while the rest were carried out by teams from single countries, all from the developed world except one.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven of the metaanalyses were of moderate or high quality (score 8-10); the majority were also assessed as containing evidence of moderate GRADE quality (Table 3).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For forty-nine measures, information could be sourced which allowed mapping using a two-dimensional framework 18 (Figure 2).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Valtorta, 2016, Loneliness, social isolation and social relationships: what are we measuring? A novel framework for classifying and comparing tools, BMJ Open
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When assessed using the AMSTAR checklist, seventeen of the systematic reviews were of moderate quality (score 5-7) and thirteen of low quality (score 0-4).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the forty systematic reviews included in this overview, ten involved a meta-analysis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Narrative systematic reviews suggest associations with poorer mental health outcomes, with less strong evidence for behavioural and other physical health outcomes.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty systematic reviews of mainly observational studies were identified, largely from the developed world.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Loneliness of parents and social isolation of adolescent sex offenders have been associated with child abuse in another systematic review and a meta-analysis 35, 36”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One review found that a low sense of belonging was associated with a higher risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Hatcher, 2013, Sense of belonging and suicide: a systematic review, Can J Psychiatry Revue Can De Psychiatrie source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“shows that there is strong evidence that both social isolation and loneliness are associated with increased all-cause mortality, and social isolation with cardiovascular disease and depression (Table 4).”
- Also stated in: § Main findings · boosted
“This overview has identified that there is strong evidence that both social isolation and loneliness are associated with increased all-cause mortality.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Main findings · boosted
In the paper
“in one of these reviews a positive association between loneliness and tobacco use was reported in half of the included studies, whereas the other half reported no association or a negative association 27 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Dyal, 2015, A systematic review of loneliness and smoking: small effects, big implications, Subst Use Misuse source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“with individuals with stronger social relationships having a 50% increased likelihood of survival, with no variation between gender 41”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Glozier, 2013, Psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease, Med J Aust source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“one suggested that social isolation may lead to reduced interaction and increased use of online sources of advice, potentially leading to sub-optimal adherence to treatments 37”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] De Freitas, 2013, Vulnerabilities to misinformation in online pharmaceutical marketing, J R Soc Med source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One meta-analysis found an association between subjective mental wellbeing and social relationships, with the quality of relationships more important than the quantity of them 25 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Pinquart, 2000, Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: a meta-analysis, Psychol Aging source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis identified an association between social isolation and social anxiety disorder, though causality was unclear 51 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Teo, 2013, The role of social isolation in social anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Anxiety Disord source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two systematic reviews identified that loneliness and low social participation were associated with an increased risk of dementia”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Boss, 2015, Loneliness and cognitive function in the older adult: a systematic review, Int Psychogeriatr source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Kuiper, 2015, Social relationships and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies, Ageing Res Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Suicide (Fassberg et al 2012, Hatcher et al 2013, Mezuk et al 2014, Mollinson et al 2014, Pompili 2012) | + | + | + |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Other physical health (Barton et al 2015, Steenstra et al 2005) | + | | + |”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barton et al 2015
- Not checked yetcites Steenstra et al 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Depression and anxiety (Ouimet et al 2001, Kita et al 2015, Santini et al 2015, Schwarzbach et al 2014, Teo et al 2013) | ++ | | + |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Physical activity (Vancampfort et al 2012a, Vancampfort et al 2012b) | + | | |”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vancampfort et al 2012a
- Not checked yetcites Vancampfort et al 2012b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Diet (Van der Pols-Vijlbrief et al 2014) | | + | |”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van der Pols-Vijlbrief et al 2014 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Other physical health (Barton et al 2015, Steenstra et al 2005) | + | | + |”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barton et al 2015
- Not checked yetcites Steenstra et al 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a number of non-systematic reviews have identified associations with changes to brain structure and processes, sympathetic neural tone, vascular stress responses, altered sleep and reduced sleep quality, cortisol secretion patterns, impaired cellular and humoral immunity, and reduced inflammatory responses 61, 80, 96, 102-106 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Hawkley, 2010, Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms, Ann Behav Med source
- Not checked yetcites [80] Hawkley, 2003, Loneliness and pathways to disease, Brain Behav Immun source
- Not checked yetcites [96] West, 1986, The effects of loneliness – a review of the literature, Compr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [102] Cacioppo, 2014, Toward a neurology of loneliness, Psychol Bull source
- Not checked yetcites [103] Cacioppo, 2011, Social isolation
- Not checked yetcites [104] Hawkley, 2012, Effects of social isolation on glucocorticoid regulation in social mammals, Horm Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [105] Knutson, 2013, Sociodemographic and cultural determinants of sleep deficiency: implications for cardiometabolic disease risk, Soc Sci Med source
- Not checked yetcites [106] Local Government Association and Improvement and Development Agency, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Tobacco use (Barbosa et al 2012, Dyal & Valente 2015, Seo et al 2012) | + | + | |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Sexual health behaviours (Black et al 2000, Herbst et al 2008, Seto & Lalumiere 2010*) | + | + | |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Tobacco use (Barbosa et al 2012, Dyal & Valente 2015, Seo et al 2012) | + | + | |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| General health & wellbeing (Aminzadeh & Dalziel 2002, Annear et al 2014, Chen et al 2014, Pinquart & Sorensen 2000) | + | + | |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Sexual health behaviours (Black et al 2000, Herbst et al 2008, Seto & Lalumiere 2010*) | + | + | |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“while the other 19 found a stronger effect for individuals aged less than 65 years.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Holt-Lunstad, 2015, Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review, Perspect Psychol Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Cardiovascular disease (Bunker et al 2003, Cuffee et al 2015, Glozier et al 2013, Mookadam et al 2004, Steptoe et al 2013) | ++ | | |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| All-cause mortality (Holt Lunstad et al 2010*, Holt Lunstad et al 2015*, Nyqvist et al 2013*, Shor & Roelfs 2015) | ++ | ++ | ++ |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Adherence to treatment (De Freitas et al 2013, Denhaerynck et al 2009) | + | | |”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Freitas et al 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Denhaerynck et al 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| All-cause mortality (Holt Lunstad et al 2010*, Holt Lunstad et al 2015*, Nyqvist et al 2013*, Shor & Roelfs 2015) | ++ | ++ | ++ |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| General health & wellbeing (Aminzadeh & Dalziel 2002, Annear et al 2014, Chen et al 2014, Pinquart & Sorensen 2000) | + | + | |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| All-cause mortality (Holt Lunstad et al 2010*, Holt Lunstad et al 2015*, Nyqvist et al 2013*, Shor & Roelfs 2015) | ++ | ++ | ++ |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Behaviour change (Murray et al 2012) | | | + |”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murray et al 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Depression and anxiety (Ouimet et al 2001, Kita et al 2015, Santini et al 2015, Schwarzbach et al 2014, Teo et al 2013) | ++ | | + |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Cancer (Pinquart & Duberstein 2010*) | | | + |”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pinquart & Duberstein 2010* source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“though social isolation and loneliness of children may be associated with abuse or poorer developmental and educational outcomes 65, 87, 97, 99-101 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Public Health England, 2015
- Not checked yetcites [87] Merrick, 2006, A review of suicidality in persons with intellectual disability, Israel J Psychiatry Relat Sci
- Not checked yetcites [97] Anooshian, 2005, Violence and aggression in the lives of homeless children: a review, Aggress Violent Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [99] Vizard, 1995, Child and adolescent sex abuse perpetrators – a review of the research literature, J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip source
- Not checked yetcites [100] Whittle, 2013, A review of young people's vulnerabilities to online grooming, Aggress Violent Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [101] Normand, 2016, Cybervictimization of young people with an intellectual or developmental disability: risks specific to sexual solicitation, J Appl Res Intellect Disabil source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Suicide (Fassberg et al 2012, Hatcher et al 2013, Mezuk et al 2014, Mollinson et al 2014, Pompili 2012) | + | + | + |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less is known on the role of other conditions and wider socio-economic consequences”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Dementia (Boss et al 2015, Kuiper et al 2015*) | | + | |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Suicide (Fassberg et al 2012, Hatcher et al 2013, Mezuk et al 2014, Mollinson et al 2014, Pompili 2012) | + | + | + |”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“While loneliness may be more common in the elderly, it also affects younger age groups 6 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Griffin, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the quality of evidence within these reviews using the GRADE approach”
- Also stated in: § Methods · plain
“the quality of the evidence in these reviews was assessed using the GRADE approach 17 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] GRADE working group, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Methods · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Surveys in Europe and the USA estimate the prevalence of loneliness ranges from 5% to 43% in the elderly 1-4 , with similar figures for China 5 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Office of National Statistics, 2013
- Not checked yetcites [2] Dykstra, 2009, Older adult loneliness: myths and realities, Eur J Ageing source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Sörensen, 2000, Vulnerability and access to resources as predictors of preparation for future care needs in the elderly, J Aging Health source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Perissinotto, 2012, Loneliness in older persons: a predictor of functional decline and death, Arch Intern Med source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data were extracted from the selected reviews using a pre-designed data extraction sheet to standardise reporting of results across the included reviews.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences of opinion were discussed and consensus reached over inclusion or exclusion of the study.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but determining causality is difficult as much of the research in this area involves observational studies.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Methodology for this overview followed recognised guidance for conducting systematic overviews 14, 15 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Becker, 2011
- Not checked yetcites [15] Smith, 2011, Methodology in conducting a systematic review of systematic reviews of healthcare interventions, BMC Med Res Methodol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the methodological quality of included systematic reviews assessed using the AMSTAR checklist”
- Also stated in: § Methods · plain
“The methodological quality of the reviews selected for inclusion was also assessed by two reviewers for each review, using the AMSTAR checklist 16”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Shea, 2007, Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews, BMC Med Res Methodol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Methods · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suitability for inclusion was determined by two or more reviewers”
- Also stated in: § Methods · plain
“The process was confirmed by a second reviewer to ensure validity of inclusion.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Methods · plain
In the paper
“with similar figures for China 5 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Yang, 2008, The prevalence of and risk factors for loneliness among older people in China, Ageing Soc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The role of social isolation and loneliness in other conditions and their socio-economic consequences is less clear.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“though causality could not be proven and other variables may have confounded the relationship 29 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Seo, 2012, Systematic review of social network analysis in adolescent cigarette smoking behavior, J Sch Health source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While proof of causality cannot be confirmed, this may be mediated through the cardiovascular system and mental health.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the research in this overview came from developed countries and only English language publications were considered, so this may limit applicability of findings elsewhere.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“very few of the reviews contained longitudinal studies so causality cannot be inferred from the associations identified.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As all of the tools used in the reviews were self-report measures which depend on the degree of subjectivity from respondents, findings should also be considered with caution.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No reviews considered health economic considerations, so this review is not able to give insight into wider socio-economic consequences of social isolation and loneliness.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the systematic reviews were of moderate quality but none were of high quality, which most likely is a reflection of them containing predominantly observational studies”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Socially restrictive measures, quarantines and lockdowns have been associated with reduced social interaction and increased loneliness that may lead to a rise in mental health problems such as symptoms of depression and anxiety.”
From A Longitudinal Study of Loneliness Before the End of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trajectories, Predictors, and Impact on Chinese Adolescent Mental Health (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“social distancing has been proven to trigger negative mental health consequences, including intensified anxiety and depression [9,10] and/or apathy and hypersensitivity; it is especially worrisome that it can also exacerbate mental illness [11,12].”
From Examining the associations between psychological flexibility, mindfulness, psychosomatic functioning, and anxiety during the covid-19 pandemic: A path analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although existing evidence indicates that loneliness and social isolation are independently associated with mental health conditions and mortality (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015;Matthews et al., 2016), their independent effects on physical health conditions are less consistent and their independent effects on socioeconomic outcomes have not been investigated (Leigh-Hunt et al., 2017).”
From Investigating the interplay of loneliness and social isolation across adolescence: Findings from a nationally representative longitudinal study (2026) · cites this paper as Leigh-Hunt et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Because loneliness has been shown to predict both mental and physical health challenges (Cacioppo et al., 2011, Leigh-Hunt et al., 2017), these findings also provide new insights for interventions.”
From Young Adult Adaptability to the Social Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Protective Role of Friendships (2022) · cites this paper as Leigh-Hunt et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Social isolation and loneliness have been studied extensively over the past four decades, with numerous studies showing that both have negative mental and physical health consequences [1–5].”
In the citing paper
“solitude and prolonged state of physical isolation have been linked to increases in depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation [35, 36].”
From Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 among Children and College Students: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Also considering the worse severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients, this observation suggests that less healthcare support could have increased the social isolation and loneliness typical of COVID-19 pandemics, thus inducing more psychopathology after remission (Ozbay et al., 2007, Leigh-Hunt et al., 2017).”
From Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors (2020) · cites this paper as Leigh-Hunt et al., 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“36 studies - 12 quantitative, 15 qualitative, 3 mixed methods, 5 expert”
Reported 36 · recomputed 35
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“12 studies - 4 cohort, 5 retrospective, 2 observational”
Reported 12 · recomputed 11
Citations
Cites
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 · Cited by 7,272
Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 · Cited by 6,043
Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Cited by 4,782
Development of AMSTAR: A measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews
Shea, B. J., Grimshaw, J. M., Wells, G. A., Boers, M., Andersson, N., Hamel, C., Porter, A. C., Tugwell, P., Moher, D., & Bouter, L. M. (2007) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-7-10 · Cited by 4,374
Rozanski, A., Blumenthal, J. A., & Kaplan, J. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.16.2192 · Cited by 2,846
Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.3.488 · Cited by 2,727
Perceived social isolation and cognition
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005 · Cited by 2,144
The clinical significance of loneliness: a literature review
Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002 · Cited by 1,986
Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2000) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.15.2.187 · Cited by 1,549
Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior
Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2013) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5408 · Cited by 1,303
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors
Mazza, M. G., De Lorenzo, R., Conte, C., Poletti, S., Vai, B., Bollettini, I., Melloni, E. M. T., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere-Querini, P., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037 · Cited by 1,804
Guzik, T. J., MOHIDDIN, S. A., Dimarco, A. D., Patel, V., Savvatis, K., Marelli‐Berg, F. M., Madhur, M. S., Tomaszewski, M., Maffia, P., D’Acquisto, F., et al. (2020) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa106 · Cited by 1,484
The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations
Kirkbride, J. B., Anglin, D. M., Colman, I., Dykxhoorn, J. L., Jones, P. B., Patalay, P., Pitman, A., Soneson, E., Steare, T., Wright, T., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21160 · Cited by 1,619
“Interest in loneliness 214,215 and social isolation 43,215 as social determinants of mental health and disorder has burgeoned in the last decade.”
BackgroundChanges in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID‐19 lockdown in Italy
Cellini, N., Canale, N., Mioni, G., & Costa, S. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13074 · Cited by 1,079
Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic
Hwang, T.-J., Rabheru, K., Peisah, C., Reichman, W., & Ikeda, M. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610220000988 · Cited by 1,044
Metadata
- Authors
- Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N., & Caan, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Leigh-Hunt, N.
- Venue
- Public Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 152
- Pages
- 157-171
- ISSN
- 0033-3506 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2755781951
- Semantic Scholar
- 21c42f9f38cacdbbc11267fdf596908fb10793ba
- Cited by
- 2,158
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 222 · 2025: 254 · 2024: 311 · 2023: 311 · 2022: 349 · 2021: 366 · 2020: 246 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 16.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (DRF-2013-06-074)
- Solar Energy Technologies Office
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- social isolation, loneliness, public health impact, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, mental health, morbidity and mortality, social determinants of health, social support, prevention, asset-based approach
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Loneliness, Public Health, Review Literature as Topic, Social Isolation, Socioeconomic Factors, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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