Training versus engagement as paths to cognitive enrichment with aging.
Open accessAbstract
While a training model of cognitive intervention targets the improvement of particular skills through instruction and practice, an engagement model is based on the idea that being embedded in an intellectually and socially complex environment can impact cognition, perhaps even broadly, without explicit instruction. We contrasted these 2 models of cognitive enrichment by randomly assigning healthy older adults to a home-based inductive reasoning training program, a team-based competitive program in creative problem solving, or a wait-list control. As predicted, those in the training condition showed selective improvement in inductive reasoning. Those in the engagement condition, on the other hand, showed selective improvement in divergent thinking, a key ability exercised in creative problem solving. On average, then, both groups appeared to show ability-specific effects. However, moderators of change differed somewhat for those in the engagement and training interventions. Generally, those who started either intervention with a more positive cognitive profile showed more cognitive growth, suggesting that cognitive resources enabled individuals to take advantage of environmental enrichment. Only in the engagement condition did initial levels of openness and social network size moderate intervention effects on cognition, suggesting that comfort with novelty and an ability to manage social resources may be additional factors contributing to the capacity to take advantage of the environmental complexity associated with engagement. Collectively, these findings suggest that training and engagement models may offer alternative routes to cognitive resilience in late life.
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Seeking engagement in intellectually challenging and enriched lifestyles could lead to long-term cognitive resilience and socioemotional well-being in late lifespan.
“This attempt to seek engagement in the intellectually challenging and enriched lifestyle could also lead to long-term cognitive resilience and socioemotional well-being during our late lifespan (e.g., [2,16,64,86,92,97,103]).”
From OK Google, Let's Learn: Using Voice User Interfaces for Informal Self-Regulated Learning of Health Topics among Younger and Older Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [103]
The Abstract (page unavailable) suggests that engagement may offer a route to cognitive resilience in late life. The Conclusion (page unavailable) reports only ability-specific gains, not broad cognitive change, and the paper does not establish long-term effects or socioemotional well-being. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Environmental Support and Strain of Emotional Experiences During a Challenging TaskPreprint
Mejía, S. T., Wen, W., Washington, F.-C., Hong, S., Ramesh, D., & Chin, J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zk4b6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exercise as an Adjunct to Treating Depression
Carson, R. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b19089-22
RETA A TU MENTE, DESAFÍA A TU CEREBRO: COMPLEJIDAD AMBIENTAL Y SALUD CEREBRAL
Redolat, R., & Gresa, P. M. (2016) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2016.n2.v1.548
How aging and bilingualism influence language processing
Rossi, E., & Diaz, M. T. (2017) · Studies in bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.53.03ros
Using stories to assess linear reasoning abolishes the age-related differences found in formal tests
Sędek, G., Verhaeghen, P., Lengsfeld, K., & Rydzewska, K. (2021) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2021.1911847
Automaticity and Skill in Late Adulthood
Touron, D. R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_210-1
Bielak, A. A. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_277-1
Automaticity and Skill in Late Adulthood
Touron, D. R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-082-7_210
The Role of Cognition, Personality, and Trust in Fraud Victimization in Older Adults
Judges, R. A., Gallant, S. N., Yang, L., & Lee, K. (2022) · doi:10.32920/21440829.v1
The Role of Cognition, Personality, and Trust in Fraud Victimization in Older Adults
Judges, R. A., Gallant, S. N., Yang, L., & Lee, K. (2022) · doi:10.32920/21440829
- Authors
- Stine-Morrow, E. A. L., Payne, B. R., Roberts, B. W., Kramer, A. F., Morrow, D. G., Payne, L., Hill, P. L., Jackson, J. J., Gao, X., Noh, S. R., Janke, M. C., & Parisi, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Carleton University (CA)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
- East Carolina University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychology and Aging
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 891-906
- ISSN
- 0882-7974 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1498
- PMC
- PMC4361254
- OpenAlex
- W2094522386
- Semantic Scholar
- 906dd53be07b6506ef38320c9f2b26ca2853a954
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 18.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychology and Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG029475)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- cognitive enrichment, cognitive aging, older adults, cognitive training, environmental enrichment, inductive reasoning, divergent thinking, creative problem solving, team-based intervention, cognitive resilience, openness to experience, social network size, home-based intervention
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cognition, Competitive Behavior, Environment, Female, Group Processes, Humans, Human Activities, Logic, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Patient Compliance, Patient Dropouts, Problem Solving, Social Support, Biomedical Enhancement
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