The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 51 of the 107 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Adolescence (the stage between 10 and 24 years) is a period of life characterised by heightened sensitivity to social stimuli and the increased need for peer interaction. The physical distancing measures mandated globally to contain the spread of COVID-19 are radically reducing adolescents' opportunities to engage in face-to-face social contact outside their household. In this interdisciplinary Viewpoint, we describe literature from a variety of domains that highlight how social deprivation in adolescence might have far-reaching consequences. Human studies have shown the importance of peer acceptance and peer influence in adolescence. Animal research has shown that social deprivation and isolation have unique effects on brain and behaviour in adolescence compared with other stages of life. However, the decrease in adolescent face-to-face contact might be less detrimental due to widespread access to digital forms of social interaction through technologies such as social media. The findings reviewed highlight how physical distancing might have a disproportionate effect on an age group for whom peer interaction is a vital aspect of development.
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Claims the paper makes
20 Partly supported · 18 No full text of the sources · 16 Own interpretation · 15 Supported · 14 Sources not found · 4 Supported so far · 4 No basis given · 1 Not supported · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“These detrimental effects are amplified in adolescent prisoners: one study showed that being younger than 19 years of age and assignment to solitary confinement were the two strongest predictors of self harm in prisoners.58”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [58] Kaba, 2014, Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates, Am J Public Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Results Table 2 identifies age 18 or younger and solitary confinement as strong predictors of self-harm, but serious mental illness has a higher odds ratio than either (7.97 versus 7.50 and 6.89). The analysis covers the New York City jail population, not adolescent prisoners alone. It therefore does not show that age and solitary confinement were the two strongest predictors among adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“As with most regions within the human cortex, the structure of the social brain develops substantially throughout adolescence.19”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [19] Mills, 2014, Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
The Conclusion states that the social brain network continues to develop structurally across adolescence. The Abstract reports changes in grey matter volume, cortical thickness and surface area in the regions studied, while the Introduction describes broader cortical development across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Adolescence represents a sensitive period for social interaction.4”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion says adolescence might be a sensitive period for processing and acquiring sociocultural knowledge. The claim presents this as established and broadens it to social interaction generally; the section on Possible Consequences of Social Isolation also says further human studies are needed. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Indeed, feeling insufficiently connected to others is associated with profound and lasting negative consequences on physical and mental health, even leading to increased mortality.2”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [2] Hawkley, 2010, Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms, Ann Behav Med source
The Introduction describes chronic loneliness and its consequences for mental and physical health. The sections on physical health and mortality and on mental health and cognitive functioning report longitudinal health effects, increased mortality risk, and adverse mental-health outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, adolescents are markedly more sensitive to peer acceptance, rejection, and approval than are children or adults.11, 12, 13”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Sebastian, 2011, Developmental influences on the neural bases of responses to social rejection: implications of social neuroscience for education, Neuroimage source
- Partly supportedcites [12] Somerville, 2013, Special issue on the teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation, Curr Dir Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not provided) describe heightened adolescent sensitivity to social evaluation, and Emotional processing in the social context reports stronger responses to exclusion than in adults. But that section explicitly says it is not yet known whether adolescents’ response to peer acceptance differs from that of younger or older people, so the across-the-board comparison for acceptance, rejection, and approval is too broad. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [13] Foulkes, 2016, Is there heightened sensitivity to social reward in adolescence?, Curr Opin Neurobiol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions report that human adolescents find potential social evaluation of either valence more salient than other ages, supporting greater sensitivity to positive and negative peer evaluation. But the Social reward in human adolescence section reports similar responses to compliments in children and adolescents, and the paper says heightened reward value of approval remains unestablished. The claim’s unqualified comparison across acceptance, rejection, and approval is therefore stronger than the evidence presented. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Simultaneously, cognitive abilities such as self-referential processing,15 executive control,16 and mentalising, improve across adolescence, enabling young people to better understand other people's minds and take others' perspectives.16”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] Van der Aar, 2018, The development of self-views across adolescence: investigating self-descriptions with and without social comparison using a novel experimental paradigm, Cogn Dev source
Citation 15 is attached to self-referential processing, not to executive control, mentalising, or the claim about understanding others' perspectives. The Introduction describes increasing cognitive abilities that permit more abstract, differentiated views of the self during adolescence; section 4.1 reports age-related changes in self-descriptions. These passages support the claim at the level attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [16] Dumontheil, 2010, Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence, Dev Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports improvement in theory-of-mind use into late adolescence, and the Discussion describes development in executive-function demands and in taking account of a speaker’s perspective (page numbers unavailable). But the Discussion says the study cannot determine the cause of this development and distinguishes improved use of another’s perspective from improved perspective-taking processes. It therefore does not establish that these cognitive changes enable better understanding of others’ minds. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, complete social deprivation during rodent adolescence affects brain development, mainly affecting motivation and reward processes.33, 36”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Partly supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.2.2 (page not supplied) describes post-weaning social isolation during the juvenile and adolescent period as affecting cortical development, neurobiology, reward learning, and approach motivation. It also reports sensory-processing deficits and increased fear and anxiety-like behavior, so the claim that its effects are mainly on motivation and reward is not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Several studies have focused on loneliness in humans and have reported a connection between self-reported loneliness and mental health problems.30”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging source
The Methods (Procedures; page not provided) describe a participant-rated loneliness scale, and the Results (page not provided) report significant associations between loneliness scores and depressive-symptom scores. The Discussion (page not provided) also reports that loneliness predicted changes in depressive symptoms. Depression is the mental-health problem this paper addresses. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Importantly, these effects are specific to isolation during rodent adolescence and do not occur to a similar extent when isolation occurs before or after adolescence.33, 36”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Partly supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.2.2 describes lasting neurobiological effects of post-weaning isolation during the juvenile and adolescent period, and its neurobiology subsection reports changes in reward circuitry. The paper does not establish that those brain effects are specific to adolescent isolation or compare their extent with isolation before or after adolescence. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, such studies do not clearly establish whether loneliness results in mental illness or vice versa.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says earlier longitudinal studies could not formally test whether loneliness and depressive symptoms predict each other; the Discussion (page unavailable) says experimental evidence would give greater confidence about causation. But the paper studied depressive symptoms, not mental illness broadly, and explicitly says clinical depression was not measured. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, adolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development,4 which might be partly dependent on the development of the social brain: the network of brain areas involved in social perception and cognition that allows us to understand others.18”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol source
The Conclusion describes adolescence as a possible sensitive period for acquiring sociocultural knowledge and links that possibility to profound development of the social brain and social cognition. This supports the citing sentence’s qualified claim; its separate definition of the social brain is attached to citation 18. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [18] Frith, 2007, Social cognition in humans, Curr Biol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a network of brain regions supporting the ability to represent others’ mental states, and the Abstract links social-signal processing to its brain basis. But the paper does not establish that adolescent social development depends on development of that network. In the citing sentence, the separate sensitive-period statement is attached to citation 4, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.81)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In this Viewpoint, we discuss evidence that human adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion.4”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol source
The text accompanying Figure 1 says adolescents are particularly sensitive to their social environments, and the Figure 1 caption explicitly describes them as hypersensitive to the negative consequences of social exclusion. It reports that exclusion lowered mood particularly strongly in the adolescent groups. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This reorientation towards peers facilitates young people's development into independent adults, enabling them to foster a more complete sense of social self-identity, at the same time as building stronger affiliations with their peer group.14”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Pfeifer, 2018, The Development of self and identity in adolescence: neural evidence and implications for a value-based choice perspective on motivated behavior, Child Dev Perspect sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The Development of Self and Identity in Adolescence” (page unavailable), the paper says adolescents seek autonomy from parents while developing stronger social-identity commitments and a greater need for peer connection. It does not establish that reorientation toward peers causes independence or stronger peer affiliations; it describes these changes as occurring together. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The importance of obtaining peer social approval increases and peer influence is heightened in adolescence.7, 8, 9, 10”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] De Goede, 2009, Linkages over time between adolescents' relationships with parents and friends, J Youth Adolesc sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions (page not provided) say that friends’ influence increases during adolescence as parents’ influence decreases. The paper does not say that obtaining peer social approval becomes more important; its discussion of friendships becoming more influential does not establish that specific motivation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [8] Albert, 2013, Peer influences on adolescent decision making, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
The section on adolescents’ responses to social stimuli says peer relations are especially salient in adolescence and that adolescents give high priority to peer norms. The section on peer influences on risk behavior reports lower resistance to peer influence among adolescents than adults. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [9] Knoll, 2015, Social influence on risk perception during adolescence, Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says peer relationships become increasingly important, and the Results report that young adolescents were more influenced by teenagers’ ratings than adults’ ratings. The Discussion and Conclusion propose a desire for peer acceptance as an explanation, but explicitly call it speculative; the study does not establish that the importance of obtaining peer approval increases across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Multiple longitudinal MRI studies have shown that, across the cortex, the volume of grey matter, mostly consisting of cell bodies and synapses, declines from late childhood to the mid twenties,20, 21 whereas the volume of white matter, consisting of myelinated axons, gradually increases.21”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [20] Tamnes, 2017, Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: a multisample study of inter-related longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area, and thickness, J Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion > Conclusion (page not provided) report longitudinal decreases in cortical volume from ages 7 to 29, supporting the grey-matter portion of the claim. The paper does not report a gradual increase in white-matter volume; its analyses concern cortical volume, surface area, and thickness. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [21] Mills, 2016, Structural brain development between childhood and adulthood: Convergence across four longitudinal samples, Neuroimage sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Gross developmental trajectories using raw volumes; page not supplied) report that cortical grey matter volume decreases through the second decade and begins to stabilize in the third. They also report that cerebral white matter volume increases from late childhood to mid-adolescence, with most samples showing increases until late adolescence. The claim overextends these trajectories if it implies continued grey matter decline and white matter increase through the mid-twenties. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Compared with children (aged <10 years), adolescents spend more time with peers than with their family and form more complex peer relationships.6”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Lam, 2014, Time with peers from middle childhood to late adolescence: developmental course and adjustment correlates, Child Dev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) report increasing peer involvement from childhood through adolescence and a shift toward mixed- and opposite-sex peer groups. The paper does not establish that adolescents spend more time with peers than with family, or directly compare the complexity of their peer relationships with those of children under 10. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These macrostructural changes are thought to correspond to neurodevelopmental mechanisms at the microstructural level, including the myelination and growth of axons and synaptic reorganisation, which are partly dependent on environmental input and represent mechanisms of developmental neuroplasticity.22, 23”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] Yakovlev, 1967, The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [23] Petanjek, 2011, Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“On a behavioural level, even a brief duration (eg, 24 h) of isolation in adolescent rodents can cause increased anxiety,40 hyperactivity,41 and heightened sensitivity to social rewards,42 which extends to the seeking of food or drug rewards, making these animals particularly prone to developing addictions.43”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Maisonnette, 1993, Role of resocialization and of 5-HT1A receptor activation on the anxiogenic effects induced by isolation in the elevated plus-maze test, Physiol Behav source
- Partly supportedcites [41] Morley, 1978, The effects of prolonged handling, scopolamine, and physostigmine on the activity of isolated and socially reared rats, Physiol Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 41 is attached to the hyperactivity claim. The Discussion reports significantly higher locomotor activity in isolation-reared rats than in socially reared rats. However, the Rearing Conditions and subsequent discussion indicate 53 days of differential rearing before testing at 75 days of age, not an effect of 24 hours of isolation in adolescent rodents. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Ikemoto, 1992, The effects of early social isolation on the motivation for social play in juvenile rats, Dev Psychobiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Conversely, high quality peer relationships appear to protect against mental health problems and strengthen adolescent resilience.29”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [29] van Harmelen, 2017, Adolescent friendships predict later resilient functioning across psychosocial domains in a healthy community cohort, Psychol Med source
The Discussion reports that adolescent friendship support predicts later resilient psychosocial functioning and may be an important protective factor. The Introduction also reports reduced later depressive symptoms associated with friendship support after childhood adversity or peer victimisation. These passages support the citing sentence’s hedged claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For healthy development, parental and caregiver input is a crucial component, especially during early development, whereas later in development the influence of peers becomes an additional important element of the social environment.25”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] Nelson, 2016, Social re-orientation and brain development: An expanded and updated view, Dev Cogn Neurosci source
In “Beyond adolescence: other periods of social re-orientation” (page not supplied), the paper describes caregiver engagement as the primary social focus in infancy, peer play in the juvenile phase, and peer integration in adolescence. It also says that developmentally appropriate social engagement is strongly motivated and that impeded engagement causes distress, supporting the claim’s broad account of their importance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, human loneliness is not straightforward to study experimentally as loneliness is not a simple product of objective social deprivation: people can be alone without feeling lonely or feel lonely even in a crowd.30”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging source
In the introductory section headed “Loneliness and the feeling of being unwanted is the most terrible poverty,” the paper distinguishes being alone from feeling lonely and says people can feel lonely in a crowd. It also distinguishes loneliness from objective social isolation. The sentence’s point about experimental difficulty is the citing authors’ framing, not the proposition attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This rodent research has shown that social isolation causes substantial changes in brain and behaviour,31 especially if isolation occurs during development.33, 34”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Matthews, 2019, Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
The section on social motivational systems reports that isolation disrupts social recognition memory in rodents and is associated with changes in synaptic plasticity and oxytocin signaling. This supports the brain-and-behaviour claim to which this citation is attached. The developmental qualifier has separate citations and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Adolescence is also a period of heightened vulnerability to mental health problems, with 75% of adults who have ever had a mental health condition reporting that they first experienced symptoms before the age of 24.26”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] Kessler, 2012, Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States, Int J Methods Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Age-of-onset distributions; page unavailable) report median onset at ages 15–17 for phobias and separation anxiety disorder, supporting heightened vulnerability during adolescence for some disorders. The paper does not report that 75% of adults with any mental health condition first had symptoms before age 24; its Results (Lifetime morbid risk; page unavailable) instead give disorder-specific onset estimates, including substantial onset during adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In most of these studies, animals were isolated from peers from around postnatal days 21 to 43, corresponding roughly to early adolescence (aged 10–13 years) and mid adolescence (aged 14–16 years) in humans.34 Such studies show similar effects to those investigating isolation throughout the whole adolescent period, including increased anxiety-like behaviours, depression-like behaviours, and reward”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Partly supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There is evidence that problems with peer relationships, peer rejection, bullying, and loneliness are risk factors for the development of affective conditions such as depression in adolescence.27, 28”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [27] Arseneault, 2018, Annual research review: the persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: implications for policy and practice, J Child Psychol Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section on bullying victimisation and mental health reports that being bullied in childhood or adolescence is associated with later anxiety and depression, even after accounting for earlier symptoms. It does not establish peer-relationship problems, peer rejection, and loneliness as separate risk factors for adolescent depression; elsewhere, it describes rejection as associated with risk of being bullied and loneliness as an outcome associated with victimisation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Platt, 2013, The role of peer rejection in adolescent depression, Depress Anxiety source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“More specifically, although some divergent effects have been observed, the most consistent findings report that dopamine release in reward regions such as the nucleus accumbens increases following adolescent isolation, but dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex decreases.33, 36, 37”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res source
Section 4.2.2.1 reports that, despite discrepancies, post-weaning social isolation in animal models is associated with increased nucleus accumbens dopamine function and decreased prefrontal cortex dopamine activity. It specifies that the observed increase in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens was in response to psychostimulants. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [37] Lukkes, 2009, Consequences of post-weaning social isolation on anxiety behavior and related neural circuits in rodents, Front Behav Neurosci source
The section on dopaminergic function says that mPFC dopamine innervation and turnover are generally decreased, while nucleus accumbens dopamine activity or turnover is generally increased during post-weaning isolation. It also reports greater stress- and conditioned stimulus-evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of isolation-reared rats; the release finding is specifically evoked rather than a measure of baseline release. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although much scarcer, research on the effects of social deprivation in adolescent non-human primates has shown effects in line with the rodent research: deprivation of contact with peers for 1–3 weeks results in anxiety-like behaviours and a reduction in cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampus (a brain region involved in learning and memory).56”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [56] Cinini, 2014, Social isolation disrupts hippocampal neurogenesis in young non-human primates, Front Neurosci source
The Abstract reports that young marmosets isolated for 1 or 3 weeks showed increased anxiety-related behaviors and reduced hippocampal cell proliferation. The Results section, “Hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis are impaired in isolated marmosets,” reports reduced proliferation at both durations and impaired neurogenesis, with the reduction in neuronal fate clearest after 3 weeks. Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Some studies have supported the rich-get-richer view of online communication (ie, those who already have strong offline friendships might benefit most from digital interaction), whereas those with a liability to mental health issues might be more susceptible to the negative effects78 (eg, those who have been victimised in person are more likely to be victimised or bullied online).79”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [78] Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip source
In “Overcoming fears and forging future directions for adolescents in the digital age” (page not provided), the review explicitly describes a ‘rich-get-richer’ model. It reports longitudinal research linking higher-quality existing relationships with more online communication and more cohesive online and offline friendships. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also highlight how adolescents might be particularly affected by social deprivation, especially the reduction of peer contact, and how this must be taken into account when considering the long-term consequences of global COVID-19 prevention measures.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“When rodent adolescent isolation occurs chronically, over 1 week or longer, it has even more profound effects. Chronically isolated adolescent rodents (isolated throughout the whole adolescent period) have shown abnormal behaviours such as hyper-reactivity to stressful situations45 and increased aggression.46”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Heidbreder, 2000, Behavioral, neurochemical and endocrinological characterization of the early social isolation syndrome, Neuroscience source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] St Popova, 1990, Changes in 5-HT1 receptors in different brain structures of rats with isolation syndrome, Gen Pharmacol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similar to adolescent humans, after weaning, rodents show a strong orientation towards their peers.38 These animals actively seek out peer interaction and these interactions are considered to be important social input for healthy development39 and specifically for social learning.34”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Vanderschuren, 2016, The neurobiology of social play and its rewarding value in rats, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Panksepp, 1981, The ontogeny of play in rats, Dev Psychobiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, many young people around the world currently have substantially fewer opportunities to interact face-to-face with peers in their social network, putting their social needs at risk of not being met at a crucial time of social development.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
In the paper
“Many animal studies have used rodents as their preferred animal model as these are innately social creatures and fare better in social rather than isolated housing.32”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Wills, 1983, Social interactions among rodent conspecifics: a review of experimental paradigms, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these experimental studies involve more extreme forms of social deprivation than the physical distancing experienced during COVID-19, the animal research literature provides valuable insights into the effects of depriving the developing animal of social contact during a sensitive period for social interaction.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to note, however, that physical distancing might not affect all adolescents in the same way. For example, adolescents who are living with high functioning families and who have positive relationships with parents or caregivers and siblings might be less affected by physical distancing than adolescents who do not have positive family relationships or who are living alone.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
In the paper
“Furthermore, increased aggression is also observed when rodents are raised with genetically modified conspecifics that show reduced social interaction,51 suggesting that behavioural changes also occur under less extreme forms of social deprivation.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Stark, 2020, Male Long Evans rats reared with a Fischer-344 peer during the juvenile period show deficits in social competency: a role for play, Int J Play source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although reintroducing acutely isolated animals to social contact can alleviate some of the negative effects of short-term isolation, such as anxiety,40 there are long-lasting negative consequences that are not easily remedied. For example, increased ethanol consumption in animals after social isolation persists even after the reintroduction to social housing.44”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Maisonnette, 1993, Role of resocialization and of 5-HT1A receptor activation on the anxiogenic effects induced by isolation in the elevated plus-maze test, Physiol Behav source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Wolffgramm, 1991, Social behavior, dominance, and social deprivation of rats determine drug choice, Pharmacol Biochem Behav source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, social deprivation and isolation have substantial effects on adolescent animals, ranging from neurobiology to cognition and behaviour, which extend well beyond the period of isolation and can have long-term consequences.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Comparable research on social deprivation in humans is scarce, but a small number of studies have investigated the effects of extreme forms of isolation like solitary confinement. They suggest that such isolation in prison leads to increased distress, depression, and aggression as well as increased prevalence of self harm in adults.57”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Haney, 2003, “Supermax” Confinement, Crime Delinq source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, 58% of Nigerians with secondary education or more have a social media account compared with 10% of Nigerians without secondary education.5”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the human brain, isolation alters neural patterns in ways similar to food deprivation:59 brain activity in the substantia nigra (the core of the brain's dopaminergic motivation centre) when people crave social contact after acute isolation mimics the activity exhibited there when they crave food after fasting.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] Tomova, 2020, The need to connect: acute social isolation causes neural craving responses similar to hunger, bioRxiv
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“69% of young British adolescents (aged 12–15 years)61 and 97% of American adolescents (aged 13–17 years) have a social media profile.62”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The animal studies reviewed suggest that the consequences of deprivation of social needs during adolescence can have negative effects resembling features of human neuropsychiatric disorders and on social cognitive development more broadly, due to lack of experiences for social learning.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most animal studies focus predominately on males, with female rodents included in only a few studies, and therefore do not represent the constellation of the human population.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Additional neurochemical changes include alterations to serotonin levels, with the direction of the effects differing between brain regions. For example, the prefrontal cortex shows increased serotonergic activity, whereas other brain areas, such as the hippocampus, show decreased activity. These alterations have been proposed to underlie observed behavioural changes such as increased anxiety and”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Many studies have investigated deprivation of peer contact in adult animals54 and have found that, across species, deprivation of contact with peers resulted in negative behavioural and physiological effects, suggesting that the need for peer to peer contact is universal across social species.55”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Tomova, 2019, The neuroscience of unmet social needs, Soc Neurosci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Petrovich, 1985, The attachment learning process and its relation to cultural and biological evolution: proximate and ultimate considerations source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Beyond these extreme forms of isolation in non-representative groups, evidence on experimentally-induced acute social isolation in adult humans shows that isolation results in increased feelings of loneliness, craving for social contact, and decreased happiness.59”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] Tomova, 2020, The need to connect: acute social isolation causes neural craving responses similar to hunger, bioRxiv
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although for some adolescents, social interactions at home might meet their social needs, physical distancing will challenge many teenagers' capacity to connect with peers.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Young people have been some of the first large-scale adopters of communicative digital technologies, such as social media and smartphones.5, 60”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60] Rideout
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The majority of US teenagers spend more than 4 h a day on social media sites60 and almost half of them report that they are almost constantly engaging online.62”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] Rideout
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, it remains unclear how well the social needs of rodents map onto the social needs of humans.54 The social world of rodents differs in many ways from the complexity of human sociality, so social deprivation might have differing effects between species.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Tomova, 2019, The neuroscience of unmet social needs, Soc Neurosci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the nature of these studies means that they relate to non-representative groups and are therefore difficult to interpret due to many confounding factors.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These means of interaction raise the possibility that digitalised social contact can mitigate the potentially harmful effects of physical distancing in young people.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Some studies have supported the rich-get-richer view of online communication (ie, those who already have strong offline friendships might benefit most from digital interaction), whereas those with a liability to mental health issues might be more susceptible to the negative effects78 (eg, those who have been victimised in person are more likely to be victimised or bullied online).79”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Przybylski, 2017, Cyberbullying and adolescent well-being in England: a population-based cross-sectional study, Lancet Child Adolesc Health source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if physical distancing measures are temporary, several months of physical distancing represents a large proportion of a young person's life during a sensitive period of development, so it is possible that the effects will be more potent than for adults.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescence is a unique developmental period when the social environment is important for brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.
In the paper
“Social media has especially become popular in the adolescent age group over the past decade.61”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the existing evidence shows that certain aspects of digital communication can engender social connection and might, therefore, mitigate the consequences of physical distancing.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures enforced by governments worldwide are causing a widespread reduction in face-to-face social contact.
In the paper
“There is initial experimental evidence that such passive uses could even negatively influence wellbeing, possibly by increasing social comparison and envy.77”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] Verduyn, 2017, Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review, Soc Issues Policy Rev source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
“Current efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19 have required sudden and commonly mandated physical distancing, removing many regular sources of social connection from people's lives.”
“The physical distancing measures mandated globally to contain the spread of COVID-19 are radically reducing adolescents' opportunities to engage in face-to-face social contact outside their household.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is little research on the effects of social deprivation or isolation on human adolescent development or on adult humans in general.
“There is little research on the effects of social deprivation or isolation on human adolescent development or on adult humans in general.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical distancing measures enforced by governments worldwide are causing a widespread reduction in face-to-face social contact.
“With physical distancing being enforced by governments around the world, society is at the start of a period of intense and widespread reduction of face-to-face social contact.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescence is a unique developmental period when the social environment is important for brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.
“Adolescents are at a unique period in their lives when the social environment is important for crucial functions in brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research on social isolation has almost entirely been conducted in animal models, and little is known about how social deprivation affects human development.
“Research on social isolation has almost entirely been carried out in animal models and little is known about how social deprivation affects human development.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A strong trend towards an increase of social interactions via the internet shifted the percentage of social interactions happening online, not only through the spread of smartphones but also as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic (41, 42).”
From Reducing neuroendocrine psychosocial stress response through socio-emotional dyadic but not mindfulness online training (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Young people may be more influenced by their peers, which may make adhering to social distancing regulations difficult should other members of their social groups not comply with guidelines [7].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recent research has indicated specific challenges faced by young people during the pandemic related to isolation, loneliness and anxiety [7, 9], which may impact on behaviours related to social distancing.”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Young people often have large social circles and are at a developmental stage in which social interactions and relationship building are considered important [7].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is already a highly sensitive time of social transformation where there is an increased need for peer interaction and peer friendships (Orben et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While young people (e.g. < 25) [7] who are deemed medically healthy may experience comparatively lower risk of serious effects of COVID-19, they play an important role in preventing its spread.”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, for adolescents, the social environment is important for developing essential brain functions, self-concept, and mental health in general (4).”
From Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Several studies already showed that adolescent age is a risk factor for diverse mental health problems, especially during epidemic outbreaks [e.g., (4–10)].”
From Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, adolescence is a critical period for not only social interaction (Larsen and Luna, 2018; ) but also the emergence of psychiatric diseases (Orben et al., 2020; Marco et al., 2011), and social isolation during adolescence can exacerbate mental health problems (Larsen and Luna, 2018; Almeida et al., 2021; ; Graf et al., 2021; Andersen, 2021).”
From Oxytocin neurons mediate the effect of social isolation via the VTA circuits (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“The adverse effects of social isolation are particularly apparent for adolescents (Almeida et al., 2021; Orben et al., 2020).”
From Oxytocin neurons mediate the effect of social isolation via the VTA circuits (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Chronic loneliness disproportionately affects people older (that is, elderly people46) and younger (that is, adolescents14) than the participants studied here; future studies should test whether the current results generalize to those more vulnerable populations.”
From Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
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“…following sections, we discuss evidence that human adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion(4) and animal models that demonstrate that extreme forms of social deprivation including complete social isolation during adolescence have damaging…”
Self-citationRegional Development of the Brain in Early Life
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Petanjek, Z., Judaš, M., Šimić, G., Rašin, M. R., Uylings, H. B. M., Rakic, P., & Kostović, I. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1105108108 · Cited by 1,411 · cited 2×
“Thus, the heightened neuroplasticity that characterises early development(24) is proposed to continue into adolescence(20, 21, 23).”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,210
How evolutionary behavioural sciences can help us understand behaviour in a pandemic
Arnot, M., Brandl, E., Campbell, O. L. K., Chen, Y., Du, J., Dyble, M., Emmott, E. H., Ge, E., Kretschmer, L., Mace, R. H., et al. (2020) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoaa038 · Cited by 49
“Constraining social ties through social distancing at this crucial developmental stage may be particularly detrimental [50].”
BackgroundAcute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hungerPreprint
Tomova, L., Wang, K. L., Thompson, T. W., Matthews, G. A., Takahashi, A., Tye, K. M., & Saxe, R. R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.006643 · Cited by 67
Self-citationTakahashi, F., & Honda, H. (2021) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1111/jcv2.12007 · Cited by 53
“…with school closure (Lancet Child Adolescent Health, 2020; Viner et al., 2020), such as child abuse (Galea et al., 2020), social deprivations (Orben et al., 2020), or unfavorable changes in lifestyle behaviors (Pietrobelli et al., 2020), the effects of these factors on emotional/behavioral…”
BackgroundAdolescents amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective study of psychological functioning
Daniunaite, I., Truskauskaitė‐Kunevičienė, I., Thoresen, S., Želvienė, P., & Kazlauskas, E. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00397-z · Cited by 56
“Peer relationship and hyperactivity/inattention problems are serious risk factors for later mental health disorders [2, 57].”
BackgroundMansfield, K. L., Newby, D., Soneson, E., Vaci, N., Jindra, C., Geulayov, G., Gallacher, J., & Fazel, M. S. (2021) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12021 · Cited by 54
“Young people might be affected by the immediate consequences of full or partial school closures and changes to daily routine, potentially leading to reduced social contact, loneliness and negative impacts on their wellbeing (Brooks et al., 2020; Courtney et al., 2020; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPredicting Negative and Positive Affect During COVID‐19: A Daily Diary Study in Youths
Deng, W., Polack, R. G., Creighton, M., Hedy Kober, A., & Joormann, J. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12646 · Cited by 52
Qu, Y., Li, X., Ni, B., He, X., Zhang, K., & Wu, G. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001218 · Cited by 53
Bosch, R., Pagerols, M., Prat, R., Español‐Martín, G., Rivas, C., Dolz, M., Haro, J. M., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Ribasés, M., & Casas, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074120 · Cited by 47
“, social media, video chatting, blogging, online gaming), which allow communication and socialization, might mitigate the potentially negative effects of physical distancing in young people [1,19].”
BackgroundBeames, J. R., Li, S., Newby, J. M., Maston, K., Christensen, H. M., & Werner‐Seidler, A. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00432-z · Cited by 60
“These findings emphasise the importance of peer relationships for young people [51], as well as their capacity Table 4 Summary of descriptive statistics for coded coping”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Wu, X., Tao, S., Li, S., Ma, L., Yu, Y., Sun, G., Li, T., & Tao, F. (2021) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12199-021-01025-0 · Cited by 52
Camerini, A.-L., Albanese, E., & Marciano, L. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100204 · Cited by 58
“Children and adolescents have been particularly affected by the abrupt decrease in and disruption of social activities and interactions, which can impact mental health and result in both immediate and long-term affective and behavioral problems (Mohler-Kuo et al., 2021; Orben et al., 2020; UNESCO, 2020).”
Dunn, C., & Sicouri, G. (2022) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2022.13 · Cited by 48
“In regard to age, this result is somewhat surprising given that adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to loneliness and depression, given the importance of social connection during this developmental period (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDale, R., Jesser, A., Pieh, C., O’Rourke, T., Probst, T., & Humer, E. C. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02032-4 · Cited by 50
“Reorientation to peers of the same age facilitates young people's development into independent adults, allowing them to develop a sense of social self-identity while building stronger bonds with their peer group [10].”
BackgroundEvensen, M., Hart, R. K., Godøy, A. A., Hauge, L. J., Lund, I. O., Knudsen, A. K., Grøtting, M. W., Surén, P., & Reneflot, A. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02046-y · Cited by 48
Steinsbekk, S., Bjørklund, O., Valkenburg, P. M., Nesi, J. L., & Wichstrøm, L. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108235 · Cited by 75
Liu, Y., Ren, Y., Liu, C., Chen, X., Li, D., Peng, J., Tan, L., & Ma, Q. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725000649 · Cited by 52
“Adolescents, in particular, have a strong need for social contact and interpersonal relationships, which are crucial for their identity development and emotional support (Meeus & Dekoviíc, 1995; Orben, Tomova, & Blakemore, 2020).”
Jones, N., Baird, S., Hamad, B. A. A., Bhutta, Z. A., Oakley, E. M., Shah, M., Sajdi, J., & Yount, K. M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261773 · Cited by 55
Muñoz‐Fernández, N., & Rodríguez‐Meirinhos, A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10040798 · Cited by 48
“Although online social networks and instant messaging apps may have compensated for these shortages [5], there is emerging evidence that COVID-19 confinement has increased the risk of social isolation and loneliness among youths [6].”
Backgroundvan der Laan, S. E. I., Finkenauer, C., Lenters, V. C., van Harmelen, A., van der Ent, C. K., & Nijhof, S. L. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.013 · Cited by 45
“Indeed, scholars have warned that the pandemic could lead to a lower life satisfaction, increased stress, and mental health disorders in adolescents [13,14].”
Wang, J., Aaron, A., Baidya, A., Chan, C., Wetzler, E., Savage, K., Joseph, M., & Kang, Y. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12098-5 · Cited by 44
“for both female and male youth, which has been associated with a higher risk of impeding adolescent mental and physical health and social-emotional development [30, 55, 56].”
BackgroundYang, Y., Peng, C., Yeung, C. Y., Ren, C., Luo, H., Lü, Y., YIP, P. S. F., & Webster, C. J. (2022) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104660 · Cited by 43
Si, L., Xiao, L., Xie, Y., Xu, H., Yuan, G., Xu, W., & Wang, G. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.092 · Cited by 48
You are not alone: Smartphone use, friendship satisfaction, and anxiety during the COVID-19 crisis
Stević, A., Koban, K., Binder, A., & Matthes, J. (2021) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579211051820 · Cited by 45
“…have been shown effective for containing the spread of the virus (Atalan, 2020), they have shown harmful consequences for people’s mental health due to, for instance, a loss of coping routines (e.g., spending time outside; Lades et al., 2020) and perceived social deprivation (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHealth-Related Quality of Life in Italian Adolescents During Covid-19 Outbreak
Mastorci, F., Piaggi, P., Doveri, C., Trivellini, G., Casu, A., Pozzi, M., Vassalle, C., & Pingitore, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.611136 · Cited by 42
“Early adolescence, in fact, can be considered as a sensitive period for social growth, dependent on the development of the social brain, but physical distancingmeasures radically reduces the opportunities to engage in face-to-face social contact outside their household, compromising not only peer interaction but also…”
BackgroundEmotional consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents: challenges to public health
Gadagnoto, T. C., Mendes, L. M. C., Monteiro, J. C. D. S., Gomes-Sponholz, F. A., & Barbosa, N. G. (2022) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2021-0424 · Cited by 50
“Therefore, in the teen years, interaction with peers gets more relevant, with the development of more complex social relations(3).”
BackgroundInfluentialOutdoor public recreation spaces and social connectedness among adolescents
Rivera, E., Veitch, J., Loh, V. H. Y., Salmon, J., Cerin, E., Mavoa, S., Villanueva, K., & Timperio, A. F. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12558-6 · Cited by 44
Goal-directed learning in adolescence: neurocognitive development and contextual influences
Wilbrecht, L., & Davidow, J. Y. (2024) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-023-00783-w · Cited by 47
Lahti, H., Kokkonen, M., Hietajärvi, L., Lyyra, N., & Paakkari, L. T. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00754-8 · Cited by 62
“Although social media may benefit adolescents by increasing social connectedness and fostering social self-identity [5], concerns have been raised about the threats encountered by young people on social media [6–8], and the ensuing unfavourable health consequences such as depressive symptoms and…”
BackgroundInfluentialDelvecchio, E., Orgilés, M., Morales, A., Espada, J. P., Francisco, R., Pedro, M. F., & Mazzeschi, C. (2022) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101390 · Cited by 42
Social experiences and youth psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study
Rodman, A. M., Rosen, M. L., Kasparek, S. W., Mayes, M., Lengua, L. J., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422001250 · Cited by 55
“Some have argued that social isolation is particularly detrimental during adolescence (Orben et al., 2020), and this may be especially true in the context of this pandemic (Fegert et al., 2020; Loades et al., 2020).”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Tao, S., Qu, Y., Mou, X., Gan, H., Zhou, P., Zhu, Z., Wu, X., & Tao, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1031560 · Cited by 47
“Moreover, similar results have been obtained in animal studies, when rodent adolescent isolation occurs chronically, over 1 week or longer, it has even more profound effects (51).”
ResultMaheux, A. J., Nesi, J. L., Galla, B. M., Roberts, S. R., & Choukas‐Bradley, S. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12650 · Cited by 45
“For adolescents experiencing isolation—whether physical or emotional—some forms of social media use may be related to positive emotional experiences, such as gratitude (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundFischer, K., Tieskens, J. M., Luijten, M. A. J., Zijlmans, J., van Oers, H. A., de Groot, R., van der Doelen, D. M., van Ewijk, H., Klip, H., van der Lans, R. M., et al. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-01991-y · Cited by 37
“Given that social interactions are fundamental to a healthy development in children and adolescents [1, 2], the sudden social deprivation and changes in daily routines as introduced by lockdown (e.”
BackgroundPersistent behavioral and neurobiological consequences of social isolation during adolescence
Li, D. C., Hinton, E. A., & Gourley, S. L. (2021) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.017 · Cited by 38
Yang, X., Yip, B. H. K., Mak, A. D. P., Zhang, D., Lee, E. K. P., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2021) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/24623 · Cited by 42
“This result provides preliminary empirical evidence for the assertion of recently published commentaries [50].”
ResultVillafaina, S., Tapia‐Serrano, M. Á., Vaquero‐Solís, M., Llamas, J. L. L., & Miguel, P. A. S. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11090121 · Cited by 45
“This has burdened children and adolescent’s health substantially [10,11], reducing their HRQoL [15] and satisfaction with life [16].”
BackgroundMéndez, I., Sintes, A., Pascual, J. C., Puntí, J., Lara, A., Briones‐Buixassa, L., Nicolaou, S., Schmidt, C., Romero, S., Fernández, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.065 · Cited by 46
Roche, K. M., Huebner, D. M., Lambert, S. F., & Little, T. D. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01603-7 · Cited by 40
Lehmann, S., Skogen, J. C., Sandal, G. M., Haug, E., & Bjørknes, R. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03650-z · Cited by 37
Social determinants of mental health during a year of the COVID-19 pandemic
Minihan, S., Orben, A. C., Songco, A., Fox, E., Ladouceur, C. D., Mewton, L. R., Moulds, M. L., Pfeifer, J. H., van Harmelen, A., & Schweizer, S. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000396 · Cited by 44
Self-citationPrepandemic Risk Factors of COVID‐19‐Related Concerns in Adolescents During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
van Loon, A. W. G., Creemers, H. E., Vogelaar, S., Miers, A. C., Saab, N., Westenberg, P. M., & Asscher, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12651 · Cited by 41
Wu, X., Ding, Z., Fan, T., Wang, K., Li, S., Zhao, J., & Zhu, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.943067 · Cited by 41
“Childhood and adolescence are susceptible periods for social isolation, during which the brain undergoes enhanced synaptic plasticity related to social function (Petanjek et al., 2011; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundNijman, R., Honeyford, K., Farrugia, R., et al. (2022) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003974 · Cited by 36
“Concerns were also raised for the mental health of children resulting from school closures and stay at home orders [18,19].”
BackgroundPilot study of a well-being app to support New Zealand young people during the COVID-19 pandemic
Serlachius, A., Boggiss, A., Lim, D., Schache, K., Wallace-Boyd, K., Brenton-Peters, J., Buttenshaw, E., Chadd, S., Cavadino, A., Cao, N., et al. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100464 · Cited by 35
“Furthermore, the current pandemic is likely to disproportionately affect young people due to prolonged school and university closures and mandated social distancing, disrupting peer interaction and socialization, a critical part of adolescent and young adult development (Orben et al., 2020).”
Marciano, L., Viswanath, K., Morese, R., & Camerini, A.-L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.981881 · Cited by 36
Lecture rapture: the place and case for lectures in the new normal
Nordmann, E., Hutchison, J., & MacKay, J. R. D. (2021) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2021.2015755 · Cited by 35
“…to failings on behalf of educators but as a consequence of the fact that our on-campus students did not choose to learn online (Gurung and Stone 2020; Norton 2021) , and exacerbated for learners who are at a particularly sensitive period of social development (Orben, Tomova, and Blakemore 2020).”
BackgroundRouleau, R. D., Beauregard, C., & Beaudry, V. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01141-2 · Cited by 46
“Throughout the COVID-19 lockdowns, SM served as a substitute for face-to-face interactions and may have had protective influence against social deprivation in adolescents [59].”
BackgroundLevstek, M., Barnby, R. M., Pocock, K., & Banerjee, R. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703892 · Cited by 42
“, 2020) could have a substantive effect on mood, development of social skills, self-identity, and its negative impact on mental health can be expected up to 9 years later (Loades et al., 2020; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHirshberg, M. J., Colaianne, B. A., Greenberg, M. T., Inkelas, K. K., Davidson, R. J., Germano, D., Dunne, J. D., & Roeser, R. W. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01952-1 · Cited by 41
Peer Connectedness and Social Technology Use During COVID-19 Lockdown
James, K. M., Silk, J. S., Scott, L. N., Hutchinson, E., Wang, S., Sequeira, S. L., Lu, C., Oppenheimer, C. W., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01040-5 · Cited by 42
“…from the extant literature and the methodology of current study (i.e., within-person design, social technology as the primary form of communication during the lockdown), our hypotheses are driven by theory linking social isolation and emotional health (Loades et al., 2020; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialConnections matter: Adolescent social connectedness profiles and mental well‐being over time
Oberle, E., Ji, X. R., Alkawaja, M., Molyneux, T. M., Kerai, S. M., Thomson, K., Guhn, M., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Gadermann, A. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12250 · Cited by 42
Cluver, L. D., Shenderovich, Y., Toska, E., Rudgard, W. E., Zhou, S., Orkin, M. M., Haghighat, R., Chetty, A. N., Kuo, C., Armstrong, A., et al. (2021) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000002882 · Cited by 34
“The importance of caregiving has been heightened during the COVID-19 epidemic, with revolving lockdowns, closures of schools and community-based services, and restricted peer-mixing [22].”
BackgroundEssau, C. A., & de la Torre‐Luque, A. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110330 · Cited by 38
Virtual social interaction and loneliness among emerging adults amid the COVID-19 pandemic
Towner, E., Tomova, L., Ladensack, D., Chu, K. A., & Callaghan, B. L. (2022) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2022.100058 · Cited by 50
Self-citationMesurado, B., Resett, S. A., Tezón, M. I., & Vanney, C. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710037 · Cited by 33
“, 2020), particularly because this stage of life is a sensitive period in which the need for interpersonal contact is vital (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe Kids Are Alright (?). Infants’ Development and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Ferrari, E., Palandri, L., Lucaccioni, L., Talucci, G., Passini, E., Trevisani, V., & Righi, E. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604804 · Cited by 37
Digital access constraints predict worse mental health among adolescents during COVID-19
Metherell, T., Ghai, S., McCormick, E. M., Ford, T., & Orben, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23899-y · Cited by 24
Self-citationChoi, E. J., Vandewouw, M. M., de Villa, K., Inoue, T., & Taylor, M. J. (2023) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101258 · Cited by 29
“Studies have shown that social experiences in adolescence had unique effects on brain development (Andrews et al., 2021; Orben et al., 2020).”
Paranoia in patients attending child and adolescent mental health services
Bird, J. C., Fergusson, E. C., Kirkham, M., Shearn, C., Teale, A.-L., Carr, L., Stratford, H. J., James, A. C., Waite, F., & Freeman, D. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420981416 · Cited by 32
“The resulting effects on social relationships during this sensitive period for social interaction (Orben et al., 2020) could have far-reaching impact, with evidence that poor social functioning predicts the long-term persistence of psychiatric disorders in adolescence (Ford et al., 2017).”
BackgroundDigital diet: A 21st century approach to understanding digital technologies and development
Orben, A. C. (2021) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2228 · Cited by 36
Self-citationLiu, K., Yang, Y., Li, M., Li, S., Sun, K., & Zhao, Y. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106190 · Cited by 42
“For instance, Otalora and Barros (2014) find that distancelearning students in their sample present high levels of psychological well-being in general, but the researchers do not identify the possible causes.”
BackgroundMaes, C., & Vandenbosch, L. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107033 · Cited by 44
Pathways for engaging in prosocial behavior in adolescence
Crone, E. A., Sweijen, S., Brinke, L. T., & van de Groep, S. (2022) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2022.03.003 · Cited by 38
Lemmers-Jansen, I. L. J., Velthorst, E., & Fett, A.-K. J. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02593-1 · Cited by 35
Coelho, A. P. S., Oliveira, D. S., Fernandes, E. T. B. S., Santos, A. L. D. S., Rios, M. O., Fernandes, E. S. F., Novaes, C. P., Viana, T. B. P., & Fernandes, T. S. S. (2020) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v9i9.8074 · Cited by 34
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“Given that social connection is critical during the developmental period of adolescence and young adulthood (Olsson et al., 2013), coping with the social conditions during the pandemic may be difficult for individuals in this age range (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundVagos, P., & Carvalhais, L. S. D. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.828774 · Cited by 32
Kuniishi, H., Nakatake, Y., Sekiguchi, M., & Yamada, M. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01358-6 · Cited by 32
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“Peer interaction is especially important during adolescence [35], and spending time with friends is considered essential for adolescents’ quality of life [36].”
BackgroundHumer, E. C., Schaffler, Y., Jesser, A., Probst, T., & Pieh, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.943303 · Cited by 32
“It allows them to develop a sense of social self-identity while building stronger bonds with their peer group (46).”
BackgroundGeneralized anxiety among Finnish youth from 2013 to 2021—Trend and the impact of COVID-19
Kiviruusu, O. H., Haravuori, H., Lindgren, M., Therman, S., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Suvisaari, J., & Aalto‐Setälä, T. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.010 · Cited by 31
“One plausible explanation for the association is the reduction of social contacts, which might be especially detrimental in adolescence when the need for peer interaction is elevated (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundBataineh, B. S., Wilkinson, A. V., Sumbe, A., Clendennen, S. L., Chen, B., Messiah, S. E., & Harrell, M. B. (2023) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntad058 · Cited by 33
Caffo, E., Asta, L., & Scandroglio, F. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000747 · Cited by 29
Kehusmaa, J., Ruotsalainen, H., Männikkö, N., Alakokkare, A.-E., Niemelä, M., Jääskeläinen, E., & Miettunen, J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.067 · Cited by 30
Biernesser, C. L., Montano, G. T., Miller, E. P., & Radović, A. (2020) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/21644 · Cited by 30
“Deprivation of peer interactions, in particular, is challenging during adolescence, a developmental stage during which peer influence and acceptance are important [5].”
BackgroundTibber, M. S., & Silver, E. (2022) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x22000034 · Cited by 39
“As one might expect given the social nature of the medium and the heightened sensitivity of adolescents to peer influence and social rejection (Orben et al ., 2020a), particular attention is given to social/ interpersonal thoughts, emotions and behaviours (Jiménez Chafey et al ., 2009).”
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on screen time and sleep in early adolescents.
Kiss, O., Nagata, J. M., de Zambotti, M., Dick, A. S., Marshall, A. T., Sowell, E. R., Rinsveld, A. M. V., Guillaumé, M., Pelham, W. E., Gonzalez, M. R., et al. (2023) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001251 · Cited by 31
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“Social isolation resulting from these measures as well as reduction in social contacts between children and youth sequesters children and youth and reduces opportunities for cognitive and social development [4, 5].”
BackgroundAmphetamine disrupts dopamine axon growth in adolescence by a sex-specific mechanism in mice
Reynolds, L. M., Hernandez, G., MacGowan, D., Popescu, C., Nouel, D., Cuesta, S., Burke, S., Savell, K. E., Zhao, J., Restrepo-Lozano, J. M., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39665-1 · Cited by 30
Adolescent-onset depression is associated with altered social functioning into middle adulthood
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Norbury, A., Liu, S. H., Campaña-Montes, J. J., Romero-Medrano, L., Barrigón, M. L., Smith, E. C., MEmind Study Group, Aroca, F., Artés-Rodrı́guez, A., Baca‐García, E., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00963-5 · Cited by 32
“One plausible explanation for these findings is that, during lockdown, individuals make use of digital tools to harness online social support structures [38], which may mitigate the negative effects of in-person social deprivation and other pandemic-related stress [39, 40].”
BackgroundConnection to Nature Boosts Adolescents’ Mental Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Jackson, S. B., Stevenson, K. T., Larson, L. R., Peterson, M. N., & Seekamp, E. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132112297 · Cited by 33
“Daily routines that contribute to mental well-being such as physical activity [89,90] and social interaction [91] were likely reduced as adolescents shifted to online classes and refrained from excursions outside the home.”
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“Adolescence is a formative period for emotional and social development [4,5], which is facilitated by social connections and peer interactions [6].”
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“In addition to the lack of longitudinal studies and of research considering positive outcomes, a third shortcoming of the research on social media and adjustment in adolescence is the scarce consideration of the effects of potential mediating or moderating factors (Ivie et al., 2020; Orben et al., 2020).”
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“Literature highlights the role of social isolation, and lack of social support, as key risk factors for mental disorders during the lockdowns [26,27].”
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Adolescentes em instituição de acolhimento: redes de apoio social e institucional
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Well-being app to support young people during the COVID-19 pandemic: randomised controlled trial
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“As older people have, in general, a lower level of social, as well as professional activities, compared with younger people, the confinement measures might have less impacted their social lives [6,54].”
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“Whilst there is evidence that mental health problems are more common in young people from disadvantaged backgrounds, 20 the evidence concerning the association between incontinence and socioeconomic background is inconsistent.”
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“The present COVID-19 pandemic has produced deep changes in adolescents’ habits, particularly social deprivation, with negative consequences on their mental health, as already observed [38].”
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“Psychological distress may influence HRQoL, especially as circumstances with social restrictions and limited social interactions can be incongruent with children’s and adolescents’ developmental tasks [14].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Orben, A., Tomova, L., & Blakemore, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne
- Venue
- The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 634-640
- ISSN
- 2352-4642 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7292584
- OpenAlex
- W3034871545
- Cited by
- 1,383
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 155 · 2025: 232 · 2024: 238 · 2023: 227 · 2022: 262 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 57
- FWCI
- 13.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Jacobs Foundation
- University of Cambridge
- Wellcome Trust
- Austrian Science Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- social deprivation, adolescent development, adolescent mental health, peer acceptance, peer influence, social isolation, online interaction, social media, brain development
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Child, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Mental Health, Peer Group, Pneumonia, Viral, Social Isolation, Coronavirus Infections, Adolescent Development, Young Adult, Pandemics, Social Media
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