The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 51 of the 107 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Adolescence (the stage between 10 and 24 years) is a period of life characterised by heightened sensitivity to social stimuli and the increased need for peer interaction. The physical distancing measures mandated globally to contain the spread of COVID-19 are radically reducing adolescents' opportunities to engage in face-to-face social contact outside their household. In this interdisciplinary Viewpoint, we describe literature from a variety of domains that highlight how social deprivation in adolescence might have far-reaching consequences. Human studies have shown the importance of peer acceptance and peer influence in adolescence. Animal research has shown that social deprivation and isolation have unique effects on brain and behaviour in adolescence compared with other stages of life. However, the decrease in adolescent face-to-face contact might be less detrimental due to widespread access to digital forms of social interaction through technologies such as social media. The findings reviewed highlight how physical distancing might have a disproportionate effect on an age group for whom peer interaction is a vital aspect of development.
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Claims the paper makes
20 Partly supported · 18 No full text of the sources · 16 Own interpretation · 15 Supported · 14 Sources not found · 4 Supported so far · 4 No basis given · 1 Not supported · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“These detrimental effects are amplified in adolescent prisoners: one study showed that being younger than 19 years of age and assignment to solitary confinement were the two strongest predictors of self harm in prisoners.58”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [58] Kaba, 2014, Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates, Am J Public Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Results Table 2 identifies age 18 or younger and solitary confinement as strong predictors of self-harm, but serious mental illness has a higher odds ratio than either (7.97 versus 7.50 and 6.89). The analysis covers the New York City jail population, not adolescent prisoners alone. It therefore does not show that age and solitary confinement were the two strongest predictors among adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“As with most regions within the human cortex, the structure of the social brain develops substantially throughout adolescence.19”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [19] Mills, 2014, Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
The Conclusion states that the social brain network continues to develop structurally across adolescence. The Abstract reports changes in grey matter volume, cortical thickness and surface area in the regions studied, while the Introduction describes broader cortical development across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Adolescence represents a sensitive period for social interaction.4”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion says adolescence might be a sensitive period for processing and acquiring sociocultural knowledge. The claim presents this as established and broadens it to social interaction generally; the section on Possible Consequences of Social Isolation also says further human studies are needed. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Indeed, feeling insufficiently connected to others is associated with profound and lasting negative consequences on physical and mental health, even leading to increased mortality.2”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [2] Hawkley, 2010, Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms, Ann Behav Med source
The Introduction describes chronic loneliness and its consequences for mental and physical health. The sections on physical health and mortality and on mental health and cognitive functioning report longitudinal health effects, increased mortality risk, and adverse mental-health outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, adolescents are markedly more sensitive to peer acceptance, rejection, and approval than are children or adults.11, 12, 13”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Sebastian, 2011, Developmental influences on the neural bases of responses to social rejection: implications of social neuroscience for education, Neuroimage source
- Partly supportedcites [12] Somerville, 2013, Special issue on the teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation, Curr Dir Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not provided) describe heightened adolescent sensitivity to social evaluation, and Emotional processing in the social context reports stronger responses to exclusion than in adults. But that section explicitly says it is not yet known whether adolescents’ response to peer acceptance differs from that of younger or older people, so the across-the-board comparison for acceptance, rejection, and approval is too broad. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [13] Foulkes, 2016, Is there heightened sensitivity to social reward in adolescence?, Curr Opin Neurobiol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions report that human adolescents find potential social evaluation of either valence more salient than other ages, supporting greater sensitivity to positive and negative peer evaluation. But the Social reward in human adolescence section reports similar responses to compliments in children and adolescents, and the paper says heightened reward value of approval remains unestablished. The claim’s unqualified comparison across acceptance, rejection, and approval is therefore stronger than the evidence presented. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Simultaneously, cognitive abilities such as self-referential processing,15 executive control,16 and mentalising, improve across adolescence, enabling young people to better understand other people's minds and take others' perspectives.16”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] Van der Aar, 2018, The development of self-views across adolescence: investigating self-descriptions with and without social comparison using a novel experimental paradigm, Cogn Dev source
Citation 15 is attached to self-referential processing, not to executive control, mentalising, or the claim about understanding others' perspectives. The Introduction describes increasing cognitive abilities that permit more abstract, differentiated views of the self during adolescence; section 4.1 reports age-related changes in self-descriptions. These passages support the claim at the level attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [16] Dumontheil, 2010, Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence, Dev Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports improvement in theory-of-mind use into late adolescence, and the Discussion describes development in executive-function demands and in taking account of a speaker’s perspective (page numbers unavailable). But the Discussion says the study cannot determine the cause of this development and distinguishes improved use of another’s perspective from improved perspective-taking processes. It therefore does not establish that these cognitive changes enable better understanding of others’ minds. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, complete social deprivation during rodent adolescence affects brain development, mainly affecting motivation and reward processes.33, 36”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Partly supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.2.2 (page not supplied) describes post-weaning social isolation during the juvenile and adolescent period as affecting cortical development, neurobiology, reward learning, and approach motivation. It also reports sensory-processing deficits and increased fear and anxiety-like behavior, so the claim that its effects are mainly on motivation and reward is not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Several studies have focused on loneliness in humans and have reported a connection between self-reported loneliness and mental health problems.30”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging source
The Methods (Procedures; page not provided) describe a participant-rated loneliness scale, and the Results (page not provided) report significant associations between loneliness scores and depressive-symptom scores. The Discussion (page not provided) also reports that loneliness predicted changes in depressive symptoms. Depression is the mental-health problem this paper addresses. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Importantly, these effects are specific to isolation during rodent adolescence and do not occur to a similar extent when isolation occurs before or after adolescence.33, 36”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Partly supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.2.2 describes lasting neurobiological effects of post-weaning isolation during the juvenile and adolescent period, and its neurobiology subsection reports changes in reward circuitry. The paper does not establish that those brain effects are specific to adolescent isolation or compare their extent with isolation before or after adolescence. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, such studies do not clearly establish whether loneliness results in mental illness or vice versa.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says earlier longitudinal studies could not formally test whether loneliness and depressive symptoms predict each other; the Discussion (page unavailable) says experimental evidence would give greater confidence about causation. But the paper studied depressive symptoms, not mental illness broadly, and explicitly says clinical depression was not measured. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, adolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development,4 which might be partly dependent on the development of the social brain: the network of brain areas involved in social perception and cognition that allows us to understand others.18”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol source
The Conclusion describes adolescence as a possible sensitive period for acquiring sociocultural knowledge and links that possibility to profound development of the social brain and social cognition. This supports the citing sentence’s qualified claim; its separate definition of the social brain is attached to citation 18. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [18] Frith, 2007, Social cognition in humans, Curr Biol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a network of brain regions supporting the ability to represent others’ mental states, and the Abstract links social-signal processing to its brain basis. But the paper does not establish that adolescent social development depends on development of that network. In the citing sentence, the separate sensitive-period statement is attached to citation 4, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.81)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In this Viewpoint, we discuss evidence that human adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion.4”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol source
The text accompanying Figure 1 says adolescents are particularly sensitive to their social environments, and the Figure 1 caption explicitly describes them as hypersensitive to the negative consequences of social exclusion. It reports that exclusion lowered mood particularly strongly in the adolescent groups. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This reorientation towards peers facilitates young people's development into independent adults, enabling them to foster a more complete sense of social self-identity, at the same time as building stronger affiliations with their peer group.14”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Pfeifer, 2018, The Development of self and identity in adolescence: neural evidence and implications for a value-based choice perspective on motivated behavior, Child Dev Perspect sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The Development of Self and Identity in Adolescence” (page unavailable), the paper says adolescents seek autonomy from parents while developing stronger social-identity commitments and a greater need for peer connection. It does not establish that reorientation toward peers causes independence or stronger peer affiliations; it describes these changes as occurring together. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The importance of obtaining peer social approval increases and peer influence is heightened in adolescence.7, 8, 9, 10”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] De Goede, 2009, Linkages over time between adolescents' relationships with parents and friends, J Youth Adolesc sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions (page not provided) say that friends’ influence increases during adolescence as parents’ influence decreases. The paper does not say that obtaining peer social approval becomes more important; its discussion of friendships becoming more influential does not establish that specific motivation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [8] Albert, 2013, Peer influences on adolescent decision making, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
The section on adolescents’ responses to social stimuli says peer relations are especially salient in adolescence and that adolescents give high priority to peer norms. The section on peer influences on risk behavior reports lower resistance to peer influence among adolescents than adults. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [9] Knoll, 2015, Social influence on risk perception during adolescence, Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says peer relationships become increasingly important, and the Results report that young adolescents were more influenced by teenagers’ ratings than adults’ ratings. The Discussion and Conclusion propose a desire for peer acceptance as an explanation, but explicitly call it speculative; the study does not establish that the importance of obtaining peer approval increases across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Multiple longitudinal MRI studies have shown that, across the cortex, the volume of grey matter, mostly consisting of cell bodies and synapses, declines from late childhood to the mid twenties,20, 21 whereas the volume of white matter, consisting of myelinated axons, gradually increases.21”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [20] Tamnes, 2017, Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: a multisample study of inter-related longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area, and thickness, J Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion > Conclusion (page not provided) report longitudinal decreases in cortical volume from ages 7 to 29, supporting the grey-matter portion of the claim. The paper does not report a gradual increase in white-matter volume; its analyses concern cortical volume, surface area, and thickness. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [21] Mills, 2016, Structural brain development between childhood and adulthood: Convergence across four longitudinal samples, Neuroimage sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Gross developmental trajectories using raw volumes; page not supplied) report that cortical grey matter volume decreases through the second decade and begins to stabilize in the third. They also report that cerebral white matter volume increases from late childhood to mid-adolescence, with most samples showing increases until late adolescence. The claim overextends these trajectories if it implies continued grey matter decline and white matter increase through the mid-twenties. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Compared with children (aged <10 years), adolescents spend more time with peers than with their family and form more complex peer relationships.6”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Lam, 2014, Time with peers from middle childhood to late adolescence: developmental course and adjustment correlates, Child Dev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) report increasing peer involvement from childhood through adolescence and a shift toward mixed- and opposite-sex peer groups. The paper does not establish that adolescents spend more time with peers than with family, or directly compare the complexity of their peer relationships with those of children under 10. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These macrostructural changes are thought to correspond to neurodevelopmental mechanisms at the microstructural level, including the myelination and growth of axons and synaptic reorganisation, which are partly dependent on environmental input and represent mechanisms of developmental neuroplasticity.22, 23”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] Yakovlev, 1967, The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [23] Petanjek, 2011, Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“On a behavioural level, even a brief duration (eg, 24 h) of isolation in adolescent rodents can cause increased anxiety,40 hyperactivity,41 and heightened sensitivity to social rewards,42 which extends to the seeking of food or drug rewards, making these animals particularly prone to developing addictions.43”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Maisonnette, 1993, Role of resocialization and of 5-HT1A receptor activation on the anxiogenic effects induced by isolation in the elevated plus-maze test, Physiol Behav source
- Partly supportedcites [41] Morley, 1978, The effects of prolonged handling, scopolamine, and physostigmine on the activity of isolated and socially reared rats, Physiol Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 41 is attached to the hyperactivity claim. The Discussion reports significantly higher locomotor activity in isolation-reared rats than in socially reared rats. However, the Rearing Conditions and subsequent discussion indicate 53 days of differential rearing before testing at 75 days of age, not an effect of 24 hours of isolation in adolescent rodents. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Ikemoto, 1992, The effects of early social isolation on the motivation for social play in juvenile rats, Dev Psychobiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Conversely, high quality peer relationships appear to protect against mental health problems and strengthen adolescent resilience.29”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [29] van Harmelen, 2017, Adolescent friendships predict later resilient functioning across psychosocial domains in a healthy community cohort, Psychol Med source
The Discussion reports that adolescent friendship support predicts later resilient psychosocial functioning and may be an important protective factor. The Introduction also reports reduced later depressive symptoms associated with friendship support after childhood adversity or peer victimisation. These passages support the citing sentence’s hedged claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For healthy development, parental and caregiver input is a crucial component, especially during early development, whereas later in development the influence of peers becomes an additional important element of the social environment.25”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] Nelson, 2016, Social re-orientation and brain development: An expanded and updated view, Dev Cogn Neurosci source
In “Beyond adolescence: other periods of social re-orientation” (page not supplied), the paper describes caregiver engagement as the primary social focus in infancy, peer play in the juvenile phase, and peer integration in adolescence. It also says that developmentally appropriate social engagement is strongly motivated and that impeded engagement causes distress, supporting the claim’s broad account of their importance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, human loneliness is not straightforward to study experimentally as loneliness is not a simple product of objective social deprivation: people can be alone without feeling lonely or feel lonely even in a crowd.30”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging source
In the introductory section headed “Loneliness and the feeling of being unwanted is the most terrible poverty,” the paper distinguishes being alone from feeling lonely and says people can feel lonely in a crowd. It also distinguishes loneliness from objective social isolation. The sentence’s point about experimental difficulty is the citing authors’ framing, not the proposition attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This rodent research has shown that social isolation causes substantial changes in brain and behaviour,31 especially if isolation occurs during development.33, 34”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Matthews, 2019, Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
The section on social motivational systems reports that isolation disrupts social recognition memory in rodents and is associated with changes in synaptic plasticity and oxytocin signaling. This supports the brain-and-behaviour claim to which this citation is attached. The developmental qualifier has separate citations and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Adolescence is also a period of heightened vulnerability to mental health problems, with 75% of adults who have ever had a mental health condition reporting that they first experienced symptoms before the age of 24.26”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] Kessler, 2012, Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States, Int J Methods Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Age-of-onset distributions; page unavailable) report median onset at ages 15–17 for phobias and separation anxiety disorder, supporting heightened vulnerability during adolescence for some disorders. The paper does not report that 75% of adults with any mental health condition first had symptoms before age 24; its Results (Lifetime morbid risk; page unavailable) instead give disorder-specific onset estimates, including substantial onset during adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In most of these studies, animals were isolated from peers from around postnatal days 21 to 43, corresponding roughly to early adolescence (aged 10–13 years) and mid adolescence (aged 14–16 years) in humans.34 Such studies show similar effects to those investigating isolation throughout the whole adolescent period, including increased anxiety-like behaviours, depression-like behaviours, and reward”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Partly supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There is evidence that problems with peer relationships, peer rejection, bullying, and loneliness are risk factors for the development of affective conditions such as depression in adolescence.27, 28”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [27] Arseneault, 2018, Annual research review: the persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: implications for policy and practice, J Child Psychol Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section on bullying victimisation and mental health reports that being bullied in childhood or adolescence is associated with later anxiety and depression, even after accounting for earlier symptoms. It does not establish peer-relationship problems, peer rejection, and loneliness as separate risk factors for adolescent depression; elsewhere, it describes rejection as associated with risk of being bullied and loneliness as an outcome associated with victimisation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Platt, 2013, The role of peer rejection in adolescent depression, Depress Anxiety source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“More specifically, although some divergent effects have been observed, the most consistent findings report that dopamine release in reward regions such as the nucleus accumbens increases following adolescent isolation, but dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex decreases.33, 36, 37”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res source
Section 4.2.2.1 reports that, despite discrepancies, post-weaning social isolation in animal models is associated with increased nucleus accumbens dopamine function and decreased prefrontal cortex dopamine activity. It specifies that the observed increase in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens was in response to psychostimulants. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [37] Lukkes, 2009, Consequences of post-weaning social isolation on anxiety behavior and related neural circuits in rodents, Front Behav Neurosci source
The section on dopaminergic function says that mPFC dopamine innervation and turnover are generally decreased, while nucleus accumbens dopamine activity or turnover is generally increased during post-weaning isolation. It also reports greater stress- and conditioned stimulus-evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of isolation-reared rats; the release finding is specifically evoked rather than a measure of baseline release. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although much scarcer, research on the effects of social deprivation in adolescent non-human primates has shown effects in line with the rodent research: deprivation of contact with peers for 1–3 weeks results in anxiety-like behaviours and a reduction in cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampus (a brain region involved in learning and memory).56”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [56] Cinini, 2014, Social isolation disrupts hippocampal neurogenesis in young non-human primates, Front Neurosci source
The Abstract reports that young marmosets isolated for 1 or 3 weeks showed increased anxiety-related behaviors and reduced hippocampal cell proliferation. The Results section, “Hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis are impaired in isolated marmosets,” reports reduced proliferation at both durations and impaired neurogenesis, with the reduction in neuronal fate clearest after 3 weeks. Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Some studies have supported the rich-get-richer view of online communication (ie, those who already have strong offline friendships might benefit most from digital interaction), whereas those with a liability to mental health issues might be more susceptible to the negative effects78 (eg, those who have been victimised in person are more likely to be victimised or bullied online).79”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [78] Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip source
In “Overcoming fears and forging future directions for adolescents in the digital age” (page not provided), the review explicitly describes a ‘rich-get-richer’ model. It reports longitudinal research linking higher-quality existing relationships with more online communication and more cohesive online and offline friendships. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also highlight how adolescents might be particularly affected by social deprivation, especially the reduction of peer contact, and how this must be taken into account when considering the long-term consequences of global COVID-19 prevention measures.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“When rodent adolescent isolation occurs chronically, over 1 week or longer, it has even more profound effects. Chronically isolated adolescent rodents (isolated throughout the whole adolescent period) have shown abnormal behaviours such as hyper-reactivity to stressful situations45 and increased aggression.46”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Heidbreder, 2000, Behavioral, neurochemical and endocrinological characterization of the early social isolation syndrome, Neuroscience source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] St Popova, 1990, Changes in 5-HT1 receptors in different brain structures of rats with isolation syndrome, Gen Pharmacol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similar to adolescent humans, after weaning, rodents show a strong orientation towards their peers.38 These animals actively seek out peer interaction and these interactions are considered to be important social input for healthy development39 and specifically for social learning.34”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Vanderschuren, 2016, The neurobiology of social play and its rewarding value in rats, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Panksepp, 1981, The ontogeny of play in rats, Dev Psychobiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, many young people around the world currently have substantially fewer opportunities to interact face-to-face with peers in their social network, putting their social needs at risk of not being met at a crucial time of social development.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
In the paper
“Many animal studies have used rodents as their preferred animal model as these are innately social creatures and fare better in social rather than isolated housing.32”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Wills, 1983, Social interactions among rodent conspecifics: a review of experimental paradigms, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these experimental studies involve more extreme forms of social deprivation than the physical distancing experienced during COVID-19, the animal research literature provides valuable insights into the effects of depriving the developing animal of social contact during a sensitive period for social interaction.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to note, however, that physical distancing might not affect all adolescents in the same way. For example, adolescents who are living with high functioning families and who have positive relationships with parents or caregivers and siblings might be less affected by physical distancing than adolescents who do not have positive family relationships or who are living alone.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
In the paper
“Furthermore, increased aggression is also observed when rodents are raised with genetically modified conspecifics that show reduced social interaction,51 suggesting that behavioural changes also occur under less extreme forms of social deprivation.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Stark, 2020, Male Long Evans rats reared with a Fischer-344 peer during the juvenile period show deficits in social competency: a role for play, Int J Play source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although reintroducing acutely isolated animals to social contact can alleviate some of the negative effects of short-term isolation, such as anxiety,40 there are long-lasting negative consequences that are not easily remedied. For example, increased ethanol consumption in animals after social isolation persists even after the reintroduction to social housing.44”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Maisonnette, 1993, Role of resocialization and of 5-HT1A receptor activation on the anxiogenic effects induced by isolation in the elevated plus-maze test, Physiol Behav source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Wolffgramm, 1991, Social behavior, dominance, and social deprivation of rats determine drug choice, Pharmacol Biochem Behav source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, social deprivation and isolation have substantial effects on adolescent animals, ranging from neurobiology to cognition and behaviour, which extend well beyond the period of isolation and can have long-term consequences.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Comparable research on social deprivation in humans is scarce, but a small number of studies have investigated the effects of extreme forms of isolation like solitary confinement. They suggest that such isolation in prison leads to increased distress, depression, and aggression as well as increased prevalence of self harm in adults.57”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Haney, 2003, “Supermax” Confinement, Crime Delinq source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, 58% of Nigerians with secondary education or more have a social media account compared with 10% of Nigerians without secondary education.5”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the human brain, isolation alters neural patterns in ways similar to food deprivation:59 brain activity in the substantia nigra (the core of the brain's dopaminergic motivation centre) when people crave social contact after acute isolation mimics the activity exhibited there when they crave food after fasting.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] Tomova, 2020, The need to connect: acute social isolation causes neural craving responses similar to hunger, bioRxiv
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“69% of young British adolescents (aged 12–15 years)61 and 97% of American adolescents (aged 13–17 years) have a social media profile.62”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The animal studies reviewed suggest that the consequences of deprivation of social needs during adolescence can have negative effects resembling features of human neuropsychiatric disorders and on social cognitive development more broadly, due to lack of experiences for social learning.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most animal studies focus predominately on males, with female rodents included in only a few studies, and therefore do not represent the constellation of the human population.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Additional neurochemical changes include alterations to serotonin levels, with the direction of the effects differing between brain regions. For example, the prefrontal cortex shows increased serotonergic activity, whereas other brain areas, such as the hippocampus, show decreased activity. These alterations have been proposed to underlie observed behavioural changes such as increased anxiety and”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Many studies have investigated deprivation of peer contact in adult animals54 and have found that, across species, deprivation of contact with peers resulted in negative behavioural and physiological effects, suggesting that the need for peer to peer contact is universal across social species.55”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Tomova, 2019, The neuroscience of unmet social needs, Soc Neurosci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Petrovich, 1985, The attachment learning process and its relation to cultural and biological evolution: proximate and ultimate considerations source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Beyond these extreme forms of isolation in non-representative groups, evidence on experimentally-induced acute social isolation in adult humans shows that isolation results in increased feelings of loneliness, craving for social contact, and decreased happiness.59”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] Tomova, 2020, The need to connect: acute social isolation causes neural craving responses similar to hunger, bioRxiv
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although for some adolescents, social interactions at home might meet their social needs, physical distancing will challenge many teenagers' capacity to connect with peers.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Young people have been some of the first large-scale adopters of communicative digital technologies, such as social media and smartphones.5, 60”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60] Rideout
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The majority of US teenagers spend more than 4 h a day on social media sites60 and almost half of them report that they are almost constantly engaging online.62”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] Rideout
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, it remains unclear how well the social needs of rodents map onto the social needs of humans.54 The social world of rodents differs in many ways from the complexity of human sociality, so social deprivation might have differing effects between species.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Tomova, 2019, The neuroscience of unmet social needs, Soc Neurosci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the nature of these studies means that they relate to non-representative groups and are therefore difficult to interpret due to many confounding factors.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These means of interaction raise the possibility that digitalised social contact can mitigate the potentially harmful effects of physical distancing in young people.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Some studies have supported the rich-get-richer view of online communication (ie, those who already have strong offline friendships might benefit most from digital interaction), whereas those with a liability to mental health issues might be more susceptible to the negative effects78 (eg, those who have been victimised in person are more likely to be victimised or bullied online).79”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Przybylski, 2017, Cyberbullying and adolescent well-being in England: a population-based cross-sectional study, Lancet Child Adolesc Health source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if physical distancing measures are temporary, several months of physical distancing represents a large proportion of a young person's life during a sensitive period of development, so it is possible that the effects will be more potent than for adults.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescence is a unique developmental period when the social environment is important for brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.
In the paper
“Social media has especially become popular in the adolescent age group over the past decade.61”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the existing evidence shows that certain aspects of digital communication can engender social connection and might, therefore, mitigate the consequences of physical distancing.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures enforced by governments worldwide are causing a widespread reduction in face-to-face social contact.
In the paper
“There is initial experimental evidence that such passive uses could even negatively influence wellbeing, possibly by increasing social comparison and envy.77”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] Verduyn, 2017, Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review, Soc Issues Policy Rev source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
“Current efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19 have required sudden and commonly mandated physical distancing, removing many regular sources of social connection from people's lives.”
“The physical distancing measures mandated globally to contain the spread of COVID-19 are radically reducing adolescents' opportunities to engage in face-to-face social contact outside their household.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is little research on the effects of social deprivation or isolation on human adolescent development or on adult humans in general.
“There is little research on the effects of social deprivation or isolation on human adolescent development or on adult humans in general.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical distancing measures enforced by governments worldwide are causing a widespread reduction in face-to-face social contact.
“With physical distancing being enforced by governments around the world, society is at the start of a period of intense and widespread reduction of face-to-face social contact.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescence is a unique developmental period when the social environment is important for brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.
“Adolescents are at a unique period in their lives when the social environment is important for crucial functions in brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research on social isolation has almost entirely been conducted in animal models, and little is known about how social deprivation affects human development.
“Research on social isolation has almost entirely been carried out in animal models and little is known about how social deprivation affects human development.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A strong trend towards an increase of social interactions via the internet shifted the percentage of social interactions happening online, not only through the spread of smartphones but also as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic (41, 42).”
From Reducing neuroendocrine psychosocial stress response through socio-emotional dyadic but not mindfulness online training (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Young people may be more influenced by their peers, which may make adhering to social distancing regulations difficult should other members of their social groups not comply with guidelines [7].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recent research has indicated specific challenges faced by young people during the pandemic related to isolation, loneliness and anxiety [7, 9], which may impact on behaviours related to social distancing.”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Young people often have large social circles and are at a developmental stage in which social interactions and relationship building are considered important [7].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is already a highly sensitive time of social transformation where there is an increased need for peer interaction and peer friendships (Orben et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While young people (e.g. < 25) [7] who are deemed medically healthy may experience comparatively lower risk of serious effects of COVID-19, they play an important role in preventing its spread.”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, for adolescents, the social environment is important for developing essential brain functions, self-concept, and mental health in general (4).”
From Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Several studies already showed that adolescent age is a risk factor for diverse mental health problems, especially during epidemic outbreaks [e.g., (4–10)].”
From Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, adolescence is a critical period for not only social interaction (Larsen and Luna, 2018; ) but also the emergence of psychiatric diseases (Orben et al., 2020; Marco et al., 2011), and social isolation during adolescence can exacerbate mental health problems (Larsen and Luna, 2018; Almeida et al., 2021; ; Graf et al., 2021; Andersen, 2021).”
From Oxytocin neurons mediate the effect of social isolation via the VTA circuits (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“The adverse effects of social isolation are particularly apparent for adolescents (Almeida et al., 2021; Orben et al., 2020).”
From Oxytocin neurons mediate the effect of social isolation via the VTA circuits (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Chronic loneliness disproportionately affects people older (that is, elderly people46) and younger (that is, adolescents14) than the participants studied here; future studies should test whether the current results generalize to those more vulnerable populations.”
From Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Thus, the heightened neuroplasticity that characterises early development(24) is proposed to continue into adolescence(20, 21, 23).”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,210
Lyyra, N., Junttila, N., Gustafsson, J., Lahti, H., & Paakkari, L. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.976404 · Cited by 32
“Moreover, adolescents who intensively use online spaces to communicate with friends report online communication as helping them to understand their friends’ feelings; they thus feel more connected to their friends, with positive effects on the quality and closeness of the friendship (62).”
BackgroundBoursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2023) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2022.2059605 · Cited by 25
“In this regard, a recent review (Orben et al., 2020) has shown that home confinement had a disproportionate effect on different age groups, e.g., the adolescents.”
BackgroundAge differences in interbrain synchronization during peer cooperation: an EEG hyperscanning study
Yang, M., Li, X., Sang, B., & Deng, X. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad308 · Cited by 27
Milbocker, K. A., Smith, I. F., & Klintsova, A. Y. (2023) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-230151 · Cited by 29
“Social isolation could result in lasting behavioral abnormalities andneuropsychiatricdisorders,includingaggression, substanceaddiction,obsessive-compulsivedisorder, andeatingdisorders[129–131].”
BackgroundTardif‐Grenier, K., Archambault, I., Dupéré, V., Marks, A. K., & Olivier, É. (2021) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-021-09895-x · Cited by 28
Exploring the Effect of a Nature-based Virtual Reality Environment on Stress in Adolescents
Björling, E. A., Sonney, J., Rodriguez, S., Carr, N., Zade, H., & Moon, S. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.831026 · Cited by 31
School Personnel and Parents’ Concerns Related to COVID-19 Pandemic’s Impact Related to Schools
Anderson, J. E., Hughes, J. L., & Trivedi, M. H. (2021) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2020.1862626 · Cited by 24
“While there is limited evidence for social isolation in humans, the scarce evidence suggests a greater likelihood for development of mental health disorders and self-harm behaviors (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEditorial Perspective: Rethinking child and adolescent mental health care after COVID‐19
Raballo, A., Poletti, M., Valmaggia, L., & McGorry, P. D. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13371 · Cited by 23
A framework for understanding adverse adolescent experiences
Pollmann, A., Bates, K. E., & Fuhrmann, D. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-02098-x · Cited by 36
“Social isolation and deprivation—for instance, as experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic—could also be associated with challenges in adolescent development 85 .”
Moro, G. L., Soneson, E., Jones, P. B., & Galante, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249445 · Cited by 26
The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Decision-Making Processes
Romero-Rivas, C., & Rodríguez‐Cuadrado, S. (2021) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2021.14 · Cited by 22
Kang, J. S., Baek, J. H., Jung, S., Chung, H. J., Lee, D., & Kim, H. J. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117978 · Cited by 25
Impact of stress on inhibitory neuronal circuits, our tribute to Bruce McEwen
Pérez-Rando, M., Carceller, H., Castillo-Gómez, E., Bueno-Fernández, C., García-Mompó, C., Gilabert‐Juan, J., Guirado, R., Pesarico, A. P., & Nácher, J. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100460 · Cited by 24
“Adolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development, characterized by heightened sensitivity to social stimuli and the increased need for peer interaction (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMikkelsen, H. T., Skarstein, S. O., Helseth, S., Småstuen, M. C., Haraldstad, K., & Rohde, G. E. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13737-1 · Cited by 26
“The negative effects of social distancing might be particularly challenging for adolescents, for whom peer interaction is especially important [6, 7].”
BackgroundCortisol changes in healthy children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic
Fung, M. H., Taylor, B. K., Embury, C. M., Spooner, R. K., Johnson, H. J., Willett, M. P., Frenzel, M. R., Badura-Brack, A. S., White, S. F., & Wilson, T. W. (2022) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2022.2125798 · Cited by 27
“Maturation is highly susceptible to environmental influences in adolescence (Orben et al., 2020; Vijayakumar et al., 2018), and puberty is one of the most substantial periods of neuroendocrine development.”
BackgroundExperiences of the Ukrainian adolescents during the Russia-Ukraine 2022 War
Lopatovska, I., Arora, K., Fernandes, F. V., Rao, A., Sivkoff-Livneh, S., & Stamm, B. (2022) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-07-2022-0093 · Cited by 30
Holzer, J., Korlat, S., Pelikan, E. R., Schober, B., Spiel, C., & Lüftenegger, M. (2023) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316231162306 · Cited by 42
“While long-term consequences of the pandemic in terms of adolescents ’ mental health and future prospects are not yet foreseeable (Orben et al., 2020; Wade et al., 2020), studies indicate that coping with pandemic-related challenges, and learning under COVID-19 conditions has varied among youth…”
BackgroundWhat Counteracts Problematic Social Media Use in Adolescence? A Cross-National Observational Study
Lahti, H., Kulmala, M., Hietajärvi, L., Lyyra, N., Kleszczewska, D. W., Boniel‐Nissim, M., Fürstová, J., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Sudeck, G., & Paakkari, L. T. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.07.026 · Cited by 25
Afrin, S., Nasrullah, S. M., Dalal, K., Tasnim, Z., Benzadid, S., Humayra, F., Saif‐Ur‐Rahman, K., & Hawlader, M. D. H. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00819-3 · Cited by 26
Adolescent digital emotion regulation
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Evolution of Self-Awareness and the Cultural Emergence of Academic and Non-academic Self-Concepts
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Afriat, M., France, K. D., Stack, D. M., Serbin, L. A., & Hollenstein, T. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02519-3 · Cited by 27
“…quality typically protects against mental health problems induced by stressful life events and promotes adolescent resilience (McMahon et al., 2020; Orben et al., 2020; van Harmelen et al., 2020), adolescents have been forced to rely more heavily on virtual means of social interactions, such as…”
BackgroundThe Online Strength-Informed Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Among COVID-19-Affected Adolescents.
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Young People's Risk Perception and Experience in Connection with COVID-19
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“Social deprivation is believed to have a particularly negative effect on YP, because they are in a sensitive stage of life with regard to social interaction (see overview by Orben et al. (2020)).”
BackgroundRomero, M. P. A., Flujas-Contreras, J. M., Fernández-Torres, M., Becerra, I. G., & Sánchez-López, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647645 · Cited by 25
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Students' perceptions, educational challenges and hope during the COVID‐19 pandemic
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“This finding highlights the importance of social connections even during times of physical social distancing (Orben et al., 2020) and aligns with research showing the importance of peer interactions during adolescence.”
ResultStea, T. H., Bonsaksen, T., Smith, P., Kleppang, A. L., Steigen, A. M., Leonhardt, M., Lien, L., & Vettore, M. V. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05696-1 · Cited by 26
“Adolescence is a period of life characterized by increased sensitivity to social stimuli and increased need for interaction with peers [29], and higher perceived social support has been identified as one of the most important protective factors of adolescents’ mental health problems, irrespective…”
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“Adolescence is a time period in which peer relationships are taking on increased importance for neuro-typical youth (Furman & Buhrmester, 1992; Orben et al., 2020), and when autistic youth experience increasing challenges navigating their social worlds (Picci & Scherf, 2015; Wallace et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe Liminal Leisure of Disadvantaged Young People in the UK Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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“Such conditions may have detrimental long-term impacts for young people’s health and wellbeing (Orben et al. 2020).”
BackgroundFernandes, M. D. S. V., Silva, T. M. V. D., Noll, P. R. E. S., Almeida, A. A. D., & Noll, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063735 · Cited by 21
“Social deprivation in adolescence may substantially harm emotional health, because adolescents experience a period of increasing need for interaction with peers [68].”
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“This idea is supported by studies in rodents and nonhuman primates showing that even relatively short periods of social isolation can have significant psychological and physiological effects both during development (Orben et al., 2020) and in adulthood (Tomova et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMental health profiles of Finnish adolescents before and after the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic
Gustafsson, J., Lyyra, N., Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I., Simonsen, N., Lahti, H., Kulmala, M., Ojala, K., & Paakkari, L. T. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00591-1 · Cited by 34
“It has also been suggested that the effects of social distancing might extend beyond the pandemic [12], and that the dynamic of supportive relationships might have changed during this time period [13].”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 lockdown in children with neurological disorders in Italy
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Exposure to Spoken Communication in Children With Cochlear Implants During the COVID-19 Lockdown
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“Bubble size: small (0-3 people), medium (4-7), or large (8-15).”
BackgroundChamieh, A., Zgheib, R., El-Sawalhi, S., Yammine, L., Hajj, G. E., Zmerli, O., Afif, C., Rolain, J., & Azar, E. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10081016 · Cited by 22
Factors related to compliance with the COVID-19 health regulations among young people
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Daily prosocial actions during the COVID-19 pandemic contribute to giving behavior in adolescence
Sweijen, S., van de Groep, S., Green, K. H., Brinke, L. T., Buijzen, M., de Leeuw, R. N. H., & Crone, E. A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11421-3 · Cited by 22
“These items were as followed: (1) ‘I comforted friends/family members when they were upset’, (2) ‘I sent a message to friends/family members (and/or called them), to be kind’, and (3) ‘I did my best spend time with friends/family members’.”
BackgroundMartínez-Líbano, J., & Yeomans‐Cabrera, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1407021 · Cited by 30
Khan, A., & Burton, N. W. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168877 · Cited by 20
“Both electronic gaming and television can be solitary activities, thereby reducing the social opportunities required for brain and behavioral development associated with self-identity, self-referential processing, executive control, and mentalizing, which in turn are implicated in depression and empathy [44].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Pandemic and the Second Lockdown: The 3rd Wave of the Disease Through the Voice of Youth
Branquinho, C., Santos, A. C., Noronha, C., Ramiro, L., & de Matos, M. G. (2021) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-021-09865-6 · Cited by 20
The importance of high quality real-life social interactions during the COVID-19 pandemic
Monninger, M., Aggensteiner, P.-M., Pollok, T. M., Kaiser, A., Reinhard, I., Hermann, A., Reichert, M., Ebner‐Priemer, U., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., Brandeis, D., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30803-9 · Cited by 26
Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on structural brain development in early adolescence
van Drunen, L., Toenders, Y. J., Wierenga, L. M., & Crone, E. A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32754-7 · Cited by 23
“1, 95% CI [687, 738]), but sex did not interact with timepoint of pandemic group (F(1, 189) = 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialAllen, K., Berger, E., Reupert, A., Grové, C., May, F., Patlamazoglou, L., Gamble, N., Wurf, G., & Warton, W. (2023) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-023-09596-9 · Cited by 27
“While a sense of belonging may be important for primary school-aged children (Palikara et al., 2021), it is particularly relevant from young adolescence onwards (ages 10 and up; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKeutler, M., & McHugh, L. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.11.006 · Cited by 25
Social experiences and youth psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal studyPreprint
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Dumas, T. M., Tremblay, P. F., Ellis, W. E., Millett, G., & Maxwell-Smith, M. A. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107591 · Cited by 23
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“Thus, use of digital applications may mitigate the potentially harmful effects of physical distancing [39].”
BackgroundFacilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic
Berry, E., Jenkins, C., & Allen, S. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13325-3 · Cited by 19
“Young people often have large social circles and are at a developmental stage in which social interactions and relationship building are considered important [7].”
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“Adolescence can be a critical time to support healthy, adaptive learning, resilience, and positive social development (Dahl et al., 2018; Orben et al., 2020; Duell et al., 2022; Fuligni and Galván, 2022; Karan et al., 2022).”
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Growing Up in Times of COVID-19: When a Window of Opportunity is Temporarily Closed
Keijsers, L., & Bülow, A. (2021) · The New Common · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65355-2_17 · Cited by 11
Bjørknes, R., Sandal, G. M., Mæland, S., Haug, E., & Lehmann, S. (2021) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12878 · Cited by 19
“According to Power et al. (2020), young people may also find it more difficult to cope with the current crisis as their coping skills are not equivalent to that of an adult.”
BackgroundCoetzee, B., Gericke, H., Human, S., Stallard, P. N., & Loades, M. E. (2021) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12374 · Cited by 19
The Benefits of Friendships in Academic Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Alotaibi, T. A., Alkhalifah, K. M., Alhumaidan, N. I., AlMutiri, W. A., Alsaleh, S. K., AlRashdan, F. M., Almutairi, H., Sabi, A. Y., Almawash, A. N., Alfaifi, M. Y., et al. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.50946 · Cited by 31
“Currently, young people's need for a sense of community is particularly high [2], leading individuals to spend more time with their friends, feel more comfortable around friends than they do with family, and worry about how their friends will perceive them and how the local social milieu will view…”
BackgroundMarques, S. S., & Braidwood, R. (2021) · Children & Schools · doi:10.1093/cs/cdab006 · Cited by 18
Lei, Y., Wang, D., Bai, Y., Nougaisse, J., Weintraub, N. L., Guo, M., & Lu, X. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01778-2 · Cited by 20
“Depression can occur at any age, but usually emerges in adolescence or early adulthood, which represents a sensitive period for social interaction that is more vulnerable to stress [6, 7].”
BackgroundWarschburger, P., Kamrath, C., Lanzinger, S., Sengler, C., Wiegand, S., Göldel, J. M., Blüher, S., Holl, R. W., & Minden, K. (2023) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-023-03912-7 · Cited by 17
“Consequently, social deprivation during this sensible developmental period might have caused farreaching consequences [41].”
BackgroundSuicidal Mortality and Motives Among Middle-School, High-School, and University Students
Okada, M., Matsumoto, R., Shiroyama, T., & Motomura, E. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.28144 · Cited by 22
Hua, Y., Jiang, W., He, Y., Zheng, X., Huang, C., Guo, L., Guo, Y., & Guo, L. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2337577 · Cited by 20
“It is reasonable to prioritise interpersonal stress given that adolescence is a hypersensitive period for peer interaction and negative social stimuli (Orben et al., 2020).”
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“7; ; 8).”
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Asscheman, J. S., Zanolie, K., Bexkens, A., & Bos, M. G. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.722494 · Cited by 20
Longitudinal increases in childhood depression during the COVID-19 lockdown in a UK cohortPreprint
Bignardi, G., Dalmaijer, E. S., Anwyl-Irvine, A. L., Smith, T. A., Šiugždaitė, R., Uh, S., & Astle, D. E. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/v7f3q · Cited by 19
Phantom Illusion Based Vibrotactile Rendering of Affective Touch Patterns
Kirchner, R., Rosenkranz, R., Sousa, B. G., Li, S., & Altinsoy, M. E. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2023.3315964 · Cited by 17
“This missing social interaction with others poses a risk for the healthy development of children and young adults [2].”
BackgroundSocial experience in adolescence shapes prefrontal cortex structure and function in adulthood
Li, D. C., Hinton, E. A., Guo, J., Knight, K. A., Sequeira, M. K., Wynne, M. E., Dighe, N. M., & Gourley, S. L. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02540-6 · Cited by 18
“The premise of our investigation is that social isolation has long-lasting cognitive and behavioral consequences for adolescents, even after normalization of the social milieu [21].”
Old Strategies, New Environments: Reinforcement Learning on Social Media
Turner, G., Ferguson, A. M., Katiyar, T., Palminteri, S., & Orben, A. C. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.12.012 · Cited by 35
Self-citationTroxel, W. M., Palimaru, A. I., Klein, D. J., Dong, L., Dickerson, D. L., Brown, R. A., Johnson, C. L., & D’Amico, E. J. (2022) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2021.2022679 · Cited by 17
“This is also a developmental stage characterized by increased need for social connections outside the home, especially with peers (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAdolescent mental health during covid-19 pandemics: a systematic review
Alamolhoda, S. H., Zare, E., Hakimzadeh, A., Zalpour, A., Vakili, F., Chermahini, R. M., Ebadifard, R., Masoumi, M., Khaleghi, N., & Nasiri, M. (2022) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2022-0058 · Cited by 20
Minihan, S., Songco, A., Fox, E., Ladouceur, C. D., Mewton, L. R., Moulds, M. L., Pfeifer, J. H., van Harmelen, A., & Schweizer, S. (2023) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001238 · Cited by 19
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“While exponentially increasing numbers of reports of negative psychological impacts have been described [10], very little has been published on hope.”
BackgroundStewart, S. L., Toohey, A., Celebre, A., & Poss, J. W. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910184 · Cited by 17
Nursing children and young people
Omughelli, D., Gordon, N., & Aljaber, T. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108980944.010 · Cited by 17
Rahmat, W., Tiawati, R. L., Kemal, E., Tatalia, R. G., Azri, H., & Wulandari, Y. (2023) · Journal of Communication Inquiry · doi:10.1177/01968599231174848 · Cited by 17
Allostatic-interoceptive anticipation of social rejection
Migeot, J., Hesse, E., Fittipaldi, S., Mejía, J., Fraile, M., García, A. M., García, M. D. C., Ortega, R., Lawlor, B., Lopez, V., et al. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120200 · Cited by 15
Trajectories of adolescent life satisfaction
Orben, A., Lucas, R. E., Fuhrmann, D., & Kievit, R. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y8ruw · Cited by 16
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“When mental health conditions (MHC) (or other crises (for example: war, natural disasters, pandemics, and chronic illness) separate a teen from their peer group, or when the adults and peers in their environment are not healthy themselves, then their developmental opportunities may be compromised, and the teen may mis…”
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“A lack of connection to others can have negative consequences for physical and mental health, as well as increased mortality (Caspi et al., 2006; Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAge-gender differences in the relationships between physical and mental health
Hugh-Jones, S., Wilding, A., Munford, L. A., & Sutton, M. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116347 · Cited by 18
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The Impact of Socialisation on Children’s Prosocial Behaviour. A Study on Primary School Students
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“In particular, children and adolescents had to cope with the domestic isolation and the prolonged school closures which drastically reduced their activities outside the domestic sphere [48,49].”
BackgroundFlow Experience and Emotional Well-Being among Italian Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bassi, M., Carissoli, C., Beretta, S., Negri, L., Fianco, A., & Fave, A. D. (2022) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2022.2074347 · Cited by 20
“…Accepted 1 May 2022 KEYWORDS Flow experience; emotional well-being; adolescence; COVID-19 pandemic imposed by the pandemic can prevent adolescents from constructively facing these challenges, and represent potential risk factors for psycho-social maladjustment (Fore, 2020; Orben et al., 2020).”
The Multidimensional Wellbeing in Youth Scale (MWYS): Development and Psychometric Properties
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“Severe limits on social interaction during childhood can lead to loneliness and social isolation [2,3]—major risk factors for future mental health problems [4].”
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“…age-controlled longitudinal study whether and how social brain development of teenagers was affected by growing up during COVID-19 pandemic interventions (van Drunen et al., 2023), such as experiencing consequences of social isolation and school closings (Andrews et al., 2020; Orben et al., 2020).”
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“…stage, young individuals experience growth in cognitive skills like self-referential processing, decision making, and executive control, promoting their understanding of others’ thoughts and emotions and helping them navigate and interpret the perspectives of those around them more effectively [4].”
Maurice, J., Devonport, T. J., & Knight, C. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.609631 · Cited by 15
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“Focusing on youth and young adults is important because the period of adolescence is a stage of development characterized by increased sensitivity to social stimuli and an enhanced need for peer interaction, which is crucial for their brain development and self-concept construction [11].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Orben, A., Tomova, L., & Blakemore, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne
- Venue
- The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 634-640
- ISSN
- 2352-4642 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7292584
- OpenAlex
- W3034871545
- Cited by
- 1,383
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 155 · 2025: 232 · 2024: 238 · 2023: 227 · 2022: 262 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 57
- FWCI
- 13.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Jacobs Foundation
- University of Cambridge
- Wellcome Trust
- Austrian Science Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- social deprivation, adolescent development, adolescent mental health, peer acceptance, peer influence, social isolation, online interaction, social media, brain development
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Child, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Mental Health, Peer Group, Pneumonia, Viral, Social Isolation, Coronavirus Infections, Adolescent Development, Young Adult, Pandemics, Social Media
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