The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 83 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective
Open accessAbstract
Summary On October 11, 2013, the Framingham Heart Study will celebrate 65 years since the examination of its first participant in 1948. During this period, the study has provided substantial insight into the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. The origin of the study is closely linked to the cardiovascular health of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his premature death from hypertensive heart disease and stroke in 1945. The present article describes the events leading to the founding of the Framingham Heart Study, and provides a brief historical overview of selected contributions from the study.
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Claims the paper makes
71 Not checked yet · 6 Own interpretation · 2 Own result · 2 No basis given · 1 Own method
In the paper
“In 1971, Framingham investigators analyzed 14 years of follow-up data to demonstrate increased risk of coronary heart disease morbidity with rising baseline blood pressure.42”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiological activism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Finenberg, 1927, Systolic hypertension. Its relationship to atherosclerosis of the aorta and larger arteries, Am J Med Sci source
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“A few years later they noted that stroke was also a major consequence of high blood pressure.27”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Early days of Framingham
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Kannel, 1961, Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease—six year follow-up experience, Ann Intern Med source
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In the paper
“By the end of the 8th Framingham examination cycle in 1966, investigators had noted a rising prevalence of heart failure in the cohort.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
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In the paper
“Individuals in the top decile compared with the lowest decile had a thirty-fold (men) to seventy-fold (women) difference in the incidence of coronary heart disease.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham Risk Scores
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Staessen, 1997, Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension, Lancet source
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In the paper
“Women comprised more than half of all participants.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Early days of Framingham
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In the paper
“When systolic and diastolic pressures were studied for association with coronary heart disease events, systolic pressure demonstrated a stronger link than diastolic pressure (Figure 4).”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiological activism
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In the paper
“Indeed, the term “risk factor” was popularized in the medical lexicon by Thomas Dawber and William Kannel by their 1961 publication, “Factors of Risk in the Development of Coronary Heart Disease.”25”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham Risk Scores
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Keys, 1989, Longevity of man: relative weight and fatness in middle age, Ann Med source
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In the paper
“The 10-year risk estimates used in the 1998 score provided a convenient way to classify individuals as low, intermediate, or high risk for future coronary heart disease.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham Risk Scores
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Kannel, 1976, A general cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham study, Am J Cardiol source
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In the paper
“Until the late 1960s, research on heart failure was hampered by a lack of consistent diagnostic criteria.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] 2002
- Not checked yetcites [53] Gibson, 1966, The prevalence of congestive heart failure in two rural communities, J Chronic Dis source
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In the paper
“The Committee still recommended diastolic blood pressure as the basis for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, but over the next decade, the emphasis on diastolic blood pressure as the principal treatment target was dropped after randomized controlled trials demonstrated the cardiovascular benefits of systolic blood pressure reduction.46,47”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiological activism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Kannel, 1972, Role of blood pressure in the development of congestive heart failure. The Framingham study, N Engl J Med source
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In the paper
“The study's inclusion of women contrasted with contemporaneous epidemiological studies, which had very small numbers of women or excluded them altogether.23,24”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Early days of Framingham
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Keys, 1960, Serum cholesterol and relative body weight of coronary patients in different populations, Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Chapman, 1957, IV. Measuring the risk of coronary heart disease in adult population groups. The clinical status of a population group in Los Angeles under observation for two to three years, Am J Public Health Nations Health source
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In the paper
“was therefore considered to be representative of the United States in the 1940s.15 p1b-5”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Choosing a location
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Dawber, 1951, Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham study, Am J Public Health Nations Health source
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In the paper
“Within a few months of the first examination, the newly-established National Heart Institute assumed control of the study.15 p1c-2”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Early days of Framingham
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Dawber, 1951, Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham study, Am J Public Health Nations Health source
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In the paper
“The best known risk profile is the Framingham Risk Score for coronary heart disease, published in 1998 by Wilson and colleagues.50 This function became the basis of the risk calculator adopted by the Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program in the United States.51”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham Risk Scores
What the sources say
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In the paper
“On October 11, 2013, the Framingham Heart Study will celebrate 65 years since the examination of its first participant in 1948.”
- Also stated in: § Choosing a location · plain
“On October 11, 1948 the study officially examined its first Framingham participant, exactly 12 months after Gilcin Meadors' arrival in Massachusetts.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Meadors, 1948
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In the paper
“They therefore developed a set of clinical criteria for heart failure (Table 2), which were applied to nearly two decades of collected data where staff had already been noting whether they clinically suspected participants of having heart failure.54,55”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Benack, 1969, Etiology of congestive heart failure in clinical medicine, Ann NY Acad Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [55] 1968
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In the paper
“suffering from heart failure due to undiagnosed, and later untreated, risk factors.5”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Origins of the Framingham Heart Study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Bruenn, 1970, Clinical notes on the illness and death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ann Intern Med source
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In the paper
“The origin of the study is closely linked to the cardiovascular health of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his premature death from hypertensive heart disease and stroke in 1945.”
- Also stated in: § Origins of the Framingham Heart Study · hedged
“These events likely played a role in prompting the creation of the Framingham Heart Study in 1948.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Abstract
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- Also stated in: § Origins of the Framingham Heart Study · hedged
In the paper
“In 1971, McKee and Kannel used the newly described criteria to show for the first time that hypertension was in fact the leading risk factor for heart failure (Figure 5).56”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] McNamara, 1967
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In the paper
“The first risk profile was published in 1976 by Kannel and colleagues, and covered a general cardiovascular endpoint that included coronary heart disease, stroke, claudication, and heart failure.49”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham Risk Scores
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Truett, 1967, A multivariate analysis of the risk of coronary heart disease in Framingham, J Chronic Dis source
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In the paper
“The Framingham Heart Study was the first long-term study of its kind, with the exception of Sir James Mackenzie's aborted attempt to longitudinally follow the health status of St. Andrews, Scotland residents.21”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Early days of Framingham
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Waterston, 1939, Sir James Mackenzie's heart, Br Heart J source
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In the paper
“Additionally, realizing that population prevalence of diseases required random sampling, he changed the methodology from soliciting volunteers to active recruitment of a random sample of town adults.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Early days of Framingham
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In the paper
“Since their development in the late 1960s, these criteria have been in continuous use, not only in Framingham but in multiple cohorts around the world. 57”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] McKee, 1971, The natural history of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study, N Engl J Med source
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In the paper
“In 1999, Vasan and colleagues reported that approximately half of Framingham participants with heart failure had a normal ejection fraction (>50%) at the time of diagnosis.62”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Hunt, 2005, Circulation source
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In the paper
“It also became apparent that clinical manifestations of heart failure can be present in the absence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
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In the paper
“Notably, the 1998 version of the Framingham Risk Score, adopted by the National Cholesterol Education Program, contained both total and HDL cholesterol.50”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Kannel, 1976, A general cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham study, Am J Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Other studies from Framingham documented alterations in cardiac structure or function that preceded overt heart failure.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In Framingham, cardiovascular mortality was 3 fold higher for individuals with diabetes.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Keen, 1965, Blood-sugar and arterial disease, Lancet source
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In the paper
“By the middle of the century, clinical data had emerged on the link between diabetes and vascular disease,65-67 an association also demonstrated in Framingham.68”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Keen, 1965, Blood-sugar and arterial disease, Lancet source
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In the paper
“Using 50 years of follow up data, Levy and colleagues reported that the 5 year mortality declined in men from 70% in 1950 to 59% in 1999, and in women from 57% to 45%.58”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Levy, 1996, The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure, JAMA source
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In the paper
“Given the similarities between atrial fibrillation and heart failure, two conditions that follow adverse cardiac remodeling, it is not surprising that they share a number of epidemiological features.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiology of stroke and atrial fibrillation
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In the paper
“In addition to establishing the link between systolic blood pressure and stroke,27 investigators showed that the risk of stroke from hypertension was even greater than the conferred risk for coronary heart disease.43”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiology of stroke and atrial fibrillation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Kannel, 1961, Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease—six year follow-up experience, Ann Intern Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A study in 1997 by Vasan and colleagues demonstrated that increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter predicted incident heart failure in individuals free of myocardial infarction.59”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Levy, 2002, Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure, N Engl J Med source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition to establishing the link between systolic blood pressure and stroke,27 investigators showed that the risk of stroke from hypertension was even greater than the conferred risk for coronary heart disease.43”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiology of stroke and atrial fibrillation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Kannel, 1971, Systolic versus diastolic blood pressure and risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham study, Am J Cardiol source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One of the most valuable clinical contributions from Framingham was the demonstration that non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation was a potent risk factor for stroke.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiology of stroke and atrial fibrillation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Kenchaiah, 2002, Obesity and the risk of heart failure, N Engl J Med source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The articulation of the risk factor concept laid the foundation for the development of clinical risk scores.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham Risk Scores
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, studies from Framingham and other epidemiological cohorts contributed to a paradigm shift in the latter half of the 20th century, from a focus on treating individuals with established cardiovascular disease to the prevention of disease in those at risk.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham Risk Scores
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By the middle of the century, clinical data had emerged on the link between diabetes and vascular disease,65-67 an association also demonstrated in Framingham.68”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Liebow, 1949, Cardiac complications of diabetes mellitus, Am J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [66] Partamian, 1965, Acute myocardial infarction in 258 cases of diabetes. Immediate mortality and five-year survival, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [67] Liebow, 1955, Arteriosclerotic heart disease in diabetes mellitus; a clinical study of 383 patients, Am J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In 1977, Gordon and other Framingham investigators reported an inverse relationship between HDL concentrations and coronary heart disease incidence, in contrast to the positive association between LDL concentrations and coronary heart disease incidence.74”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Keys, 1960, Serum cholesterol and relative body weight of coronary patients in different populations, Circulation source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This risk was particularly apparent for heart failure.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] 1979
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In the paper
“Wang and colleagues showed that individuals with asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction had a 5-fold increased risk for heart failure, even after adjusting for conventional risk factors.60”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Vasan, 1997, Left ventricular dilatation and the risk of congestive heart failure in people without myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“That same year, in collaboration with other epidemiological studies in the United States, investigators reported that individuals with coronary disease had lower HDL concentrations than healthy participants across multiple ethnicities.75”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Gordon, 1977, High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham study, Am J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On being notified of the impending study closure by Paul Dudley White, President Richard Nixon intervened, allowing the study to continue to fulfill its mission.18”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Fight for survival
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] 1947
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Using 50 years of follow up data, Levy and colleagues reported that the 5 year mortality declined in men from 70% in 1950 to 59% in 1999, and in women from 57% to 45%.58”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Levy, 1996, The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure, JAMA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For women, the survival experience was similar.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] McNamara, 1967
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the first half of the 20th century, autopsy and hospital-based studies had noted an association between diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.63,64”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Vasan, 1999, Congestive heart failure in subjects with normal versus reduced left ventricle ejection fraction: prevalence and mortality in a population-based cohort, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Root, 1939, Coronary atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus: a postmortem study, J Am Med Assoc source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In 1983, he and his colleagues reported that weight gain conferred an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, which persisted despite adjustment for other risk factors.77”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] 1979
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In 1977, Gordon and other Framingham investigators reported an inverse relationship between HDL concentrations and coronary heart disease incidence, in contrast to the positive association between LDL concentrations and coronary heart disease incidence.74”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Keys, 1960, Serum cholesterol and relative body weight of coronary patients in different populations, Circulation source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In a study published in 1978, Wolf and colleagues reported that chronic AF not due to rheumatic heart disease was associated with a >5-fold excess risk of stroke,79 an observation that led them to call for “controlled trials of anticoagulation or antiarrhythmic agents in persons with chronic atrial fibrillation.””
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiology of stroke and atrial fibrillation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Kenchaiah, 2002, Obesity and the risk of heart failure, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A paper by Kenchaiah and colleagues in 2002 using updated Framingham data arrived at similar conclusions.78”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Hubert, 1983, Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Framingham participants less than 50 years old had a 2 to 3-fold excess risk of heart failure from the lightest to the heaviest weight category.77”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] 1979
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Data from Framingham also emphasized the underappreciated contribution of obesity to atrial fibrillation risk.81”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiology of stroke and atrial fibrillation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Benjamin, 1994, Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study, JAMA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The data enabled Framingham to contribute to the global effort to study the genetic determinants of complex diseases, which has led to the identification of hundreds of common genetic variants influencing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.83”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > New cohorts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Splansky, 2007, The third generation cohort of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study: design, recruitment, and initial examination, Am J Epidemiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For instance, Benjamin and colleagues showed that the PAR for developing atrial fibrillation was highest for hypertension, despite the fact that other risk factors were associated with higher relative risks.80”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiology of stroke and atrial fibrillation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Wolf, 1978, Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: the Framingham study, Neurology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
In the paper
“The original cohort was recruited between 1948 and 1952 and consisted of 5209 residents aged 28 to 62 years (Table 1).25”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Early days of Framingham
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Keys, 1989, Longevity of man: relative weight and fatness in middle age, Ann Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The first major study findings were published in 1957, almost a decade after the initial participant was examined. Defining hypertension as a systolic blood pressure ≥160/95 mmHg, they found a nearly 4 fold increase in coronary heart disease incidence per 1000 persons among hypertensive participants.26”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Early days of Framingham
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Oppenheimer, 2006, Profiling risk: the emergence of coronary heart disease epidemiology in the United States (1947–70), Int J Epidemiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In two other studies, investigators found that elevated systolic blood pressure was a predictor of cerebrovascular accidents as well as heart failure, and that diastolic pressure was not superiorly associated with these events. 43,44”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiological activism
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the other hand, hypertension was associated with a >2 fold increased risk of heart failure, but had a PAR of 59% (women) and 39% (men) owing to its high prevalence.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] McKee, 1971, The natural history of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Examining 16 years of observational data, the investigators found that hypertension preceded three-quarters of heart failure cases, compared with coronary artery disease, which preceded heart failure in less than 40% of cases.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] McNamara, 1967
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Myocardial infarction was associated with a 6-fold risk for heart failure, but the PAR was only 13% (women) and 34% (men).”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] McKee, 1971, The natural history of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On June 16, 1948, President Harry Truman signed into law the ‘National Heart Act.’”
- Also stated in: § Origins of the Framingham Heart Study · plain
“The law allocated a $500,000 seed grant for a twenty-year epidemiological heart study, and also established the National Heart Institute, which today is known as the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Origins of the Framingham Heart Study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Bernstein, 1976, The uneasy alliance: Roosevelt, Churchill, and the atomic bomb, 1940–1945, West Polit Q source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Origins of the Framingham Heart Study · plain
In the paper
“Nine ‘major’ criteria and seven ‘minor’ criteria were defined, along with one criterion that could be major or minor depending on whether the ≥4·5 Kg weight loss was due to heart failure treatment or from another possible etiology. A diagnosis of ‘Definite heart failure’ was made if the patient had two major, or one major plus two minor criteria concurrently.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] McNamara, 1967
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The young cardiologist gave the President his first diagnosis of “hypertension, hypertensive heart disease, and cardiac failure.”5”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Origins of the Framingham Heart Study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Bruenn, 1970, Clinical notes on the illness and death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ann Intern Med source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“President Roosevelt died a few weeks later on April 12, 1945, at the age of 63, from cerebral hemorrhage with a blood pressure of 300/190 mmHg.5”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Origins of the Framingham Heart Study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Bruenn, 1970, Clinical notes on the illness and death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ann Intern Med source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The state was considered ideal due to the enthusiastic response of area physicians (Figure 2), and Framingham prevailed over neighboring towns due to geographical proximity to the many cardiologists at Harvard Medical School.13”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Choosing a location
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Meadors, 1947
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The creation of a family-based cohort was prescient, given the emergence of new genotyping and sequencing technologies a few decades later.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Fight for survival
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The first attempt to create a multivariable risk function for coronary heart disease in Framingham was published by Truett, Cornfield, and Kannel in 1967.48”
- Also stated in: § Framingham Risk Scores · plain
“The authors proposed a multivariable logistic models with 7 risk factors: age, total cholesterol, weight, ECG abnormality, hemoglobin, cigarettes smoked, and systolic blood pressure.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham Risk Scores
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Staessen, 1997, Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Framingham Risk Scores · plain
In the paper
“Between 1935 to 1941, the President experienced a gradual rise in blood pressure from 136/78 to 188/105 mm Hg.6 p213”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Origins of the Framingham Heart Study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Bumgarner, 1994
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Compared with previously published functions, the 1998 model substituted risk factor categories in the place of continuous values, which enabled clinicians to use lookup tables to obtain risk estimates.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham Risk Scores
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Kannel, 1976, A general cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham study, Am J Cardiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Framingham investigators initially struggled between whether to be an observational study to understand heart disease, or instead focus on preventing heart disease in the local population. Ultimately, given the paucity of effective interventions, the former approach won favor.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Early days of Framingham
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By the 1940s, cardiovascular disease had become the number one cause of mortality among Americans, accounting for 1 in 2 deaths.4”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Origins of the Framingham Heart Study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Kannel, 1990, Bishop lecture. Contribution of the Framingham study to preventive cardiology, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Committee still recommended diastolic blood pressure as the basis for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, but over the next decade, the emphasis on diastolic blood pressure as the principal treatment target was dropped after randomized controlled trials demonstrated the cardiovascular benefits of systolic blood pressure reduction.46,47”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Epidemiological activism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Moser, 1977, Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. A cooperative study, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [47] 1991, Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP), JAMA source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PAR for heart failure due to obesity was 14% in women, and 11% in men, higher than that observed for diabetes mellitus, valvular heart disease, or left ventricular hypertrophy.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Hubert, 1983, Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent guidelines have a notable emphasis on the detection of asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction (“stage B heart failure”) as part of efforts to understand and prevent overt heart failure.61”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Wang, 2003, Natural history of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the community, Circulation source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The original 1971 publication highlighted the poor prognosis of heart failure: only 2 in 5 men were alive 5 years after diagnosis the heart failure, and only 1 in 5 survived to 10 years.56”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] McNamara, 1967
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By the late 1970s, when William Castelli became the fourth director of the Framingham Heart Study, the general US population weight had been increasing for several decades.76”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Castelli, 1977, HDL cholesterol and other lipids in coronary heart disease. The cooperative lipoprotein phenotyping study, Circulation source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ancel Keys described elevated levels of cholesterol among coronary heart disease patients.73”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Anitschkow, 1983, Classics in arteriosclerosis research: on experimental cholesterin steatosis and its significance in the origin of some pathological processes, Arteriosclerosis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The variables in the model mirrored those in the Truett study, except that glucose intolerance was added, and weight was dropped.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham Risk Scores
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Truett, 1967, A multivariate analysis of the risk of coronary heart disease in Framingham, J Chronic Dis source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Diabetes was associated with substantially higher risks for heart failure and hypertensive heart disease.69,70”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Survival of individuals with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (or diastolic heart failure) was substantially worse compared with individuals without heart failure, though it was better compared with individuals with systolic heart failure.”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Framingham and the epidemiology of heart failure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Hunt, 2005, Circulation source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cholesterol had been linked to cardiovascular disease by the early 20th century through animal and autopsy studies.71,72”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Metabolic risk factors for heart disease
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Critics of Framingham expressed uncertainty about whether study participants represented Americans in general and about the study's family-based approach.33”
§ The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Historical Perspective > Early days of Framingham
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Caird, 1963, Heart disease in old age, Postgrad Med J source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
By the 1990s, widespread use of beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors altered the prognosis of heart failure.
“By the 1990s, the widespread use of mortality-altering medications such as beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors had altered this prognosis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diastolic heart failure is common in the community, particularly among older individuals and women.
“Studies from other cohorts yielded consistent findings, and led to increased recognition that diastolic heart failure is common in the community, particularly among older individuals and women.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Obesity co-occurs with hypertension, elevated lipids, and diabetes, and increased cardiovascular risk in obese individuals is often attributed to these co-existing risk factors.
“As obesity occurs concomitantly with hypertension, elevated lipids, and diabetes, the increased cardiovascular risk in obese individuals is often attributed to these co-existing risk factors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Each suspected new case of stroke in Framingham was confirmed by a second examiner and through neurological consultation.
“Each suspected new case of stroke was confirmed by a second examiner as well as through neurological consultation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Anticoagulation for individuals with atrial fibrillation became the standard of care.
“Fortunately, such trials were performed and anticoagulation for individuals with atrial fibrillation became the standard of care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Heart failure diagnoses in Framingham have been prospectively adjudicated using a single set of diagnostic criteria since the 1960s.
“Because heart failure diagnoses in Framingham have been prospectively adjudicated using a single set of diagnostic criteria since the 1960s, the study has been a valuable source of information regarding long-term trends in the epidemiology of the condition.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Over its 74-year length, the Framingham Heart Study has demonstrated that hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiac hypertension and diabetes are cardiovascular risk factors associated with the future development of heart failure [2,3].”
From Recent Experimental Studies of Maternal Obesity, Diabetes during Pregnancy and the Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“These biobank efforts, pioneered in studies such as the Framingham Cohort70 and the efforts of DeCODE in Iceland71,72, now encompass a growing inventory of national cohorts in North America, Europe, Asia and beyond73–76.”
From A brief history of human disease genetics (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“We observed that the iAge gene signature was significantly associated with all-cause mortality following adjustment to multiple covariates associated with mortality, including age, sex, smoking, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, diabetes and existence of a cardiovascular disease (P = 0.02, Cox proportional hazards model, n = 2,290).”
From An inflammatory aging clock (iAge) based on deep learning tracks multimorbidity, immunosenescence, frailty and cardiovascular aging (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
Citations
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Opportunities and obstacles for deep learning in biology and medicine
Ching, T., Himmelstein, D. S., Beaulieu-Jones, B. K., Kalinin, A. A., Do, B. T., Way, G. P., Ferrero, E., Agapow, P.-M., Zietz, M., Hoffman, M. M., et al. (2018) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2017.0387 · Cited by 2,310
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mahmood, S. S., Levy, D., Vasan, R. S., & Wang, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Thomas J
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 383
- Issue
- 9921
- Pages
- 999-1008
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC4159698
- OpenAlex
- W2030322782
- Semantic Scholar
- a856c8df2f6656167328ccc091cb374a1d152f60
- Cited by
- 1,622
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 179 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 200 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 27
- FWCI
- 7.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (N01-HC-25195)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Historical and modern epidemiology studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Keywords
- Framingham Heart Study, cardiovascular disease epidemiology, cardiovascular risk factors, Franklin D. Roosevelt, hypertensive heart disease, stroke
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Epidemiology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Massachusetts, Research Support as Topic, Risk Factors, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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