Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 737

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Practical challenges in quantum key distribution

Open access
Diamanti, Eleni, Lo, Hoi-Kwong, Qi, Bing, Yuan, Zhiliang·2016·npj Quantum Information
DOI 10.1038/npjqi.2016.25
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises unconditional security in data communication and is currently being deployed in commercial applications. Nonetheless, before QKD can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such as secret key rate, distance, size, cost and practical security. Here, we survey those key challenges and the approaches that are currently being taken to address them.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/npjqi.2016.25

Cites

16 of 16 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 16 references

Research works printed but not linked: 163

  1. Shor, P. W. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (ed. Goldwasser, S.) 124–134 (IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994).
  2. Cesare, C. Encryption faces quantum foe. Nature 525, 167–168 (2015). · doi:10.1038/525167a
  3. Bennett, C. H. & Brassard, G. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems, and Signal Processing (ed. Goldwasser, S.) 175–179 (IEEE Press, 1984).
  4. Scarani, V. et al. The security of practical quantum key distribution. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1301 (2009). · DOI · Paper page
  5. Lo, H.-K., Curty, M. & Tamaki, K. Secure quantum key distribution. Nat. Photon. 8, 595–604 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  6. Mayers, D. Unconditional security in quantum cryptography. J. ACM 48, 351–406 (2001). · DOI · Paper page
  7. Lo, H.-K. & Chau, H. F. Unconditional security of quantum key distribution over arbitrarily long distances. Science 283, 2050–2056 (1999). · DOI · Paper page
  8. Shor, P. W. & Preskill, J. Simple proof of security of the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 441–444 (2000). · DOI · Paper page
  9. Unruh, D. Advances in Cryptology—Crypto 2013. Vol. 8043, 380–397 (Springer, 2013). · DOI
  10. Dieks, D. Communication by EPR devices. Phys. Lett. 92A, 271–272 (1982). · DOI · Paper page
  11. Qiu, J. Quantum communications leap out of the lab. Nature 508, 441–442 (2014). · DOI
  12. Peev, M. et al. The SECOQC quantum key distribution in vienna. New J. Phys. 11, 075001 (2009). · DOI · Paper page
  13. Huttner, B., Imoto, N., Gisin, N. & Mor, T. Quantum cryptography with coherent states. Phys. Rev. A 51, 1863–1869 (1995). · DOI · Paper page
  14. Hwang, W.-Y. Quantum key distribution with high loss: toward global secure communication. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 057901 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
  15. Lo, H.-K., Ma, X. & Chen, K. Decoy state quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 230504 (2005). · DOI · Paper page
  16. Wang, X.-B. Beating photon-number-splitting attack in practical quantum cryptography. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 230503 (2005). · DOI · Paper page
  17. Lo, H.-K., Curty, M. & Qi, B. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 130503 (2012). · DOI · Paper page
  18. Christandl, M., Koenig, R., Mitchison, G. & Renner, R. One-and-a-half quantum de Finetti theorems. Commun. Math. Phys 273, 473–498 (2007). · DOI
  19. Lita, A. E., Miller, A. J. & Nam., S. W. Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency. Opt. Express 16, 3032–3040 (2008). · DOI · Paper page
  20. Albota, M. A. & Wong, F. N. C. Efficient single-photon counting at 1.55 μm by means of frequency upconversion. Opt. Lett. 29, 1449–1451 (2004). · DOI · Paper page
  21. Langrock, C. et al. Highly efficient single-photon detection at communication wavelengths by use of upconversion in reverse-proton-exchanged periodically poled LiNbO3 waveguides. Opt. Lett. 30, 1725–1727 (2005). · DOI · Paper page
  22. Yuan, Z. L., Kardynal, B. E., Sharpe, A. W. & Shields, A. J. High speed single photon detection in the near infrared. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 041114 (2007). · DOI · Paper page
  23. Hansen, H. et al. Ultrasensitive pulsed, balanced homodyne detector: application to time-domain quantum measurements. Opt. Lett. 26, 1714–1716 (2001). · DOI
  24. Zhu, E. Y. et al. Poled-fiber source of broadband polarization-entangled photon pairs. Opt. Lett. 38, 4397–4400 (2013). · doi:10.1364/ol.38.004397
  25. Tamaki, K., Curty, M., Kato, G., Lo, H.-K. & Azuma, K. Loss-tolerant quantum cryptography with imperfect sources. Phys. Rev. A 90, 052314 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  26. Alléaume, R. et al. Worldwide standardization activity for quantum key distribution. In Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 656–551 (2014). · DOI
  27. Stucki, D., Brunner, N., Gisin, N., Scarani, V. & Zbinden, H. Fast and simple one-way quantum key distribution. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 194108 (2005). · DOI · Paper page
  28. Inoue, K., Waks, E. & Yamamoto, Y. Differential phase shift quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 037902 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
  29. Grosshans, F. & Grangier, P. Continuous variable quantum cryptography using coherent states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 057902 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
  30. Grosshans, F. et al. Quantum key distribution using gaussian-modulated coherent states. Nature 421, 238 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
  31. Diamanti, E. & Leverrier, A. Distributing secret keys with quantum continuous variables: principle, security and implementations. Entropy 17, 6072–6092 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  32. Ma, X., Fung, C.-H. F. & Lo, H.-K. Quantum key distribution with entangled photon sources. Phys. Rev. A 76, 012307 (2007). · DOI · Paper page
  33. Lucamarini, M. et al. Efficient decoy-state quantum key distribution with quantified security. Opt. Express 21, 24550–24565 (2013). · DOI
  34. Korzh, B. et al. Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307 km of optical fibre. Nat. Photon. 9, 163–168 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  35. Jouguet, P., Kunz-Jacques, S., Leverrier, A., Grangier, P. & Diamanti, E. Experimental demonstration of long-distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution. Nat. Photon. 7, 378 (2013). · DOI · Paper page
  36. Huang, D. et al. Continuous-variable quantum key distribution with 1 Mbit/s secure key rate. Opt. Express 23, 17511–17519 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  37. Lim, C. C. W., Curty, M., Walenta, N., Xu, F. & Zbinden, H. Concise security bounds for practical decoy-state quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. A 89, 022307 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  38. Lucamarini, M., Dynes, J. F., Fröhlich, B., Yuan, Z. & Shields, A. J. Security bounds for efficient decoy-state quantum key distribution. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron 21, 6601408 (2015). · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2015.2394774
  39. Moroder, T. et al. Security of distributed-phase-reference quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 260501 (2012). · DOI
  40. Leverrier, A. Composable security proof for continuous-variable quantum key distribution with coherent states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 070501 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  41. Takeoka, M., Guha, S. & Wilde, M. M. Fundamental rate-loss tradeoff for optical quantum key distribution. Nat. Commun. 5, 5235 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  42. Pirandola, S., Laurenza, R., Ottaviani, C. & Banchi., L. The ultimate rate of quantum cryptography. Preprint at arXiv:1510.08863 (2015). · arXiv
  43. Winzer, P. J. Scaling optical fiber networks: Challenges and solutions. Opt. Photon. News 26, 28–35 (2015). · doi:10.1364/opn.26.3.000028
  44. Huang, M. F. et al. Terabit/s Nyquist superchannels in high capacity fiber field trials using DP-16QAM and DP-8QAM modulation formats. J. Lightw. Technol. 32, 776–782 (2014). · DOI
  45. Marsili, F. et al. Detecting single infrared photons with 93% system efficiency. Nat. Photon. 7, 210–214 (2013). · DOI · Paper page
  46. Comandar, L. C. et al. Gigahertz-gated InGaAs/InP single-photon detector with detection efficiency exceeding 55% at 1550 nm. J. Appl. Phys. 117, 083109 (2015). · DOI
  47. Bahrani, S., Razavi, M. & Salehi, J. A. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed quantum key distribution. J. Lightw. Technol. 33, 4687–4698 (2015). · doi:10.1109/jlt.2015.2476821
  48. Dynes, J. F. et al. Quantum key distribution over multicore fiber. Opt. Express 24, 8081–8087 (2016). · DOI
  49. Qi, B., Lougovski, P., Pooser, R., Grice, W. & Bobrek, M. Generating the local oscillator ‘locally’ in continuous-variable quantum key distribution based on coherent detection. Phys. Rev. X 5, 041009 (2015).
  50. Soh, D. B. S. et al. Self-referenced continuous-variable quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. X 5, 041010 (2015).
  51. Huang, D., Huang, P., Lin, D., Wang, C. & Zeng., G. High-speed continuous-variable quantum key distribution without sending a local oscillator. Opt. Lett. 40, 3695–3698 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  52. Fröhlich, B. et al. Quantum secured gigabit optical access networks. Sci. Rep. 5, 18121 (2015). · doi:10.1038/srep18121
  53. Shibaba, H., Honjo, T. & Shimizu, K. Quantum key distribution over a 72 dB channel loss using ultralow dark count superconducting single-photon detectors. Opt. Lett. 39, 5078–5081 (2014). · DOI
  54. Jouguet, P., Elkouss, D. & Kunz-Jacques, S. High bit rate continuous-variable quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. A 90, 042329 (2014). · doi:10.1103/physreva.90.042329
  55. Patel, K. A. et al. Quantum key distribution for 10 Gb/s dense wavelength division multiplexing networks. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 051123 (2014). · DOI
  56. Choi, I. et al. Field trial of a quantum secured 10 Gb/s DWDM transmission system over a single installed fiber. Opt. Express 22, 23121–23128 (2014). · DOI
  57. Qi, B., Zhu, W., Qian, L. & Lo, H.-K. Feasibility of quantum key distribution through a dense wavelength division multiplexing network. New J. Phys. 12, 103042 (2010). · DOI
  58. Kumar, R., Qin, H. & Alléaume, R. Coexistence of continuous variable QKD with intense DWDM classical channels. New J. Phys. 17, 043027 (2015). · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/17/4/043027
  59. Fröhlich, B. et al. A quantum access network. Nature 501, 69–72 (2013). · DOI · Paper page
  60. Comandar, L. C. et al. Room temperature single-photon detectors for high bit rate quantum key distribution. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 021101 (2014). · DOI
  61. Hughes, R. J. et al. Network-centric quantum communications with applications to critical infrastructure protection. Preprint at arXiv:1305.0305 (2013). · arXiv · doi:10.1364/fio.2013.fw2c.1
  62. Lim, A. E.-J. et al. Review of silicon photonics foundry efforts. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron 20, 405–416 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  63. Smit, M. et al. An introduction to InP-based generic integration technology. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 29, 083001 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  64. Zhang, P. et al. Reference-frame-independent quantum-key-distribution server with a telecom tether for an on-chip client. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 130501 (2014). · DOI
  65. Vest, G. et al. Design and evaluadtion of a handheld quantum key distribution sender module. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron 21, 6600607 (2014).
  66. Sibson, P. et al. Chip-based quantum key distribution. Preprint at arXiv:1509.00768 (2015). · arXiv
  67. Ma, C. et al. Integrated silicon photonic transmitter for polarization-encoded quantum key distribution. Optica (in press). Preprint on-line available at https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.04407. · arXiv
  68. Takesue, H. et al. Differential phase shift quantum key distribution experiment over 105 km fibre. New J. Phys. 7, 232 (2005). · DOI
  69. Nambu, Y., Yoshino, K. & Tomita, A. Quantum encoder and decoder for practical quantum key distribution using a planar lightwave circuit. J. Mod. Opt. 55, 1953–1970 (2008). · DOI
  70. Bechmann-Pasquinucci, H. & Tittel, W. Quantum cryptography using larger alphabets. Phys. Rev. A 61, 062308 (2000). · DOI · Paper page
  71. Bourennane, M., Karlsson, A. & Björk, G. Quantum key distribution using multilevel encoding. Phys. Rev. A 64, 012306 (2001). · DOI · Paper page
  72. Cerf, N. J., Bourennane, M., Karlsson, A. & Gisin, N. Security of quantum key distribution using d-level systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 127902 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
  73. Zhang, L., Silberhorn, C. & Walmsley, I. A. Secure quantum key distribution using continuous variables of single photons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 110504 (2008). · DOI
  74. Zhang, Z., Mower, J., Englund, D., Wong, F. N. C. & Shapiro, J. H. Unconditional security of time-energy entanglement quantum key distribution using dual-basis interferometry. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 120506 (2014). · DOI
  75. Zhong, T. et al. Photon-efficient quantum key distribution using time-energy entanglement with high-dimensional encoding. New J. Phys. 17, 022002 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  76. Mirhosseini, M. et al. High-dimensional quantum cryptography with twisted light. New J. Phys. 17, 033033 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  77. Etcheverry, S. et al. Quantum key distribution session with 16-dimensional photonic states. Sci. Rep. 3, 2316 (2013). · DOI
  78. Sasaki, T., Yamamoto, Y. & Koashi, M. Practical quantum key distribution protocol without monitoring signal disturbance. Nature 509, 475–478 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  79. Guan, J. Y. et al. Experimental passive round-robin differential phase-shift quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 180502 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  80. Takesue, H., Sasaki, H., Tamaki, K. & Koashi, M. Experimental quantum key distribution without monitoring signal disturbance. Nat. Photon. 9, 827—831 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  81. Wang, S. et al. Experimental demonstration of quantum key distribution without signal disturbance monitoring. Nat. Photon. 9, 832–836 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  82. Li, Y. H. et al. Experimental round-robin differential phase-shift quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. A 93, 030302(R) (2016). · DOI
  83. Mizutani, A., Imoto, N. & Tamaki, K. Robustness of round-robin differential phase-shift quantum key distribution protocol against source flaws. Phys. Rev. A 92, 060303 (2015). · DOI
  84. Zhao, Y., Fung, C.-H. F., Qi, B., Chen, C. & Lo, H.-K. Quantum hacking: experimental demonstration of time-shift attack against practical quantum-key-distribution systems. Phys. Rev. A 78, 042333 (2008). · DOI · Paper page
  85. Lydersen, L. et al. Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illumination. Nat. Photon. 4, 686–689 (2010). · DOI · Paper page
  86. Xu, F., Qi, B. & Lo, H.-K. Experimental demonstration of phase-remapping attack in a practical quantum key distribution system. New J. Phys. 12, 113026 (2010). · DOI · Paper page
  87. Mayers, D. & Yao, A. Quantum cryptography with imperfect apparatus. in Proceedingsof the 39th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 1998. 503–509 (IEEE, 1998). · DOI · Paper page
  88. Can, A. et al. Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 230501 (2007). · DOI · Paper page
  89. Braunstein, S. L. & Pirandola, S. Side-channel-free quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 130502 (2012). · DOI · Paper page
  90. Biham, E., Huttner, B. & Mor, T. Quantum cryptographic network based on quantum memories. Phys. Rev. A 54, 2651 (1996). · DOI · Paper page
  91. Inamori, H. Security of practical time-reversed EPR quantum key distribution. Algorithmica 34, 340 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
  92. Curty, M. et al. Finite-key analysis for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. Nat. Commun. 5, 3732 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  93. Lim, C. C. W., Portmann, C., Tomamichel, M., Renner, R. & Gisin, N. Device-independent quantum key distribution with local Bell test. Phys. Rev. X 3, 031006 (2013).
  94. Tang, Y.-L. et al. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200 km. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  95. Yin, H.-L. et al. Measurement device independent quantum key distribution over 404 km optical fibre. Preprint at arXiv:1606.06821 (2016). · arXiv
  96. Tang, Y.-L. et al. Field test of measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. IEEE J. Sel. T. Quantum Electron. 21, 6600407 (2014).
  97. Valivarthi, R. et al. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution: from idea towards application. J. Mod. Opt. 62, 1141–1150 (2015). · DOI
  98. Tang, Y.-L. et al. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over untrustful metropolitan network. Phys. Rev. X 6, 011024 (2015).
  99. Comandar, L. C. et al. Quantum cryptography without detector vulnerabilities using optically-seeded lasers. Nat. Photon. 10, 312–315 (2016). · DOI · Paper page
  100. Xu, F., Curty, M., Qi, B., Qian, L. & Lo, H.-K. Discrete and continuous variables for measurement-device-independent quantum cryptography. Nat. Photon. 9, 772 (2015). · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2015.206
  101. Yuan, Z.-L. et al. Interference of short optical pulses from independent gain-switched laser diodes for quantum secure communications. Phys. Rev. Applied 2, 064006 (2014). · DOI
  102. Tamaki, K., Lo, H.-K., Fung, C.-H. F. & Qi, B. Phase encoding schemes for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with basis-dependent flaw. Phys. Rev. A 85, 042307 (2012). · DOI
  103. González, P. et al. Quantum key distribution with untrusted detectors. Phys. Rev. A 92, 022337 (2015). · DOI
  104. Lim, C. C. W. et al. Detector-device-independent quantum key distribution. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 221112 (2014). · DOI
  105. Cao, W.-F. et al. Highly efficient quantum key distribution immune to all detector attacks. Preprint at arXiv:1410.2928v1 (2014). · arXiv
  106. Kim, Y.-H. Single-photon two-qubit entangled states: Preparation and measurement. Phys. Rev. A 67, 040301(R) (2003). · DOI
  107. Gisin, N., Fasel, S., Kraus, B., Zbinden, H. & Ribordy, G. Trojan-horse attacks on quantum-key-distribution systems. Phys. Rev. A 73, 022320 (2006). · DOI · Paper page
  108. Qi, B. Trustworthiness of detectors in quantum key distribution with untrusted detectors. Phys. Rev. A 91, 020303(R) (2015). · doi:10.1103/physreva.91.020303
  109. Liang, W.-Y. et al. Simple implementation of quantum key distribution based on single-photon bell state measurement. Phys. Rev. A 92, 012319 (2015). · doi:10.1103/physreva.92.012319
  110. Pirandola, S. et al. High-rate measurement-device-independent quantum cryptography. Nat. Photon. 9, 397–402 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  111. Li, Z., Zhang, Y.-C., Xu, F., Peng, X. & Guo, H. Continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. A 89, 052301 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  112. Ma, X.-C., Sun, S.-H., Jiang, M.-S., Gui, M. & Liang, L.-M. Gaussian-modulated coherent-state measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. A 89, 042335 (2014). · DOI
  113. Gehring, T. et al. Implementation of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with composable and one-sided-device-independent security against coherent attacks. Nat. Commun. 6, 8795 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  114. Pirandola, S. et al. Reply to 'Discrete and continuous variables for measurement-device-independent quantum cryptography'. Nat. Photon. 9, 773 (2015). · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2015.207
  115. Yin, Z.-Q. et al. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with uncharacterized qubit sources. Phys. Rev. A 88, 062322 (2013). · doi:10.1103/physreva.88.062322
  116. Yin, Z.-Q. et al. Mismatched-basis statistics enable quantum key distribution with uncharacterized qubit sources. Phys. Rev. A 90, 052319 (2014). · DOI
  117. Barnett, S. M., Huttner, B. & Phoenix, S. Eavesdropping strategies and rejected-data protocols in quantum cryptography. J. Mod. Opt. 40, 2501 (1993). · DOI
  118. Dušek, M., Jahma, M. & Lütkenhaus, N. Unambiguous state discrimination in quantum cryptography with weak coherent states. Phys. Rev. A 62, 022306 (2000). · DOI · Paper page
  119. Xu, F. et al. Experimental quantum key distribution with source flaws. Phys. Rev. A 92, 032305 (2015). · DOI
  120. Mizutani, A., Curty, M., Lim, C. C. W., Imoto, N. & Tamaki, K. Finite-key security analysis of quantum key distribution with imperfect light sources. New J. Phys. 17, 093011 (2015). · DOI
  121. Cao, Z., Zhang, Z., Lo, H.-K. & Ma, X. Discrete-phase-randomized coherent state source and its application in quantum key distribution. New J. Phys. 17, 053014 (2015). · DOI
  122. Yuan, Z. L. et al. A directly phase-modulated light source. Phys. Rev. X 6, 031044 (2016).
  123. Jain, N. et al. Trojan-horse attacks threaten the security of practical quantum cryptography. New J. Phys. 16, 123030 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  124. Jain, N. et al. Risk analysis of trojan-horse attacks on practical quantum key distribution systems. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron 21, 6600710 (2015). · DOI
  125. Stiller, B. et al. in 2015 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) (ed. Goldwasser, S.) (Optical Society of America, 2015).
  126. Lucamarini, M. et al. Practical security bounds against the Trojan-horse attack in quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. X 5, 031030 (2015).
  127. Tang, Z., Wei, K., Bedroya, O., Qian, L. & Lo, H.-K. Experimental measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with imperfect sources. Phys. Rev. A 93, 042308 (2016). · DOI
  128. Paul, C. K. in Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO 1996 104–113 (Springer, 1996).
  129. Kocher, P., Jaffe, J. & Jun, B. in Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO 1999 388–397 (Springer, 1999). · DOI · Paper page
  130. Genkin, D., Shamir, A. & Tromer, E. in Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO 2014 444–461 (Springer, 2014). · DOI · Paper page
  131. Sasaki, M. et al. Field test of quantum key distribution in the Tokyo QKD network. Opt. Express 19, 10387 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
  132. Northup, T. E. & Blatt, R. Quantum information transfer using photons. Nat. Photon. 8, 356 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  133. Bussières, F. et al. Quantum teleportation from a telecom-wavelength photon to a solid-state quantum memory. Nat. Photon. 8, 775 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  134. Munro, W. J., Stephens, A. M., Devitt, S. J., Harrison, K. A. & Nemoto, K. Quantum communication without the necessity of quantum memories. Nat. Photon. 6, 777–781 (2012). · DOI · Paper page
  135. Buttler, W. T. et al. Daylight quantum key distribution over 1.6 km. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5652 (2000). · DOI · Paper page
  136. Nauerth, S. et al. Air-to-ground quantum communication. Nat. Photon. 7, 382–386 (2013). · DOI · Paper page
  137. Vallone, G. et al. Experimental satellite quantum communications. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 040502 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  138. Meyers, R. E. in Advanced Free Space Optics (FSO) 343–387 (Springer, 2015). · DOI
  139. Elser, D. et al. in IEEE ICSOS 2015, (New Orleans, USA, 2015).
  140. Bourgoin, J. P. et al. Free-space quantum key distribution to a moving receiver. Opt. Express 23, 33437–33447 (2015). · DOI
  141. Usenko, V. C. et al. Entanglement of Gaussian states and the applicability to quantum key distribution over fading channels. New J. Phys. 14, 093048 (2012). · DOI
  142. Heim, B. et al. Atmospheric continuous-variable quantum communication. New J. Phys. 16, 113018 (2014). · DOI
  143. Usenko, V. C. & Filip, R. Feasibility of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with noisy coherent states. Phys. Rev. A 81, 022318 (2010). · DOI
  144. Weedbrook, C., Pirandola, S., Lloyd, S. & Ralph, T. C. Quantum cryptography approaching the classical limit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 110501 (2010). · DOI
  145. Weedbrook, C., Pirandola, S. & Ralph, T. C. Continuous-variable quantum key distribution using thermal states. Phys. Rev. A 86, 022318 (2012). · DOI
  146. Broadbent, A. & Schaffner, C. Quantum cryptography beyond quantum key distribution. Des. Codes Cryptogr. 78, 351–382 (2016). · DOI · Paper page
  147. Mayers, D. Unconditionally secure quantum bit commitment is impossible. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3414–3417 (1997). · DOI · Paper page
  148. Lo, H.-K. & Chau, H. F. Is quantum bit commitment really possible? Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3410–3413 (1997). · DOI · Paper page
  149. Lunghi, T. et al. Practical relativistic bit commitment. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 030502 (2015). · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.115.030502
  150. Hillery, M., Bužek, V. & Berthiaume, A. Quantum secret sharing. Phys. Rev. A 59, 1829–1834 (1999). · DOI · Paper page
  151. Bell, B. A. et al. Experimental demonstration of graph-state quantum secret sharing. Nat. Commun. 5, 5480 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  152. Berlin, G. et al. Flipping quantum coins. Nat. Commun. 2, 561 (2011). · DOI
  153. Pappa, A. et al. Experimental plug and play quantum coin flipping. Nat. Commun. 5, 3717 (2014). · DOI
  154. Xu, F. et al. Experimental quantum fingerprinting. Nat. Commun. 6, 8735 (2015). · DOI
  155. Gottesman, D. & Chuang, I. Quantum digital signatures. Preprint at quant-ph/0105032 (2001). · arXiv
  156. Donaldson, R. J. et al. Experimental demonstration of kilometer-range quantum digital signatures. Phys. Rev. A 93, 012329 (2016). · DOI
  157. Lau, H.-K. & Lo, H.-K. Insecurity of position-based quantum-cryptography protocols against entanglement attacks. Phys. Rev. A 83, 012322 (2011). · DOI
  158. Buhrman, H. et al. Position-based quantum cryptography: Impossibility and constructions. SIAM J. Comput. 43, 150–178 (2014). · DOI
  159. Chakraborty, K. & Leverrier, A. Practical position-based quantum cryptography. Phys. Rev. A 92, 052304 (2015). · DOI
  160. Wehner, S., Curty, M., Schaffner, C. & Lo, H.-K. Implementation of two-party protocols in the noisy-storage model. Phys. Rev. A 81, 052336 (2010). · DOI
  161. Lam, P.-K. & Ralph, T. Quantum cryptography: Continuous improvement. Nat. Photon. 7, 350 (2013). · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.104
  162. Sajeed, S, Huang, A, Sun, S, Xu, F, Makarov, V & Curty, M. Insecurity of detector-device-independent quantum key distribution. https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.05814 (2016). · arXiv · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.117.250505
  163. Barrett, J., Colbeck, R. & Kent, A. Memory attacks on device-independent quantum cryptography. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 010503 (2013). · DOI

Cited by

See all 737

Metadata

Authors
Diamanti, E., Lo, H.-K., Qi, B., & Yuan, Z.
Venue
npj Quantum Information
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-11-08
Volume
2
Issue
1
ISSN
2056-6387 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/npjqi.2016.25
OpenAlex
W2473315843
Cited by
737
References
16
FWCI
35.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Practical challenges in quantum key distribution. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/npjqi.2016.25
The paper
Diamanti, E., Lo, H.-K., Qi, B., & Yuan, Z. (2016). Practical challenges in quantum key distribution. npj Quantum Information. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjqi.2016.25

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.