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Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation.
Open accessAbstract
Neuronal activity causes local changes in cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and blood oxygenation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques sensitive to changes in cerebral blood flow and blood oxygenation were developed by high-speed echo planar imaging. These techniques were used to obtain completely noninvasive tomographic maps of human brain activity, by using visual and motor stimulus paradigms. Changes in blood oxygenation were detected by using a gradient echo (GE) imaging sequence sensitive to the paramagnetic state of deoxygenated hemoglobin. Blood flow changes were evaluated by a spin-echo inversion recovery (IR), tissue relaxation parameter T1-sensitive pulse sequence. A series of images were acquired continuously with the same imaging pulse sequence (either GE or IR) during task activation. Cine display of subtraction images (activated minus baseline) directly demonstrates activity-induced changes in brain MR signal observed at a temporal resolution of seconds. During 8-Hz patterned-flash photic stimulation, a significant increase in signal intensity (paired t test; P less than 0.001) of 1.8% +/- 0.8% (GE) and 1.8% +/- 0.9% (IR) was observed in the primary visual cortex (V1) of seven normal volunteers. The mean rise-time constant of the signal change was 4.4 +/- 2.2 s for the GE images and 8.9 +/- 2.8 s for the IR images. The stimulation frequency dependence of visual activation agrees with previous positron emission tomography observations, with the largest MR signal response occurring at 8 Hz. Similar signal changes were observed within the human primary motor cortex (M1) during a hand squeezing task and in animal models of increased blood flow by hypercapnia. By using intrinsic blood-tissue contrast, functional MRI opens a spatial-temporal window onto individual brain physiology.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., & Turner, R.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1992-06-15
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 5675-5679
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC49355
- OpenAlex
- W2002660165
- Cited by
- 4,212
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 82 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 125 · 2013: 132 · 2012: 161
- FWCI
- 114.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p01ca048729-13, 5r01ca040303-11)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL039810, R01-HL39810)
- National Cancer Institute (5PO1CA48729-02, R01-CA40303)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- functional MRI, cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygenation, primary visual cortex, primary motor cortex, photic stimulation, hypercapnia, echo planar imaging, T1-weighted imaging, deoxyhemoglobin, stimulation frequency dependence, brain activation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mathematics, Models, Theoretical, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Physical Stimulation, Rabbits, Time Factors, Touch, Visual Cortex
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