The role of the gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis
Abstract
During the past decade, research has revealed that the vast community of micro-organisms that inhabit the gut - known as the gut microbiota - is intricately linked to human health and disease, partly as a result of its influence on systemic immune responses. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that these effects on immune function are important in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), and that modulation of the microbiome could be therapeutically beneficial in these conditions. In this Review, we examine the influence that the gut microbiota have on immune function via modulation of serotonin production in the gut and through complex interactions with components of the immune system, such as T cells and B cells. We then present evidence from studies in mice and humans that these effects of the gut microbiota on the immune system are important in the development and course of MS. We also consider how strategies for manipulating the composition of the gut microbiota could be used to influence disease-related immune dysfunction and form the basis of a new class of therapeutics. The strategies discussed include the use of probiotics, supplementation with bacterial metabolites, transplantation of faecal matter or defined microbial communities, and dietary intervention. Carefully designed studies with large human cohorts will be required to gain a full understanding of the microbiome changes involved in MS and to develop therapeutic strategies that target these changes.
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Recent studies have shown dramatic changes in the GM of patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia.
“Furthermore, recent studies have shown dramatic changes in the GM of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia (73–77).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [76]
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Chen, S., Liu, D., Wu, J., Xu, B., Lu, K., Zhu, W., & Chen, M. (2014) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.10.063 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Viability and proliferation of endothelial cells upon exposure to GaN nanoparticles
Braniste, T., Tiginyanu, I. M., Horváth, T., et al. (2016) · Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology · doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.124 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gut microbiome response to a modern Paleolithic diet in a Western lifestyle contextPreprint
Barone, M., Turroni, S., Rampelli, S., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/494187 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Murine models of transplantation tolerance through mixed chimerism: advances and roadblocks
Mahr, B., & Wekerle, T. (2017) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.12976 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health
Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., & Rotondo, J. C. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12010184 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Rusch, J. A., Layden, B. T., & Dugas, L. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1130689 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
- Authors
- Correale, J., Hohlfeld, R., & Baranzini, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (AR)
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (DE)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baranzini, Sergio E.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neurology
- Published
- 2022-08-05
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 544-558
- ISSN
- 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4766
- OpenAlex
- W4289939079
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 180
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 4.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, multiple sclerosis, neuroinflammation, serotonin synthesis, T cells, B cells, microbiota modulation, probiotics, bacterial metabolites, fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary intervention, immune dysfunction, pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Humans, Immune System, Multiple Sclerosis, Probiotics, Mice, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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