They saw a game: A case study
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the Princeton-Dartmouth football study, Princeton students saw Dartmouth commit twice as many flagrant penalties and three times as many mild penalties as their own team, while Dartmouth students recorded approximately equal penalties by both teams.
“Princeton students saw the Dartmouth team commit twice as many flagrant penalties and three times as many mild penalties as their own team.Dartmouth students, on the other hand, recorded an approximately equal number of penalties by both teams.”
From Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases (1997) · cites this paper as Hastorf and Cantril (1954)
The self-serving bias affects individuals' evaluations of groups they are affiliated with.
“The self-serving bias affects not only individuals' evaluations of themselves, but also of groups they are affiliated with.”
From Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases (1997) · cites this paper as Hastorf and Cantril (1954)
In the Cohen et al. (2000) third study, participants who did not receive self-affirmation judged the activist who shared their convictions more favorably than the activist who did not.
“Participants who did not receive a self-aYrmation judged the activist who shared their convictions more favorably than the activist who did not (see also Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Hastorf & Cantril, 1954
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises
Nickerson, R. S. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 · Cited by 7,267 · see citing works
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611417632 · Cited by 6,567 · see citing works
“…3/17/11; Revision accepted 5/23/11 of ambiguous information and remarkably adept at reaching justifiable conclusions that mesh with their desires (Babcock & Loewenstein, 1997; Dawson, Gilovich, & Regan, 2002; Gilovich, 1983; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Kunda, 1990; Zuckerman, 1979).”
BackgroundPolitical conservatism as motivated social cognition.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339 · Cited by 4,904 · see citing works
The Intuitive Psychologist And His Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process
Ross, L. (1977) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60357-3 · Cited by 4,170 · see citing works
The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.261 · Cited by 4,089 · see citing works
Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.
Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.004 · Cited by 3,476 · see citing works
Slovic, P., Finucane, M., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.025 · Cited by 2,349 · see citing works
(2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098 · Cited by 2,214 · see citing works
Conway, M. A. (2005) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.005 · Cited by 2,155 · see citing works
Multiple Processes by which Attitudes Guide Behavior: The Mode Model as an Integrative Framework
Fazio, R. H. (1990) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60318-4 · Cited by 2,002 · see citing works
The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory
Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38004-5 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
“Participants who did not receive a self‐aYrmation judged the activist who shared their convictions more favorably than the activist who did not (see also Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
BackgroundIdeology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection
Kahan, D. M. (2013) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500005271 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
“…make use of this form of information-processing to protect their stake in all manner of groups—including ones not connected to politics (Sherman & Cohen, 2006; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954)—there is no reason to expect it to be more pronounced among people who subscribe to any particular ideology.”
BackgroundFeeling validated versus being correct: A meta-analysis of selective exposure to information
Hart, W., Albarracín, D., Eagly, A. H., Brechan, I., Lindberg, M. J., & Merrill, L. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0015701 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
“Therefore, to obtain a clearer picture of congeniality biases, future research should explore the size and variability of the bias at information interpretation (Bargh, 1999; Bruner, 1957; Darley & Gross, 1983; Duncan, 1976; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Lord, Ross, & Lepper, 1979).”
The Nature and Origins of Misperceptions: Understanding False and Unsupported Beliefs About Politics
Flynn, D. J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12394 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
“Perceptions of what occurs on the field are heavily influenced by what the fan would like to happen (e.g., Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
BackgroundA Rose by Any Name? The Values Construct
Rohan, M. J. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0403_4 · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
“For example, perhaps the Dartmouth and Princeton football fans’ football club social value priorities were highly salient and therefore influenced their perceptions of the football game made famous by Hastorf and Cantril (1954).”
BackgroundExplaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases
Babcock, L., & Loewenstein, G. (1997) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.11.1.109 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Influencing behaviour: The mindspace way
Dolan, P., Hallsworth, M., Halpern, D., King, D., Metcalfe, R., & Vlaev, I. (2012) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.10.009 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
PRELIMINARY VALIDATION OF THE SPORT FAN MOTIVATION SCALE
Wann, D. L. L. (1995) · Journal of Sport and Social Issues · doi:10.1177/019372395019004004 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
On conceptualizing self-control as more than the effortful inhibition of impulses.
Fujita, K. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868311411165 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
“…and behaviors do not necessarily reflect the objective features of their social worlds but rather their subjective interpretations or construals (e.g., Balcetis & Dunning, 2006; Bruner, 1957; Griffin & Ross, 1991; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Kunda, 1990; Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, & Epstein, 2003).”
BackgroundContracts as Reference Points *
Hart, O., & Moore, J. H. (2008) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.1 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Dunning, D., Meyerowitz, J. A., & Holzberg, A. D. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.020 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Die-Hard and Fair-Weather Fans: Effects of Identification on BIRGing and CORFing Tendencies
Wann, D. L. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1990) · Journal of Sport and Social Issues · doi:10.1177/019372359001400203 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Abrams, D., Viki, G. T., Masser, B., & Bohner, G. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.111 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Sensory–perceptual episodic memory and its context: autobiographical memory
Conway, M. A. (2001) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0940 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
“Memories are encoded in terms of the self (cf. Hastorf & Cantril 1952 for an early, and still one of the best, studies of this) and experiences with strong self reference may receive privileged encoding that render them highly accessible and capable of evoking intense experiences of recollection,…”
BackgroundCheryan, S., Master, A., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00049 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Fixing the communications failure
Kahan, D. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/463296a · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Pulling the Plug: Software Project Management and the Problem of Project Escalation1
Keil, M. (1995) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249627 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
“Psychological literature on selective perception (e.g., Allen and Marquis, 1964; Hastorf and Cantril, 1954; Hogarth, 1979) provides additional support for this notion.”
BackgroundWhen beliefs yield to evidence: Reducing biased evaluation by affirming the self
Cohen, G. L., Aronson, J., & Steele, C. M. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002611011 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Sonenshein, S. B. (2007) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2007.26585677 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
“ences in perception, Hastorf and Cantril (1954) asked Dartmouth and Princeton students to as”
BackgroundDitto, P. H., Liu, B. S., Clark, C. J., Wojcik, S. P., Chen, E. E., Grady, R. H., Celniker, J. B., & Zinger, J. F. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617746796 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
“…reasoning, particularly in the form of self-and group-enhancing biases, and these biases have been found in a multitude of different populations and contexts (Alicke, 1985; Billig & Tajfel, 1973; Darley & Gross, 1983; Ditto, 2009; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Kunda, 1990; Mercier & Sperber, 2011).”
BackgroundOn the consequences of priming: Assimilation and contrast effects
Herr, P. M., Sherman, S. J., & Fázio, R. H. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(83)90026-4 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Media bias in presidential elections: a meta-analysis
D'Alessio, D., & Allen, M. (2000) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02866.x · Cited by 510 · see citing works
“It might be a matter of selective perception (Bauer, 1964), an example of two people observing the same message or event, but interpreting it differently (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
BackgroundThe Psychology of Competition: A Social Comparison Perspective
Garcia, S. M., Tor, A., & Schiff, T. M. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613504114 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Individual Swift Trust and Knowledge-Based Trust in Face-to-Face and Virtual Team Members
Robert, L. P., Denis, A. R., & Hung, Y.-T. C. (2009) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222260210 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
“…of their team member’s behavior. the assessment and interpretation of the meaning of a behavior may vary across individuals; selective perception is a bias in information processing that often leaves individuals who view the same events with different interpretations of those events [55, 68].”
BackgroundMISPERCEPTIONS ABOUT PERCEPTUAL BIAS
Gerber, A. S., & GREEN, D. P. (1999) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.189 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Egocentric interpretations of fairness and interpersonal conflict
Thompson, L., & Loewenstein, G. (1992) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(92)90010-5 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
“It is well known that prior beliefs and knowledge influence the way that information is processed and encoded (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Cohen, 1981; Ross & Lepper, 1980).”
BackgroundKinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust
Burt, R. S., & Knez, M. (1995) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/1043463195007003003 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Incorporating the Irrelevant: Anchors in Judgments of Belief and Value
Chapman, G. B., & Johnson, E. J. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.008 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Subjective Construal, Social Inference, and Human Misunderstanding
Griffin, D. W., & Ross, L. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60333-0 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Bounded Ethicality as a Psychological Barrier to Recognizing Conflicts of Interest
Chugh, D., Bazerman, M. H., & Banaji, M. R. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610332.006 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Sloman, S. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.024 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Psychological Barriers to Dispute Resolution
Ross, L. D., & Ward, A. C. (1995) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60407-4 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Wells, G. L., Memon, A., & Penrod, S. (2006) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00027.x · Cited by 376 · see citing works
“And althoughHastorf and Cantrill (1954) demonstrated the effects of personal prejudice on perception in the 1950s, there was little discussion of the relevance of this to the legal”
How we see ourselves and how we see others
Pronin, E. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1154199 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Vicarious retribution: the role of collective blame in intergroup aggression
Lickel, B., Miller, N., Stenstrom, D. M., Denson, T. F., & Schmader, T. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_6 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, divergent construal means that in many instances of conflict, both sides will view their ingroup as the victim, and the outgroup as the perpetrator (for the classic example of divergent construal, see Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
BackgroundIdeology, Motivated Reasoning, and Cognitive Reflection: An Experimental Study
Kahan, D. M. (2012) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2182588 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
The Neuroscience of Intergroup Relations
Cikara, M., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614527464 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
“…study found that students from two different universities had very different perceptions of the same football game, recalling different “facts” about the game (e.g., irrespective of team allegiance, fans recalled with great certainty that the other team had played dirty; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
Same Story, Different Story: The Neural Representation of Interpretive Frameworks
Yeshurun, Y., Swanson, S., Simony, E., Chen, J., Lazaridi, C., Honey, C. J., & Hasson, U. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616682029 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
“For example, when Dartmouth and Princeton football fans watched the same game, each group of fans thought the other team was playing in an aggressive and unfair way, to such an extent that it seemed like they saw two very different games (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
BackgroundInfra‐humanization: The Wall of Group Differences
Leyens, J., Demoulin, S., Vaes, J., Gaunt, R. A., & Paladino, M. P. (2007) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2007.00006.x · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“Complementing those obtained by Hastorf and Cantril (1954) and Vallone et al.”
MethodSelf-Interest, Automaticity, and the Psychology of Conflict of Interest
Moore, D. A., & Loewenstein, G. F. (2004) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/b:sore.0000027409.88372.b4 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
“From books that trumpet the benefits of personal fulfillment (Robbins, 1986) to songs that see loving oneself as “the greatest love of all” (Houston, 2000), self-interest is no longer lumped together with greed as a deadly sin, but is now seen as one of the highest callings of human existence.”
BackgroundLeadership Behaviors in Sport: A Theoretical Model and Research Paradigm1
Smoll, F. L., & Smith, R. E. (1989) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01462.x · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Heuristics and Biases: Introduction – Heuristics and Biases: Then and Now
Gilovich, T., & Griffin, D. W. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.002 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Archie Bunker's Bigotry: A Study in Selective Perception and Exposure
Vidmar, N. J., & Rokeach, M. (1974) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00353.x · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Ego-Involvement and the Third Person Effect of Televised News Coverage
Perloff, R. M. (1989) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365089016002004 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Raudenbush, S. W. (1984) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.76.1.85 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Zavyalova, A. A., Pfarrer, M. D., Reger, R. K., & Hubbard, T. D. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0611 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“For example, Hastorf and Cantril’s classic study of an American collegiate football game showed that students favored their alma mater versus the opponent when tracking penalties (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
BackgroundHeuristics and Biases: Norm Theory: Comparing Reality to Its Alternatives
Kahneman, D., & Miller, D. T. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.022 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An appraisal theory of empathy and other vicarious emotional experiences.
Wondra, J. D., & Ellsworth, P. (2015) · Psychology Review · doi:10.1037/a0039252 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“Observers in this scenario might ignore their own team’s fault in the injury more than the injured player and differ in their agency appraisals (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954) or they may simply feel happy about the 49 injury because of its goal-congruence (Ellsworth & Scherer, 2003).”
BackgroundWhy They Don’t Trust the Media: An Examination of Factors Predicting Trust
Lee, T.-T. (2010) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764210376308 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
“…controversial type of research, or a labor strike—that tend to believe the media unfairly favor their opponents (Christen, Kannaovakun, & Gunther, 1998; Giner-Sorolla & Chaiken, 1994; Gunther, Christen, Liebhart, & Chia, 2001; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Perloff, 1989; Vallone, Ross, & Lepper, 1985).”
Cohen, G. L., Sherman, D. K., Bastardi, A., Hsu, L., McGoey, M., & Ross, L. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.415 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Group Identification and Historical Memory
Sahdra, B. K., & Ross, M. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206296103 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“…favorably than groups to which they do elong, both when the basis of group categorization is ingful and when it is arbitrary or trivial (Brewer, ; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Hewstone, Rubin, & PSPB, Vol. 33 No. 3, March 2007 384-395 DOI: 10.1177/0146167206296103 © 2007 by the Society for…”
BackgroundInfluentialCompatibility effects in judgment and choice.
Slovic, P., Griffin, D. W., & Tversky, A. (1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.014 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Subjective Status Shapes Political Preferences
Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Lundberg, K. B., Kay, A. C., & Payne, B. K. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614553947 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“This tendency for people to perceive those who disagree with them as biased while neglecting their own biased perceptions has been documented in many influential studies (e.g., Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Lord, Ross, & Lepper, 1979; Vallone, Ross, & Lepper, 1985).”
ResultBiased Processing as a Function of Attitude Accessibility: Making Objective Judgments Subjectively
Houston, D. A., & Fázio, R. H. (1989) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.1.51 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Hill, B., & Green, B. C. (2000) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1441-3523(00)70083-0 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Affirmed yet unaware: Exploring the role of awareness in the process of self-affirmation.
Sherman, D. K., Cohen, G. L., Nelson, L. D., Nussbaum, A. D., Bunyan, D. P., & Garcia, J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015451 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Sports performance judgments from a social cognitive perspective
Plessner, H., & Haar, T. (2006) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.03.007 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
A Three-Decade Retrospective on the Hostile Media Effect
Perloff, R. M. (2015) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1051234 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“A review of the classic work on ego-involvement (Hovland, Harvey, & Sherif, 1957; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Lord et al., 1979) shows how inextricably connected attitude extremity, personal importance of the issue, and self-relevant attributes are and how difficult they can be to entangle, though…”
Schwarz, N., & Vaughn, L. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.007 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Media Bias by the Numbers: Challenges and Opportunities in the Empirical Study of Partisan News
Groeling, T. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-040811-115123 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Conflict Escalation: Dispute Exacerbating Elements of E-mail Communication
Friedman, R., & Currall, S. C. (2003) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267035611003 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“…has occurred, it can easily become ‘locked in’ owing to biases in perception that make people see only evidence that reinforces their view of the other (e.g. Hastorf & Cantril, 1954) and attribute perceived bad actions to dispositional rather than situational causes (e.g. Hayden & Mischel, 1976).”
BackgroundA cognitive account of belief: a tentative road map
Connors, M. H., & Halligan, P. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01588 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Koriat, A., & Goldsmith, M. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042114 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“Individuals may experience the same event quite differently (Hastorf & Cantril 1954), Consequently, it is not clear what the test of correspondence should be.”
BackgroundMotivated Bayesians: Feeling Moral While Acting Egoistically
Gino, F., Norton, M. I., & Weber, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.30.3.189 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Heuristics and Biases: When Predictions Fail: The Dilemma of Unrealistic Optimism
Armor, D., & Taylor, S. E. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.021 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Transcending Temptation Through Abstraction
Fujita, K., & Carnevale, J. J. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412449169 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“A “hard hit” in the eyes of one sports fan might be construed as a “dirty play” by another (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954).”
BackgroundRestaurant tipping: an examination of three ‘rational’ explanations
Lynn, M., & Grassman, A. (1990) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/0167-4870(90)90002-q · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“Crusco and Wetzel (1984) and Lynn and Latane (1984) did examine the relationship between tipping and customers’ own evaluations of their service, but Crusco and Wetzel confounded customer ratings of the service, the dining experience and the atmosphere by averaging these ratings into a single index.”
BackgroundDunning, D. A., & Balcetis, E. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412463693 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“Hastorf and Cantril (1954) played students footage of this game 1 week later and simply asked which team had started the rough play.”
BackgroundSynchronous brain activity across individuals underlies shared psychological perspectives
Lahnakoski, J. M., Glerean, E., Jääskeläinen, I. P., Hyönä, J., Hari, R., Sams, M., & Nummenmaa, L. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.022 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“…b Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland c Department of Psychology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland d Brain Research Unit, O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo,…”
BackgroundInfluentialMcNulty, J. K., & Karney, B. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.729 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“Perceptual confirmation occurs when prior expectations for an event lead people to interpret the details of the event in ways that give rise to expectancy-consistent evaluations of the event (Darley & Gross, 1983; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Kelley, 1950; Miller & Turnbull, 1986).”
BackgroundPassarelli, F., & Tabellini, G. (2017) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/691700 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Biased Assimilation of Sociopolitical Arguments: Evaluating the 1996 U.S. Presidential Debate
Munro, G. D., Ditto, P. H., Lockhart, L. K., Fagerlin, A., Gready, M., & Peterson, E. (2002) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2401_2 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Social Identity and Economic Policy
Shayo, M. (2020) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-082019-110313 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Heuristics and Biases: Sympathetic Magical Thinking: The Contagion and Similarity “Heuristics”
Rozin, P., & Nemeroff, C. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.013 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Who's the Fairest of them All? An Empirical Test for Partisan Bias on ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox News
Groeling, T. J. (2008) · Presidential Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02668.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The Liberal Media Myth Revisited: An Examination of Factors Influencing Perceptions of Media Bias
Lee, T. (2005) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_4 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“…a single issue—such as Middle East conflicts, primate research, or a UPS strike—tend to believe the media unfairly favor the other side (Christen, Kannaovakun, & Gunther, 1998; Giner-Sorolla & Chaiken, 1994; Gunther et al., 2001; Hastorf & Cantril, 1954; Perloff, 1989; Vallone et al., 1985).”
BackgroundAttributions of Highly Identified Sports Spectators
Wann, D. L. L., & Dolan, T. J. (1994) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1994.9923013 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Rationalizing Democracy: The Perceptual Bias and (Un)Democratic Behavior
Krishnarajan, S. (2022) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055422000806 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“…selective perception (Ceci and Williams 2018; Kahan 2016), altering their perceptions of a given event in ways that fit better with their initial beliefs and motivations (see also Anduiza, Gallego, and Muñoz 2013; Hastorf and Cantril 1954; Kahan et al. 2012; Kunda 1990; Walter and Redlawsk 2019).”
BackgroundDefending the Status Quo: Power and Bias in Social Conflict
Keltner, D. J., & Robinson, R. J. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672972310007 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Bar‐Tal, D., & Antebi, D. (1992) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(92)90052-v · Cited by 176 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: The Nonobvious Social Psychology of Happiness
Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2005) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1604_04 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“The “They Saw a Game” study by Hastorf and Cantril (1954)—which showed how Dartmouth and Princeton fans recalled two very different football games, although they viewed the same game—is a wonderful example in this area.”
Conveniently Upset: Avoiding Altruism by Distorting Beliefs about Others' Altruism
Tella, R. D., Truglia, R. N. P., Babino, A., & Sigman, M. (2015) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20141409 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“4 See Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1986); Hoffman et al. (1994); and Bolton, Katok, and Zwick (1998). A vast literature studies different aspects of these preferences, including Rabin (1993); Fehr and Schmidt (1999); Bolton and Ockenfels (2000); Heinrich et al. (2001); and Malmendier, te Velde, and Weber (2014); int…”
InfluentialKay, A. C., & Ross, L. D. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00057-x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Vandello, J. A., Goldschmied, N. P., & Richards, D. A. R. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207307488 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.026 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Attitude Accessibility and Motivation as Determinants of Biased Processing: A Test of the MODE Model
Schuette, R. A., & Fázio, R. H. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167295217005 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Inside the planning fallacy: The causes and consequences of optimistic time predictions.
Buehler, R., Griffin, D. W., & Ross, M. W. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.016 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
A Task-Based Taxonomy of Cognitive Biases for Information Visualization
Dimara, E., Franconeri, S., Catherine Plaisant, B., Bezerianos, A., & Dragicevic, P. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2018.2872577 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The neuroscience of in-group bias
Molenberghs, P. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.002 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
A Social Identity Approach to Person Memory
Bavel, J. J. V., & Cunningham, W. A. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212455829 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“The current experiments suggest that people process the social (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954) and physical (Xiao & Van Bavel, 2012) world in a manner consistent with their social identity.”
Background
- Authors
- Hastorf, A. H., & Cantril, H.
- Venue
- The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1954-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 129-134
- ISSN
- 0096-851X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4254129346
- Cited by
- 882
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Physical education and sports games research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
