The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 51 of the 107 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Adolescence (the stage between 10 and 24 years) is a period of life characterised by heightened sensitivity to social stimuli and the increased need for peer interaction. The physical distancing measures mandated globally to contain the spread of COVID-19 are radically reducing adolescents' opportunities to engage in face-to-face social contact outside their household. In this interdisciplinary Viewpoint, we describe literature from a variety of domains that highlight how social deprivation in adolescence might have far-reaching consequences. Human studies have shown the importance of peer acceptance and peer influence in adolescence. Animal research has shown that social deprivation and isolation have unique effects on brain and behaviour in adolescence compared with other stages of life. However, the decrease in adolescent face-to-face contact might be less detrimental due to widespread access to digital forms of social interaction through technologies such as social media. The findings reviewed highlight how physical distancing might have a disproportionate effect on an age group for whom peer interaction is a vital aspect of development.
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Claims the paper makes
20 Partly supported · 18 No full text of the sources · 16 Own interpretation · 15 Supported · 14 Sources not found · 4 Supported so far · 4 No basis given · 1 Not supported · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“These detrimental effects are amplified in adolescent prisoners: one study showed that being younger than 19 years of age and assignment to solitary confinement were the two strongest predictors of self harm in prisoners.58”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [58] Kaba, 2014, Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates, Am J Public Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Results Table 2 identifies age 18 or younger and solitary confinement as strong predictors of self-harm, but serious mental illness has a higher odds ratio than either (7.97 versus 7.50 and 6.89). The analysis covers the New York City jail population, not adolescent prisoners alone. It therefore does not show that age and solitary confinement were the two strongest predictors among adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“As with most regions within the human cortex, the structure of the social brain develops substantially throughout adolescence.19”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [19] Mills, 2014, Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
The Conclusion states that the social brain network continues to develop structurally across adolescence. The Abstract reports changes in grey matter volume, cortical thickness and surface area in the regions studied, while the Introduction describes broader cortical development across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Adolescence represents a sensitive period for social interaction.4”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion says adolescence might be a sensitive period for processing and acquiring sociocultural knowledge. The claim presents this as established and broadens it to social interaction generally; the section on Possible Consequences of Social Isolation also says further human studies are needed. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Indeed, feeling insufficiently connected to others is associated with profound and lasting negative consequences on physical and mental health, even leading to increased mortality.2”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [2] Hawkley, 2010, Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms, Ann Behav Med source
The Introduction describes chronic loneliness and its consequences for mental and physical health. The sections on physical health and mortality and on mental health and cognitive functioning report longitudinal health effects, increased mortality risk, and adverse mental-health outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, adolescents are markedly more sensitive to peer acceptance, rejection, and approval than are children or adults.11, 12, 13”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Sebastian, 2011, Developmental influences on the neural bases of responses to social rejection: implications of social neuroscience for education, Neuroimage source
- Partly supportedcites [12] Somerville, 2013, Special issue on the teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation, Curr Dir Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not provided) describe heightened adolescent sensitivity to social evaluation, and Emotional processing in the social context reports stronger responses to exclusion than in adults. But that section explicitly says it is not yet known whether adolescents’ response to peer acceptance differs from that of younger or older people, so the across-the-board comparison for acceptance, rejection, and approval is too broad. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [13] Foulkes, 2016, Is there heightened sensitivity to social reward in adolescence?, Curr Opin Neurobiol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions report that human adolescents find potential social evaluation of either valence more salient than other ages, supporting greater sensitivity to positive and negative peer evaluation. But the Social reward in human adolescence section reports similar responses to compliments in children and adolescents, and the paper says heightened reward value of approval remains unestablished. The claim’s unqualified comparison across acceptance, rejection, and approval is therefore stronger than the evidence presented. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Simultaneously, cognitive abilities such as self-referential processing,15 executive control,16 and mentalising, improve across adolescence, enabling young people to better understand other people's minds and take others' perspectives.16”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] Van der Aar, 2018, The development of self-views across adolescence: investigating self-descriptions with and without social comparison using a novel experimental paradigm, Cogn Dev source
Citation 15 is attached to self-referential processing, not to executive control, mentalising, or the claim about understanding others' perspectives. The Introduction describes increasing cognitive abilities that permit more abstract, differentiated views of the self during adolescence; section 4.1 reports age-related changes in self-descriptions. These passages support the claim at the level attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [16] Dumontheil, 2010, Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence, Dev Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports improvement in theory-of-mind use into late adolescence, and the Discussion describes development in executive-function demands and in taking account of a speaker’s perspective (page numbers unavailable). But the Discussion says the study cannot determine the cause of this development and distinguishes improved use of another’s perspective from improved perspective-taking processes. It therefore does not establish that these cognitive changes enable better understanding of others’ minds. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, complete social deprivation during rodent adolescence affects brain development, mainly affecting motivation and reward processes.33, 36”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Partly supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.2.2 (page not supplied) describes post-weaning social isolation during the juvenile and adolescent period as affecting cortical development, neurobiology, reward learning, and approach motivation. It also reports sensory-processing deficits and increased fear and anxiety-like behavior, so the claim that its effects are mainly on motivation and reward is not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Several studies have focused on loneliness in humans and have reported a connection between self-reported loneliness and mental health problems.30”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging source
The Methods (Procedures; page not provided) describe a participant-rated loneliness scale, and the Results (page not provided) report significant associations between loneliness scores and depressive-symptom scores. The Discussion (page not provided) also reports that loneliness predicted changes in depressive symptoms. Depression is the mental-health problem this paper addresses. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Importantly, these effects are specific to isolation during rodent adolescence and do not occur to a similar extent when isolation occurs before or after adolescence.33, 36”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Partly supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.2.2 describes lasting neurobiological effects of post-weaning isolation during the juvenile and adolescent period, and its neurobiology subsection reports changes in reward circuitry. The paper does not establish that those brain effects are specific to adolescent isolation or compare their extent with isolation before or after adolescence. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, such studies do not clearly establish whether loneliness results in mental illness or vice versa.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says earlier longitudinal studies could not formally test whether loneliness and depressive symptoms predict each other; the Discussion (page unavailable) says experimental evidence would give greater confidence about causation. But the paper studied depressive symptoms, not mental illness broadly, and explicitly says clinical depression was not measured. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, adolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development,4 which might be partly dependent on the development of the social brain: the network of brain areas involved in social perception and cognition that allows us to understand others.18”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol source
The Conclusion describes adolescence as a possible sensitive period for acquiring sociocultural knowledge and links that possibility to profound development of the social brain and social cognition. This supports the citing sentence’s qualified claim; its separate definition of the social brain is attached to citation 18. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [18] Frith, 2007, Social cognition in humans, Curr Biol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a network of brain regions supporting the ability to represent others’ mental states, and the Abstract links social-signal processing to its brain basis. But the paper does not establish that adolescent social development depends on development of that network. In the citing sentence, the separate sensitive-period statement is attached to citation 4, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.81)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In this Viewpoint, we discuss evidence that human adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion.4”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] Blakemore, 2014, Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?, Annu Rev Psychol source
The text accompanying Figure 1 says adolescents are particularly sensitive to their social environments, and the Figure 1 caption explicitly describes them as hypersensitive to the negative consequences of social exclusion. It reports that exclusion lowered mood particularly strongly in the adolescent groups. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This reorientation towards peers facilitates young people's development into independent adults, enabling them to foster a more complete sense of social self-identity, at the same time as building stronger affiliations with their peer group.14”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Pfeifer, 2018, The Development of self and identity in adolescence: neural evidence and implications for a value-based choice perspective on motivated behavior, Child Dev Perspect sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The Development of Self and Identity in Adolescence” (page unavailable), the paper says adolescents seek autonomy from parents while developing stronger social-identity commitments and a greater need for peer connection. It does not establish that reorientation toward peers causes independence or stronger peer affiliations; it describes these changes as occurring together. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The importance of obtaining peer social approval increases and peer influence is heightened in adolescence.7, 8, 9, 10”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] De Goede, 2009, Linkages over time between adolescents' relationships with parents and friends, J Youth Adolesc sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions (page not provided) say that friends’ influence increases during adolescence as parents’ influence decreases. The paper does not say that obtaining peer social approval becomes more important; its discussion of friendships becoming more influential does not establish that specific motivation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [8] Albert, 2013, Peer influences on adolescent decision making, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
The section on adolescents’ responses to social stimuli says peer relations are especially salient in adolescence and that adolescents give high priority to peer norms. The section on peer influences on risk behavior reports lower resistance to peer influence among adolescents than adults. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [9] Knoll, 2015, Social influence on risk perception during adolescence, Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says peer relationships become increasingly important, and the Results report that young adolescents were more influenced by teenagers’ ratings than adults’ ratings. The Discussion and Conclusion propose a desire for peer acceptance as an explanation, but explicitly call it speculative; the study does not establish that the importance of obtaining peer approval increases across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Multiple longitudinal MRI studies have shown that, across the cortex, the volume of grey matter, mostly consisting of cell bodies and synapses, declines from late childhood to the mid twenties,20, 21 whereas the volume of white matter, consisting of myelinated axons, gradually increases.21”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [20] Tamnes, 2017, Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: a multisample study of inter-related longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area, and thickness, J Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion > Conclusion (page not provided) report longitudinal decreases in cortical volume from ages 7 to 29, supporting the grey-matter portion of the claim. The paper does not report a gradual increase in white-matter volume; its analyses concern cortical volume, surface area, and thickness. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [21] Mills, 2016, Structural brain development between childhood and adulthood: Convergence across four longitudinal samples, Neuroimage sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Gross developmental trajectories using raw volumes; page not supplied) report that cortical grey matter volume decreases through the second decade and begins to stabilize in the third. They also report that cerebral white matter volume increases from late childhood to mid-adolescence, with most samples showing increases until late adolescence. The claim overextends these trajectories if it implies continued grey matter decline and white matter increase through the mid-twenties. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Compared with children (aged <10 years), adolescents spend more time with peers than with their family and form more complex peer relationships.6”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Lam, 2014, Time with peers from middle childhood to late adolescence: developmental course and adjustment correlates, Child Dev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) report increasing peer involvement from childhood through adolescence and a shift toward mixed- and opposite-sex peer groups. The paper does not establish that adolescents spend more time with peers than with family, or directly compare the complexity of their peer relationships with those of children under 10. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These macrostructural changes are thought to correspond to neurodevelopmental mechanisms at the microstructural level, including the myelination and growth of axons and synaptic reorganisation, which are partly dependent on environmental input and represent mechanisms of developmental neuroplasticity.22, 23”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] Yakovlev, 1967, The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [23] Petanjek, 2011, Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“On a behavioural level, even a brief duration (eg, 24 h) of isolation in adolescent rodents can cause increased anxiety,40 hyperactivity,41 and heightened sensitivity to social rewards,42 which extends to the seeking of food or drug rewards, making these animals particularly prone to developing addictions.43”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Maisonnette, 1993, Role of resocialization and of 5-HT1A receptor activation on the anxiogenic effects induced by isolation in the elevated plus-maze test, Physiol Behav source
- Partly supportedcites [41] Morley, 1978, The effects of prolonged handling, scopolamine, and physostigmine on the activity of isolated and socially reared rats, Physiol Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 41 is attached to the hyperactivity claim. The Discussion reports significantly higher locomotor activity in isolation-reared rats than in socially reared rats. However, the Rearing Conditions and subsequent discussion indicate 53 days of differential rearing before testing at 75 days of age, not an effect of 24 hours of isolation in adolescent rodents. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Ikemoto, 1992, The effects of early social isolation on the motivation for social play in juvenile rats, Dev Psychobiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Conversely, high quality peer relationships appear to protect against mental health problems and strengthen adolescent resilience.29”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [29] van Harmelen, 2017, Adolescent friendships predict later resilient functioning across psychosocial domains in a healthy community cohort, Psychol Med source
The Discussion reports that adolescent friendship support predicts later resilient psychosocial functioning and may be an important protective factor. The Introduction also reports reduced later depressive symptoms associated with friendship support after childhood adversity or peer victimisation. These passages support the citing sentence’s hedged claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For healthy development, parental and caregiver input is a crucial component, especially during early development, whereas later in development the influence of peers becomes an additional important element of the social environment.25”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] Nelson, 2016, Social re-orientation and brain development: An expanded and updated view, Dev Cogn Neurosci source
In “Beyond adolescence: other periods of social re-orientation” (page not supplied), the paper describes caregiver engagement as the primary social focus in infancy, peer play in the juvenile phase, and peer integration in adolescence. It also says that developmentally appropriate social engagement is strongly motivated and that impeded engagement causes distress, supporting the claim’s broad account of their importance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, human loneliness is not straightforward to study experimentally as loneliness is not a simple product of objective social deprivation: people can be alone without feeling lonely or feel lonely even in a crowd.30”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [30] Cacioppo, 2010, Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study, Psychol Aging source
In the introductory section headed “Loneliness and the feeling of being unwanted is the most terrible poverty,” the paper distinguishes being alone from feeling lonely and says people can feel lonely in a crowd. It also distinguishes loneliness from objective social isolation. The sentence’s point about experimental difficulty is the citing authors’ framing, not the proposition attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This rodent research has shown that social isolation causes substantial changes in brain and behaviour,31 especially if isolation occurs during development.33, 34”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Matthews, 2019, Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
The section on social motivational systems reports that isolation disrupts social recognition memory in rodents and is associated with changes in synaptic plasticity and oxytocin signaling. This supports the brain-and-behaviour claim to which this citation is attached. The developmental qualifier has separate citations and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Adolescence is also a period of heightened vulnerability to mental health problems, with 75% of adults who have ever had a mental health condition reporting that they first experienced symptoms before the age of 24.26”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] Kessler, 2012, Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States, Int J Methods Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Age-of-onset distributions; page unavailable) report median onset at ages 15–17 for phobias and separation anxiety disorder, supporting heightened vulnerability during adolescence for some disorders. The paper does not report that 75% of adults with any mental health condition first had symptoms before age 24; its Results (Lifetime morbid risk; page unavailable) instead give disorder-specific onset estimates, including substantial onset during adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In most of these studies, animals were isolated from peers from around postnatal days 21 to 43, corresponding roughly to early adolescence (aged 10–13 years) and mid adolescence (aged 14–16 years) in humans.34 Such studies show similar effects to those investigating isolation throughout the whole adolescent period, including increased anxiety-like behaviours, depression-like behaviours, and reward”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Partly supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There is evidence that problems with peer relationships, peer rejection, bullying, and loneliness are risk factors for the development of affective conditions such as depression in adolescence.27, 28”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [27] Arseneault, 2018, Annual research review: the persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: implications for policy and practice, J Child Psychol Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section on bullying victimisation and mental health reports that being bullied in childhood or adolescence is associated with later anxiety and depression, even after accounting for earlier symptoms. It does not establish peer-relationship problems, peer rejection, and loneliness as separate risk factors for adolescent depression; elsewhere, it describes rejection as associated with risk of being bullied and loneliness as an outcome associated with victimisation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Platt, 2013, The role of peer rejection in adolescent depression, Depress Anxiety source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“More specifically, although some divergent effects have been observed, the most consistent findings report that dopamine release in reward regions such as the nucleus accumbens increases following adolescent isolation, but dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex decreases.33, 36, 37”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Supportedcites [36] Novick, 2018, The effects of early life stress on reward processing, J Psychiatr Res source
Section 4.2.2.1 reports that, despite discrepancies, post-weaning social isolation in animal models is associated with increased nucleus accumbens dopamine function and decreased prefrontal cortex dopamine activity. It specifies that the observed increase in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens was in response to psychostimulants. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [37] Lukkes, 2009, Consequences of post-weaning social isolation on anxiety behavior and related neural circuits in rodents, Front Behav Neurosci source
The section on dopaminergic function says that mPFC dopamine innervation and turnover are generally decreased, while nucleus accumbens dopamine activity or turnover is generally increased during post-weaning isolation. It also reports greater stress- and conditioned stimulus-evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of isolation-reared rats; the release finding is specifically evoked rather than a measure of baseline release. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although much scarcer, research on the effects of social deprivation in adolescent non-human primates has shown effects in line with the rodent research: deprivation of contact with peers for 1–3 weeks results in anxiety-like behaviours and a reduction in cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampus (a brain region involved in learning and memory).56”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [56] Cinini, 2014, Social isolation disrupts hippocampal neurogenesis in young non-human primates, Front Neurosci source
The Abstract reports that young marmosets isolated for 1 or 3 weeks showed increased anxiety-related behaviors and reduced hippocampal cell proliferation. The Results section, “Hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis are impaired in isolated marmosets,” reports reduced proliferation at both durations and impaired neurogenesis, with the reduction in neuronal fate clearest after 3 weeks. Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Some studies have supported the rich-get-richer view of online communication (ie, those who already have strong offline friendships might benefit most from digital interaction), whereas those with a liability to mental health issues might be more susceptible to the negative effects78 (eg, those who have been victimised in person are more likely to be victimised or bullied online).79”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [78] Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip source
In “Overcoming fears and forging future directions for adolescents in the digital age” (page not provided), the review explicitly describes a ‘rich-get-richer’ model. It reports longitudinal research linking higher-quality existing relationships with more online communication and more cohesive online and offline friendships. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also highlight how adolescents might be particularly affected by social deprivation, especially the reduction of peer contact, and how this must be taken into account when considering the long-term consequences of global COVID-19 prevention measures.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“When rodent adolescent isolation occurs chronically, over 1 week or longer, it has even more profound effects. Chronically isolated adolescent rodents (isolated throughout the whole adolescent period) have shown abnormal behaviours such as hyper-reactivity to stressful situations45 and increased aggression.46”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Heidbreder, 2000, Behavioral, neurochemical and endocrinological characterization of the early social isolation syndrome, Neuroscience source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] St Popova, 1990, Changes in 5-HT1 receptors in different brain structures of rats with isolation syndrome, Gen Pharmacol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similar to adolescent humans, after weaning, rodents show a strong orientation towards their peers.38 These animals actively seek out peer interaction and these interactions are considered to be important social input for healthy development39 and specifically for social learning.34”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Vanderschuren, 2016, The neurobiology of social play and its rewarding value in rats, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Panksepp, 1981, The ontogeny of play in rats, Dev Psychobiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, many young people around the world currently have substantially fewer opportunities to interact face-to-face with peers in their social network, putting their social needs at risk of not being met at a crucial time of social development.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
In the paper
“Many animal studies have used rodents as their preferred animal model as these are innately social creatures and fare better in social rather than isolated housing.32”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Wills, 1983, Social interactions among rodent conspecifics: a review of experimental paradigms, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these experimental studies involve more extreme forms of social deprivation than the physical distancing experienced during COVID-19, the animal research literature provides valuable insights into the effects of depriving the developing animal of social contact during a sensitive period for social interaction.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to note, however, that physical distancing might not affect all adolescents in the same way. For example, adolescents who are living with high functioning families and who have positive relationships with parents or caregivers and siblings might be less affected by physical distancing than adolescents who do not have positive family relationships or who are living alone.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Adolescence is a sensitive period of social development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
In the paper
“Furthermore, increased aggression is also observed when rodents are raised with genetically modified conspecifics that show reduced social interaction,51 suggesting that behavioural changes also occur under less extreme forms of social deprivation.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Stark, 2020, Male Long Evans rats reared with a Fischer-344 peer during the juvenile period show deficits in social competency: a role for play, Int J Play source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although reintroducing acutely isolated animals to social contact can alleviate some of the negative effects of short-term isolation, such as anxiety,40 there are long-lasting negative consequences that are not easily remedied. For example, increased ethanol consumption in animals after social isolation persists even after the reintroduction to social housing.44”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Behavioural effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Maisonnette, 1993, Role of resocialization and of 5-HT1A receptor activation on the anxiogenic effects induced by isolation in the elevated plus-maze test, Physiol Behav source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Wolffgramm, 1991, Social behavior, dominance, and social deprivation of rats determine drug choice, Pharmacol Biochem Behav source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, social deprivation and isolation have substantial effects on adolescent animals, ranging from neurobiology to cognition and behaviour, which extend well beyond the period of isolation and can have long-term consequences.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Comparable research on social deprivation in humans is scarce, but a small number of studies have investigated the effects of extreme forms of isolation like solitary confinement. They suggest that such isolation in prison leads to increased distress, depression, and aggression as well as increased prevalence of self harm in adults.57”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Haney, 2003, “Supermax” Confinement, Crime Delinq source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, 58% of Nigerians with secondary education or more have a social media account compared with 10% of Nigerians without secondary education.5”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the human brain, isolation alters neural patterns in ways similar to food deprivation:59 brain activity in the substantia nigra (the core of the brain's dopaminergic motivation centre) when people crave social contact after acute isolation mimics the activity exhibited there when they crave food after fasting.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] Tomova, 2020, The need to connect: acute social isolation causes neural craving responses similar to hunger, bioRxiv
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“69% of young British adolescents (aged 12–15 years)61 and 97% of American adolescents (aged 13–17 years) have a social media profile.62”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The animal studies reviewed suggest that the consequences of deprivation of social needs during adolescence can have negative effects resembling features of human neuropsychiatric disorders and on social cognitive development more broadly, due to lack of experiences for social learning.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most animal studies focus predominately on males, with female rodents included in only a few studies, and therefore do not represent the constellation of the human population.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Additional neurochemical changes include alterations to serotonin levels, with the direction of the effects differing between brain regions. For example, the prefrontal cortex shows increased serotonergic activity, whereas other brain areas, such as the hippocampus, show decreased activity. These alterations have been proposed to underlie observed behavioural changes such as increased anxiety and”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Hall, 1998, Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences, Crit Rev Neurobiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Burke, 2017, Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Many studies have investigated deprivation of peer contact in adult animals54 and have found that, across species, deprivation of contact with peers resulted in negative behavioural and physiological effects, suggesting that the need for peer to peer contact is universal across social species.55”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Brain effects of social deprivation in animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Tomova, 2019, The neuroscience of unmet social needs, Soc Neurosci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Petrovich, 1985, The attachment learning process and its relation to cultural and biological evolution: proximate and ultimate considerations source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Beyond these extreme forms of isolation in non-representative groups, evidence on experimentally-induced acute social isolation in adult humans shows that isolation results in increased feelings of loneliness, craving for social contact, and decreased happiness.59”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] Tomova, 2020, The need to connect: acute social isolation causes neural craving responses similar to hunger, bioRxiv
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although for some adolescents, social interactions at home might meet their social needs, physical distancing will challenge many teenagers' capacity to connect with peers.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Young people have been some of the first large-scale adopters of communicative digital technologies, such as social media and smartphones.5, 60”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60] Rideout
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The majority of US teenagers spend more than 4 h a day on social media sites60 and almost half of them report that they are almost constantly engaging online.62”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] Rideout
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, it remains unclear how well the social needs of rodents map onto the social needs of humans.54 The social world of rodents differs in many ways from the complexity of human sociality, so social deprivation might have differing effects between species.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Tomova, 2019, The neuroscience of unmet social needs, Soc Neurosci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the nature of these studies means that they relate to non-representative groups and are therefore difficult to interpret due to many confounding factors.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > The effects of social deprivation on adolescent brain and behaviour: evidence from animal models > Relating animal and human studies of isolation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These means of interaction raise the possibility that digitalised social contact can mitigate the potentially harmful effects of physical distancing in young people.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Some studies have supported the rich-get-richer view of online communication (ie, those who already have strong offline friendships might benefit most from digital interaction), whereas those with a liability to mental health issues might be more susceptible to the negative effects78 (eg, those who have been victimised in person are more likely to be victimised or bullied online).79”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Przybylski, 2017, Cyberbullying and adolescent well-being in England: a population-based cross-sectional study, Lancet Child Adolesc Health source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if physical distancing measures are temporary, several months of physical distancing represents a large proportion of a young person's life during a sensitive period of development, so it is possible that the effects will be more potent than for adults.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescence is a unique developmental period when the social environment is important for brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.
In the paper
“Social media has especially become popular in the adolescent age group over the past decade.61”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the existing evidence shows that certain aspects of digital communication can engender social connection and might, therefore, mitigate the consequences of physical distancing.”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Physical distancing measures enforced by governments worldwide are causing a widespread reduction in face-to-face social contact.
In the paper
“There is initial experimental evidence that such passive uses could even negatively influence wellbeing, possibly by increasing social comparison and envy.77”
§ The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health > Digital sources of social connection
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] Verduyn, 2017, Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review, Soc Issues Policy Rev source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical distancing measures to contain COVID-19 have removed many regular sources of social connection and are reducing adolescents' face-to-face contact outside their household.
“Current efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19 have required sudden and commonly mandated physical distancing, removing many regular sources of social connection from people's lives.”
“The physical distancing measures mandated globally to contain the spread of COVID-19 are radically reducing adolescents' opportunities to engage in face-to-face social contact outside their household.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is little research on the effects of social deprivation or isolation on human adolescent development or on adult humans in general.
“There is little research on the effects of social deprivation or isolation on human adolescent development or on adult humans in general.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical distancing measures enforced by governments worldwide are causing a widespread reduction in face-to-face social contact.
“With physical distancing being enforced by governments around the world, society is at the start of a period of intense and widespread reduction of face-to-face social contact.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescence is a unique developmental period when the social environment is important for brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.
“Adolescents are at a unique period in their lives when the social environment is important for crucial functions in brain development, self-concept construction, and mental health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research on social isolation has almost entirely been conducted in animal models, and little is known about how social deprivation affects human development.
“Research on social isolation has almost entirely been carried out in animal models and little is known about how social deprivation affects human development.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A strong trend towards an increase of social interactions via the internet shifted the percentage of social interactions happening online, not only through the spread of smartphones but also as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic (41, 42).”
From Reducing neuroendocrine psychosocial stress response through socio-emotional dyadic but not mindfulness online training (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Young people may be more influenced by their peers, which may make adhering to social distancing regulations difficult should other members of their social groups not comply with guidelines [7].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recent research has indicated specific challenges faced by young people during the pandemic related to isolation, loneliness and anxiety [7, 9], which may impact on behaviours related to social distancing.”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Young people often have large social circles and are at a developmental stage in which social interactions and relationship building are considered important [7].”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is already a highly sensitive time of social transformation where there is an increased need for peer interaction and peer friendships (Orben et al., 2020).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While young people (e.g. < 25) [7] who are deemed medically healthy may experience comparatively lower risk of serious effects of COVID-19, they play an important role in preventing its spread.”
From Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, for adolescents, the social environment is important for developing essential brain functions, self-concept, and mental health in general (4).”
From Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Several studies already showed that adolescent age is a risk factor for diverse mental health problems, especially during epidemic outbreaks [e.g., (4–10)].”
From Digital Media Use and Adolescents' Mental Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, adolescence is a critical period for not only social interaction (Larsen and Luna, 2018; ) but also the emergence of psychiatric diseases (Orben et al., 2020; Marco et al., 2011), and social isolation during adolescence can exacerbate mental health problems (Larsen and Luna, 2018; Almeida et al., 2021; ; Graf et al., 2021; Andersen, 2021).”
From Oxytocin neurons mediate the effect of social isolation via the VTA circuits (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“The adverse effects of social isolation are particularly apparent for adolescents (Almeida et al., 2021; Orben et al., 2020).”
From Oxytocin neurons mediate the effect of social isolation via the VTA circuits (2022) · cites this paper as Orben et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Chronic loneliness disproportionately affects people older (that is, elderly people46) and younger (that is, adolescents14) than the participants studied here; future studies should test whether the current results generalize to those more vulnerable populations.”
From Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,210
Swami, V., Barron, D. S., & Furnham, A. F. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02367-8 · Cited by 18
Rose‐Clarke, K., Prakash, B. K., Magar, J., Pradhan, I., Shrestha, P., Hassan, E., Jaoude, G. J. A., Haghparast‐Bidgoli, H., Devakumar, D., Carrino, L., et al. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2022.46 · Cited by 16
“The COVID-19 pandemic and national lockdown pose further risks to their mental health (Orben et al., 2020; Kola et al., 2021).”
BackgroundGreen, K. H., Becht, A., van de Groep, S., van der Cruijsen, R., Sweijen, S., & Crone, E. A. (2023) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12674 · Cited by 19
Kenny, B., Bowe, S. J., Taylor, C. B., Moodie, M., Brown, V., Hoban, E., & Williams, J. W. (2023) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23928 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, social interactions are increasingly important during adolescence and there is a strong desire to feel socially accepted and connected to their peers (Long et al., 2020; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundRouxel, P. L., & Chandola, T. (2023) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/00380385231172123 · Cited by 15
“We additionally highlight the importance of young adulthood as a sensitive life-course period for the effect of social relationships on mental health (Orben et al., 2020), in contrast to a tendency on life-course research to focus on later-life relationships (Fuller et al., 2020).”
ResultLamash, L., Fogel, Y., & Hen‐Herbst, L. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12244 · Cited by 22
Yan, W., Wang, Y., Jiang, Z., Peng, K., & Cohen, G. L. (2023) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12516 · Cited by 15
Smartphone use, gender, and adolescent mental health: Longitudinal evidence from South Korea
Rudolf, R., & Kim, N. (2024) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101722 · Cited by 22
“As suggested by Orben et al. (2020), a nuanced approach to screen time recommendations is crucial to promote quality digital engagement that can enhance mental health.”
BackgroundGambaran Psikologis Remaja Selama Sekolah Dari Rumah Akibat Pandemi Covid-19
Estikasari, P., & Pudjiati, S. R. R. (2021) · Psikobuletin Buletin Ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.24014/pib.v2i1.11750 · Cited by 19
Rivers, A. S., Russon, J., Winston-Lindeboom, P., Ruan-Iu, L., & Diamond, G. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01524-x · Cited by 12
Rapoport, V. E. O., Altamirano, E., Senador, L., Wong, M., Beckhorn, C. B., Coit, J. M., Roche, S. D., Lecca, L. W., Galea, J. T., & Chiang, S. S. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063287 · Cited by 16
Virtual Social Interaction and Loneliness Among Emerging Adults Amid the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Towner, E., Tomova, L., Ladensack, D., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2ghtd · Cited by 15
Self-citationUnderstanding the impact of misinformation on adolescents
Ma, I., Sultan, M., Kozyreva, A., & van den Bos, W. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02338-8 · Cited by 18
“Conversely, social deprivation has especially pronounced negative effects on adolescents’ mental health 61 , which may increase susceptibility to misleading or harmful content.”
Glikman, D., Stein, M., & Shinwell, E. S. (2021) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.15982 · Cited by 13
Adolescents Are More Likely to Help Others on Days They Take Risks and Crave Social Connections
Armstrong‐Carter, E., Bibby, E. S., Burroughs, M., Flannery, J., Nelson, B. W., Duell, N., Prinstein, M. J., & Telzer, E. H. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12705 · Cited by 14
“When adolescents feel high levels of social orientation or social craving, they are more likely to seek out peer interactions (Orben et al., 2020), which could lead them to engage in either risky or prosocial behavior.”
BackgroundInfluentialFeng, Y., & Tong, Q. (2022) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x211067553 · Cited by 14
Islamic Mental Health Education for Adolescents in the Digital Era
Rosmalina, A., Elrahman, H., Handayani, H. T., & Affendi, H. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Qualitative Quantitative Research · doi:10.58418/ijeqqr.v2i1.39 · Cited by 18
Gvirts, H. Z., Ehrenfeld, L., Sharma, M., & Mizrahi, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37218-6 · Cited by 18
“Similarly, it has been suggested, that digital technology may assist in reducing loneliness and mitigate the negative effects of social distancing 45,46 .”
BackgroundDziura, S. L., McNaughton, K. A., Giacobbe, E., Yarger, H. A., Hickey, A. C., Shariq, D. A., & Redcay, E. (2023) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22413 · Cited by 16
Cherewick, M., Daniel, C., Shrestha, C. C., Giri, P., Dukpa, C., Cruz, C. M., Rai, R. P., & Matergia, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181976 · Cited by 16
“As adolescents develop, they are increasingly sensitive to social status and admiration or social rejection and loneliness (Steinberg, 2008; Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Lam et al., 2014; Shulman et al., 2016; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPanchal, U. R., Vaquerizo‐Serrano, J., Conde-Ghigliazza, I., Genç, H. A., Marchini, S., Pociūtė, K., Ocakoğlu, B. K., Sanchez-Roman, S., Őri, D., Catalán, A., et al. (2023) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2023.06.003 · Cited by 17
“79 While school closures are effective in controlling COVID-19, the psychological harm for young people could be profound, 80 as children face disruptions in school routines.”
BackgroundZhao, B., & Jin, C. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107243 · Cited by 16
Morosanova, V. I., Fomina, T. G., & Bondarenko, I. N. (2023) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2023.0312 · Cited by 28
Hunter, S. C., Seth, R., Houghton, S. J., Lawrence, D. M., Zadow, C., Rosenberg, M., Wood, L. J., Qualter, P., & Shilton, T. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01925-0 · Cited by 24
“Brain development during adolescence in regions involved in social processing, a desire for increased peer interaction and friendships (Orben et al., 2020), but increased sensitivity to social rejection (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), and developmental shifts and transitions in social networks (e.g.,…”
BackgroundHjuler, T. F., Lee, D., & Ghetti, S. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14131 · Cited by 9
Yıldırım, M., Batmaz, H., KURTULUŞ, H. Y., & Kurtuluş, E. (2025) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x251317538 · Cited by 17
“Adolescence is one of the most striking biological and social transition periods in the life course, with rapid changes occurring in developmental domains (Orben et al., 2020).”
Chang, H.-T., Cheng, K., Hung, Y.-C., & Hsu, K. (2025) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-025-01130-0 · Cited by 16
“Despite the fundamental importance of social experiences during adolescence in brain function and building social behavior later in life [40–42], little is known about how social interaction generates rewarding experiences and the neural circuit mechanisms underlying its rewarding properties.”
Zhang, Y., Tao, S., Qu, Y., Mou, X., Gan, H., Zhou, P., Zhu, Z., Wu, X., & Tao, F. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14598-4 · Cited by 20
“In particular, it has even more profound effects when rodent adolescent isolation occurs chronically, over one week or longer [43].”
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“Social development is core to adolescence and social distancing strategies have had a major impact on peer/ social support systems [14].”
BackgroundWybrane aspekty medyczne i społeczne pandemii Covid-19
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Digital exclusion predicts worse mental health among adolescents during COVID-19Preprint
Metherell, T. E., Ghai, S., McCormick, E. M., Ford, T. J., & Orben, A. C. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.21266853 · Cited by 14
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“Adolescence is a sensitive period when social connection is particularly vital for brain development and mental health [42].”
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“Email: mwithers@usc.edu as a result of the recent COVID-19 pandemic (Chen et al., 2020; Orbin et al., 2020; Rains et al., 2021).”
BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the rights of the child in Japan
Yamaguchi, A., Hosozawa, M., Hasegawa, A., Okubo, Y., Sampei, M., Sawada, N., Piedvache, A., Morisaki, N., Hangai, M., Tanaka, K., et al. (2021) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.14913 · Cited by 12
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“This, together with the long-term deficits in social behavior we observed in this study after the repeated administration of NEPD, may contribute to the establishment of an addictive-like behavior (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSteinert, J., Shenderovich, Y., Smith, M. A., Zhou, S., Toska, E., & Cluver, L. D. (2022) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000003071 · Cited by 17
Value of Self‐Disclosure to Parents and Peers During Adolescence
Nowell, C., Pfeifer, J. H., Enticott, P. G., Silk, T. J., & Vijayakumar, N. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12803 · Cited by 21
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“cause adolescents to undergo physical changes as well as changes in the way they think and solve problems, changes in the way they deal with emotions, and changes in social relationships [2,3].”
BackgroundInfluentialTarabay, R., Gerges, S., Dine, A. S. E., Malaeb, D. N., Obeïd, S., Hallit, S. R., & Soufia, M. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01168-5 · Cited by 14
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“…a safe and reliable therapeutic relationship which is particularly important for children and young people; some may not have such a relationship with another adult elsewhere in their life despite such a relationship being critical for healthy social and personal development (Orben et al., 2020).”
Hosozawa, M., Ando, S., Yamaguchi, S., Yamasaki, S., DeVylder, J., Miyashita, M., Endo, K., Stanyon, D., Knowles, G., Nakanishi, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.08.016 · Cited by 13
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“Adolescence is a time in life where peer interactions become increasingly important (Orben, Tomova, and Blakemore 2020) and peer interactions seemed to affect the girls’ sports participation in several ways.”
BackgroundThe Role of Online Social Support in Mental Health: Comparing Rural and Urban Youth
Knowles, E. A., & Danzi, B. A. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12020113 · Cited by 39
Roy, S. (2020) · Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond · doi:10.1177/2349300320973825 · Cited by 13
“Isolation, non-connectivity with peers and deprivation in emotional health needs can have prolonged effects on cognitive development of adolescents (DPhil et al., 2020).”
BackgroundUnequal Opportunity Spreaders: Higher COVID-19 Deaths with Later School Closure in the United States
Rauscher, E. A., & Burns, A. (2021) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1177/07311214211005486 · Cited by 15
“Extended compulsory schooling laws reduced mortality rates and improved health (Arendt 2005; Lleras-Muney 2005; Oreopoulos 2007) and greater access to college increased women’s educational attainment and health of their children at birth (Currie and Moretti 2003).”
Arnsten, A. F. T., Condon, E. M., Dettmer, A. M., Gee, D. G., Lee, K. S., Mayes, L. C., Stover, C. S., & Tseng, W. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000823 · Cited by 13
“…in adolescents can be of particular concern among marginalized families where parents cannot afford to work from home and have less time for quality parent–child interactions because of the forced choice to prioritize job security and breadwinning in times of a pandemic (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundFernández-Rovira, C., & Giraldo-Luque, S. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132111837 · Cited by 10
Kayaoğlu, K., & Başcıllar, M. (2022) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12384 · Cited by 13
“Loneliness is associated with problems, such as depression, anger, fear, stress, and anxiety in adolescents (Ellis et al., 2020; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAdolescent Mental Health Priorities During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Stewart, T. M., Fry, D., Wilson, J., McAra, L., Hamilton, S., King, A., Laurie, M., & McCluskey, G. (2022) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-022-09547-w · Cited by 16
“Past research has demonstrated that lack of connection to others can have negative consequences for physical and mental health, as well as increased mortality (Caspi et al., 2006; Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPutra, I. G. N. E., Pradnyani, P. E., Putra, G. W., Astiti, N. L. E. P., Derayanti, N. W., Artini, N. N. A., Astuti, P. A. S., Dendup, T., & Ratan, Z. A. (2022) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932022000426 · Cited by 14
“Adolescence is a sensitive period of social interaction, and the influence of social environmental factors is profound on the development of their socio-cognitive skills and mental well-being (Orben et al., 2020).”
Bringolf‐Isler, B., Hänggi, J. M., Kayser, B., Suggs, L. S., Dössegger, A., & Probst-Hensch, N. M. (2021) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2021.w30071 · Cited by 14
“Childhood and adolescence are characterized by a heightened sensitivity to social stimuli and a need for peer interaction [3].”
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“Bisherige Forschung zeigt, dass diese Veränderungen Kinder und Jugendliche erheblich belasten können [1, 2].”
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“Because college is a period when young people develop their self-identity, students are particularly sensitive to peer interaction and rejection (Orben et al., 2020) and are more likely to feel lonely (Lee et al., 2018).”
Wong, S. M., Li, Y. Y., Hui, C., Wong, C., Wong, T., Cheung, C., Suen, Y., Lam, B. Y., Lui, S. S., Chan, K. T., et al. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03183-y · Cited by 11
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Pavarini, G., Reardon, T. C., Mawdsley, G., & Singh, I. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00723-1 · Cited by 12
“The chance to connect with a group of peers might also help alleviate negative psychological effects of COVID-19 mitigation measures, given the potential harmful effects of physical distancing and restricted social contact for adolescent mental health [40].”
BackgroundMobach, L., Wolters, N. E., Klein, A. M., Koelen, J. A., Vonk, P., der Heijde, C. M. V., Wuthrich, V. M., Rapee, R. M., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13056 · Cited by 15
Nenna, R., Zeric, H., Petrarca, L., Mancino, E., & Midulla, F. (2021) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.25787 · Cited by 12
“Adolescents were found to represent a particularly vulnerable cohort.(80) Concomitantly, the clinical frontlines reported both a significant decline in the incidence of admissions for psychiatric emergencies during lockdowns and increased suicide ideation and self‐harm rates.”
BackgroundSchacter, H. L., Hoffman, A. J., Ehrhardt, A. D., & Bakth, F. N. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000074 · Cited by 16
“Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing school closures, concerns have been raised about the potentially negative impact of online schooling on adolescents’ peer relationships (e.g., social isolation; cyberbullying) and mental health (e.g., depression, anxiety) (Orben et al., 2020).”
BackgroundLajunen, T. J., & Wróbel, B. (2022) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2022.100047 · Cited by 12
The kids are alright: adolescents’ experiences during COVID-19 disruption
Lopatovska, I., Garg, R., Turpin, O., Yoon, J. H., Vroom, L., & Brown, D. (2022) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-11-2021-0096 · Cited by 14
van der Laan, S. E. I., Lenters, V. C., Finkenauer, C., van Harmelen, A., van der Ent, C. K., & Nijhof, S. L. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.06.006 · Cited by 12
“Adolescents might be particularly susceptible to the social effects of these lockdown measures [3,4].”
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“This is in line with the study by Orben and colleagues [53] demonstrating that globally enforced physical distance may have long-term detrimental consequences on everyone’s emotional and mental health regardless of age, and that, on the other hand, the removal of sources of face-to-face social connections from everyda…”
ResultFerrara, N. C., Trask, S., Ritger, A. C., Padival, M., & Rosenkranz, J. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.956102 · Cited by 11
“Adolescence, in particular, is a key period of time with heightened social sensitivity across several species (Varlinskaya and Spear, 2008; Seffer et al., 2015; Foulkes and Blakemore, 2016; Orben et al., 2020; Ferrara et al., 2021a).”
BackgroundCapturing Teens’ Voice in Designing Supportive Agents
Lopatovska, I., Turpin, O., Davis, J., Connell, E. G., Denney, C., Fournier, H., Ravi, A., Yoon, J. H., & Parasnis, E. (2022) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3543829.3543838 · Cited by 13
Ji, L., Yu, Y., Wan, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., & Chen, C. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05496-y · Cited by 13
“A good interpersonal relationship is also one of the most prominent needs exhibited by freshmen (Li et al., 2021; Orben et al., 2020).”
Nearchou, F., Flinn, C., French, A., Hennessy, E., Kerin, L., & Linehan, C. (2022) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth2020013 · Cited by 15
“COVID-19 has interrupted normative aspects of youth development, marking adolescence and young adulthood, periods usually characterised by mounting independence and placing importance on peer relationships [4,5].”
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Jimenez, A. L., Banaag, C. G., Arcenas, A. M. A., & Hugo, L. V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_106-1 · Cited by 16
Adolescent Cyberbullying and Cyber Victimization: Longitudinal Study Before and During COVID-19
Schulz, P. J., Boldi, M., & van Ackere, A. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/70508 · Cited by 19
“The use of information and communication technologies has long been recognized as a notable risk factor linked to cyberbullying perpetration and victimization [11,31].”
Media Game Online Ular Tangga Perkalian Bilangan Asli Dengan Pendekatan RME Kelas III SD
Zaneta, V. I. (2022) · Plusminus Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika · doi:10.31980/plusminus.v2i2.1819 · Cited by 11
Pereira, A. J., Gomes, A. S., Primo, T. T., Rodrigues, R. L., Júnior, R. P. D. M., & Moreira, F. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13020100 · Cited by 18
Moitra, S., Adán, A., Akgün, M., Anderson, A., Brickstock, A., Eathorne, A., Tabrizi, A. F., Haldar, P., Henderson, L., Jindal, A., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2023.03.052 · Cited by 11
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Dance and Psychological Health: Effect of Dance Participation on Social Development
Zafeiroudi, A. (2023) · Journal of Social Science Studies · doi:10.5296/jsss.v10i2.21414 · Cited by 16
Vanhollebeke, G., Aers, F., Goethals, L., Raedt, R. D., Baeken, C., van Mierlo, P., & Vanderhasselt, M. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105464 · Cited by 11
Pet ownership: A sign of superior socioeconomic position? Evidences from six cities in China
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The association between motivations for social media use, stress and academic attainment
Hughes-Nind, J., Wang, M., Zhang, C., & Tibber, M. S. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06392-9 · Cited by 15
“Thus, research has highlighted the central role of social processes in young people’s lives and mental health (Orben, Tomova et al., 2020), and indicated that young people’s engagement with SM is driven predominantly by social motivations (Kircaburun et al., 2020).”
Valerio, Z. D., Fortuna, D., Montalti, M., Alberghini, L., Leucci, A. C., Saponaro, A., Sangiorgi, E., Berti, E., Rolli, M., & Tedesco, D. (2024) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796024000647 · Cited by 11
“…processes associated with worsened mental health, such as the prolonged use of electronic devices and social networks (Santos et al. , 2023), the reduction in face-to-face social activities and impaired building of strong social structures in a crucial phase of development (Orben et al. , 2020).”
The men’s mental health perspective on adolescent suicide in the COVID-19 era
Rice, T., & Sher, L. (2021) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2021.10 · Cited by 12
Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on The Psychological Response of Adolescents: A Literature Review
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“Along with the hormonal and biological changes associated with puberty, adolescence is a time of profound psychological and social transformation (Orben et al., 2020).”
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Brain structure correlates of expected social threat and reward
Crawford, B., Muhlert, N., MacDonald, G., & Lawrence, A. D. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74334-z · Cited by 13
The Covid-19 shutdown: when studying turns digital, students want more structure
Gjerde, V., Gray, R., Holst, B., & Kolstø, S. D. (2021) · Physics Education · doi:10.1088/1361-6552/ac031e · Cited by 12
“Therefore, the detrimental effects may be mitigated by social contact through digital technologies (Orben et al 2020).”
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Australian School Stakeholders’ Perceived Strategies for Preventing Adolescent Obesity
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“Isolation can negatively affect the mental well-being of adolescents due to deprivation of social interaction needed at this stage of development [23].”
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Prospective Association of Sedentary Behavior With Psychological Distress Among Adolescents
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“In addition, adolescence is particularly sensitive to social stimulation, and the need for peer interaction increases [14]; however, social distancing has fundamentally reduced the opportunity for adolescents to make direct social contact outside of home.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Orben, A., Tomova, L., & Blakemore, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne
- Venue
- The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 634-640
- ISSN
- 2352-4642 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7292584
- OpenAlex
- W3034871545
- Cited by
- 1,383
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 155 · 2025: 232 · 2024: 238 · 2023: 227 · 2022: 262 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 57
- FWCI
- 13.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Jacobs Foundation
- University of Cambridge
- Wellcome Trust
- Austrian Science Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- social deprivation, adolescent development, adolescent mental health, peer acceptance, peer influence, social isolation, online interaction, social media, brain development
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Child, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Mental Health, Peer Group, Pneumonia, Viral, Social Isolation, Coronavirus Infections, Adolescent Development, Young Adult, Pandemics, Social Media
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