Tissue damage thresholds during therapeutic electrical stimulation
Open accessAbstract
Objective . Recent initiatives in bioelectronic modulation of the nervous system by the NIH (SPARC), DARPA (ElectRx, SUBNETS) and the GlaxoSmithKline Bioelectronic Medicines effort are ushering in a new era of therapeutic electrical stimulation. These novel therapies are prompting a re-evaluation of established electrical thresholds for stimulation-induced tissue damage. Approach . In this review, we explore what is known and unknown in published literature regarding tissue damage from electrical stimulation. Main results . For macroelectrodes, the potential for tissue damage is often assessed by comparing the intensity of stimulation, characterized by the charge density and charge per phase of a stimulus pulse, with a damage threshold identified through histological evidence from in vivo experiments as described by the Shannon equation. While the Shannon equation has proved useful in assessing the likely occurrence of tissue damage, the analysis is limited by the experimental parameters of the original studies. Tissue damage is influenced by factors not explicitly incorporated into the Shannon equation, including pulse frequency, duty cycle, current density, and electrode size. Microelectrodes in particular do not follow the charge per phase and charge density co-dependence reflected in the Shannon equation. The relevance of these factors to tissue damage is framed in the context of available reports from modeling and in vivo studies. Significance . It is apparent that emerging applications, especially with microelectrodes, will require clinical charge densities that exceed traditional damage thresholds. Experimental data show that stimulation at higher charge densities can be achieved without causing tissue damage, suggesting that safety parameters for microelectrodes might be distinct from those defined for macroelectrodes. However, these increased charge densities may need to be justified by bench, non-clinical or clinical testing to provide evidence of device safety.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Current-induced tissue damage during electrical stimulation was avoided by keeping stimulus charge density below the damage threshold boundary.
“Current-induced tissue damage during electrical stimulation was avoided by keeping stimulus charge density below the damage threshold boundary (20, 21).”
From Visual percepts evoked with an intracortical 96-channel microelectrode array inserted in human occipital cortex (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says the Shannon boundary often distinguishes damaging from non-damaging stimulation for large electrodes. But the paper’s section on the origin of the 30 μC cm−2 threshold says charge density alone is insufficient to predict damage: tissue damage can occur below that limit. The claim overstates charge density as a general way to avoid damage. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe work of Shannon, McCreery et al., and Cogan et al. established guidelines for stimulation levels regarded as safe for the stimulated tissues and the materials of the stimulating electrodes.
“The work of Shannon (21), McCreery et al. (47, 48), and Cogan et al. (20, 49) established some guidelines for stimulation levels that are regarded as safe both for the stimulated tissues and the materials of the stimulating electrodes.”
From Visual percepts evoked with an intracortical 96-channel microelectrode array inserted in human occipital cortex (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
In Shannon's model, k should be selected between 1.5 and 2.0, with a k-value of 1.5 to 1.8 being most common.
“k should be selected between 1.5 and 2.0 [65], with a k-value of 1.5 to 1.8 being most common [4].”
From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
The popular 30 μC/cm2 charge density threshold considered for macroelectrodes becomes a 4 nC/phase threshold when dealing with microelectrodes.
“The popular 30 μC/cm2 charge density threshold considered for macroelectrodes becomes a 4 nC/phase (charge per phase) threshold when dealing with microelectrodes”
From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Safety limits must consider stimulation charge density, in particular where neural interfaces are miniaturised, leading to small electrode surface areas.
“Safety limits must also consider stimulation charge density [117], [118], in particular where neural interfaces are miniaturised, leading to small electrode surface areas.”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [118]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes
Cogan, S. F. (2008) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518 · Cited by 2,243 · see citing works
Self-citationElectrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols
Merrill, D. R., Bikson, M., & Jefferys, J. G. R. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020 · Cited by 2,078 · see citing works
Charge density and charge per phase as cofactors in neural injury induced by electrical stimulation
McCreery, D. B., Agnew, W. F., Yuen, T. G. H., & Bullara, L. (1990) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.102812 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
(1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.2.224 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
A jump-start for electroceuticals
Famm, K., Litt, B., Tracey, K. J., Boyden, E. S., & Slaoui, M. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/496159a · Cited by 554 · see citing works
A model of safe levels for electrical stimulation
Shannon, R. V. (1992) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.126616 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis with high pixel density
Mathieson, K., Loudin, J., Goetz, G. A., Huie, P., Wang, L., Kamins, T. I., Galambos, L., Smith, R., Harris, J. S., Sher, A., et al. (2012) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2012.104 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Selection of stimulus parameters for deep brain stimulation
Kuncel, A. M., & Grill, W. M. (2004) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.05.031 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Neural Stimulation with a Carbon Nanotube Microelectrode Array
Wang, K., Fishman, H. A., Dai, H., & Harris, J. S. (2006) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl061241t · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Veraart, C., Raftopoulos, C., Mortimer, J. T., Delbeke, J., Pins, D., Michaux, G., Vanlierde, A., Parrini, S., & Wanet-Defalque, M.-C. (1998) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00977-9 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
In vitro electrical properties for iridium oxide versus titanium nitride stimulating electrodes
Weiland, J. D., Anderson, D. J., & Humayun, M. S. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2002.805487 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Rose, T. L., & Robblee, L. S. (1990) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.61038 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Tissue and electrode capacitance reduce neural activation volumes during deep brain stimulation
Butson, C. R., & McIntyre, C. C. (2005) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.06.023 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Two‐year follow‐up of subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease
Herzog, J., Volkmann, J., Krack, P., Kopper, F., Pötter, M., Lorenz, D., Steinbach, M., Klebe, S., Hamel, W., Schrader, B., et al. (2003) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.10518 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Poly (3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) for Chronic Neural Stimulation
Cui, X. T., & Zhou, D. D. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2007.909811 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Peyron, R., Faillenot, I., Mertens, P., Laurent, B., & Garcı́a-Larrea, L. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.037 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Highly stable carbon nanotube doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for chronic neural stimulation
Luo, X., Weaver, C. L., Zhou, D. D., Greenberg, R. J., & Cui, X. T. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.051 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Molecular Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Epileptogenesis
McNamara, J. O., Huang, Y. Z., & Leonard, A. S. (2006) · Science s STKE · doi:10.1126/stke.3562006re12 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Bakris, G. L., Nadim, M. K., Haller, H. G., Lovett, E. G., Schafer, J. E., & Bisognano, J. D. (2012) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2012.01.003 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Beebe, X., & Rose, T. L. (1988) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.2122 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Fujikado, T., Kamei, M., Sakaguchi, H., Kanda, H., Morimoto, T., Ikuno, Y., Nishida, K., Kishima, H., Maruo, T., Konoma, K., et al. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6836 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Ikramuddin, S., Blackstone, R. P., Brancatisano, A., Toouli, J., Shah, S. N., Wolfe, B. M., Fujioka, K., Maher, J. W., Swain, J., Que, F. G., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.10540 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Over-pulsing degrades activated iridium oxide films used for intracortical neural stimulation
Cogan, S. F., Guzelian, A. A., Agnew, W. F., Yuen, T. G. H., & McCreery, D. B. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.02.019 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors affecting perceptual thresholds in epiretinal prostheses
de Balthasar, C., Patel, S., Roy, A., Freda, R., Greenwald, S., Horsager, A., Mahadevappa, M., Yanai, D., McMahon, M. J., Humayun, M. S., et al. (2008) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0696 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Sputtered iridium oxide films for neural stimulation electrodes
Cogan, S. F., Ehrlich, J., Plante, T. D., Smirnov, A., Shire, D. B., Gingerich, M. D., & Rizzo, J. F. (2008) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials · doi:10.1002/jbm.b.31223 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceptual thresholds and electrode impedance in three retinal prosthesis subjects
Mahadevappa, M., Weiland, J. D., Yanai, D., Fine, I., Greenberg, R. J., & Humayun, M. S. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2005.848687 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Considerations for Safety with Chronically Implanted Nerve Electrodes
Agnew, W. F., & McCreery, D. B. (1990) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05845.x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Comparison of neural damage induced by electrical stimulation with faradaic and capacitor electrodes
McCreery, D. B., Agnew, W. F., Yuen, T. G. H., & Bullara, L. A. (1988) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/bf02368010 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Cogan, S. F., Troyk, P. R., Ehrlich, J., & Plante, T. D. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2005.851503 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationFinite Element Analysis of the Current-Density and Electric Field Generated by Metal Microelectrodes
McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (2001) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1114/1.1352640 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Histological Evaluation of Neural Damage from Electrical Stimulation
Yuen, T. G. H., Agnew, W. F., Bullara, L. A., Jacques, S., & McCreery, D. B. (1981) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/00006123-198109000-00013 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Kozai, T. D. Y., & Vazquez, A. L. (2015) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/c5tb00108k · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Chronic Electrical Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve in Cats
Shepherd, R. K., Clark, G. M., & Black, R. C. (1983) · Acta Oto-Laryngologica · doi:10.3109/00016488309105589 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation of the brain. III. The neural damage model.
Pudenz, R. H., Bullara, L. A., Jacques, S., & Hambrecht, F. T. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 145 · see citing works
McCreery, D. B., Pikov, V., & Troyk, P. R. (2010) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/7/3/036005 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Tissue Damage by Pulsed Electrical Stimulation
Butterwick, A., Vankov, A., Huie, P., Freyvert, Y., & Palanker, D. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2007.908310 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
McCreery, D. B., Yuen, T. G. H., Agnew, W. F., & Bullara, L. A. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.634645 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Hadjinicolaou, A. E., Leung, R. T., Garrett, D. J., Ganesan, K., Fox, K. E., Nayagam, D. A. X., Shivdasani, M. N., Hamish Meffin, A., Ibbotson, M. R., Prawer, S., et al. (2012) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.063 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation with Pt electrodes. V. The effect of protein on Pt dissolution
Robblee, L. S., McHardy, J., Marston, J. M., & Brummer, S. B. (1980) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/0142-9612(80)90035-6 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve: direct current measurement in vivo
Huang, C., Shepherd, R. K., P.M. Center, Seligman, P., & Tabor, B. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.752943 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Clark, G. M. (2006) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1782 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Cantrell, D. R., Inayat, S., Taflove, A., Ruoff, R. S., & Troy, J. B. (2007) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/5/1/006 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Tykocinski, M., Duan, Y., Tabor, B., & Cowan, R. (2001) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/s0378-5955(01)00320-3 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Tissue reactions to long-term electrical stimulation of the cerebellum in monkeys
Brown, W. J., Babb, T. L., Soper, H. V., Lieb, J. P., Ottino, C. A., & Crandall, P. H. (1977) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1977.47.3.0366 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
An Implantable Neurocybernetic Prosthesis System
Terry, R. S., Tarver, W. B., & Zabara, J. (1990) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05846.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Agnew, W. F., Yuen, T. G. H., & McCreery, D. B. (1983) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(83)90221-2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Electrical Performance of Penetrating Microelectrodes Chronically Implanted in Cat Cortex
Kane, S. R., Cogan, S. F., Ehrlich, J., Plante, T. D., McCreery, D. B., & Troyk, P. R. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2013.2248152 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCreery, D. B., Agnew, W. F., Yuen, T. G. H., & Bullara, L. A. (1995) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02510526 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Current Density Profiles of Surface Mounted and Recessed Electrodes for Neural Prostheses
Rubinstein, J. T., Spelman, F. A., Soma, M., & Suesserman, M. F. (1987) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.1987.326007 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cochlear nucleus auditory prostheses
McCreery, D. B. (2008) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2007.11.014 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Patel, Y., & Butera, R. J. (2015) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00529.2014 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Chronic microstimulation in the feline ventral cochlear nucleus: physiologic and histologic effects
McCreery, D. B., Yuen, T. G. H., & Bullara, L. A. (2000) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/s0378-5955(00)00190-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Minimal tissue damage after stimulation of the motor thalamus in a case of chorea-acanthocytosis
Burbaud, P., Vital, A., Rougier, A., Bouillot, S., Guehl, D., Cuny, E., Ferrer, X., Lagueny, A., & Bioulac, B. H. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000038389.30437.1e · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Suesserman, M. F., Spelman, F. A., & Rubinstein, J. T. (1991) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.81558 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Electric Stimulation on Human Cortex Suppresses Fast Cortical Activity and Epileptic Spikes
Kinoshita, M., Ikeda, A., Matsumoto, R., Begum, T., Usui, K., Yamamoto, J., Matsuhashi, M., Takayama, M., Mikuni, N., Takahashi, J., et al. (2004) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.60203.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
McCreery, D. B., Yuen, T. G. H., Agnew, W. F., & Bullara, L. A. (1994) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/0378-5955(94)90258-5 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Microelectrode Array for Chronic Deep-Brain Microstimulation and Recording
McCreery, D. B., Lossinsky, A. S., Pikov, V., & Liu, X. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2006.870215 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Stimulus Induced pH Changes in Cochlear Implants: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Huang, C. Q., Carter, P. M., & Shepherd, R. K. (2001) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1114/1.1397793 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
In Vivo and In Vitro Comparison of the Charge Injection Capacity of Platinum Macroelectrodes
Leung, R. T., Shivdasani, M. N., Nayagam, D. A. X., & Shepherd, R. K. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2366514 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Selective pathological changes of the periaqueductal gray matter in Alzheimer's disease
Parvizi, J., Hoesen, G. W. V., & Damásio, A. R. (2000) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200009)48:3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Neuronal activity evoked by chronically implanted intracortical microelectrodes
McCreery, D. B., Bullara, L. A., & Agnew, W. F. (1986) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(86)90131-7 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Lumped-parameter model for in vivo cochlear stimulation
Suesserman, M. F., & Spelman, F. A. (1993) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.216407 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
McCreery, D. B., Yuen, T. G. H., Agnew, W. F., & Bullara, L. A. (1992) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/0378-5955(92)90201-w · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Analysis of high-perimeter planar electrodes for efficient neural stimulation
Wei, X. F. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/neuro.16.015.2009 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Schrader, L. M., Stern, J. M., Wilson, C. L., et al. (2006) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.12.010 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Is Impedance a Parameter to be Taken into Account in Spinal Cord Stimulation?
Abejón, D. (2007) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2007/10/533 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sputter‐Deposited TiN Electrode Coatings for Superior Sensing and Pacing Performance
Schaldach, M., HUBMANN, M., Weikl, A., et al. (1990) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1990.tb06911.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Local anaesthetic block protects against electrically-induced damage in peripheral nerve
Agnew, W. F., McCreery, D. B., Yuen, T. G. H., & Bullara, L. A. (1990) · Journal of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/0141-5425(90)90004-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Visual prostheses based on direct interfaces with the visual system.
Hambrecht, F. T. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
MK-801 protects against neuronal injury induced by electrical stimulation
Agnew, W. F., McCreery, D. B., Yuen, T. G. H., & Bullara, L. A. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90180-n · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Basis of Electrical Stimulation of the Cochlea and the Cochlear Nucleus
Shepherd, R. K., & McCreery, D. B. (2006) · Advances in oto-rhino-laryngology · doi:10.1159/000094652 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Micturition control by microstimulation of the sacral spinal cord of the cat: acute studies
Carter, R. R., McCreery, D. B., Woodford, B. J., et al. (1995) · IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/86.392367 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hibbert, D. B., Weitzner, K., Tabor, B., et al. (2000) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00146-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Low polarization pacing lead for detecting the ventricular-evoked response.
Bolz, A., Hubmann, M., Hardt, R., et al. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
High efficiency electrodes for deep brain stimulation
Grill, W. M., & Wei, X. F. (2009) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2009.5333774 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The histopathological effects of chronic electrical stimulation of the cat cochlea
Shepherd, R. K., Clark, G. M., Black, R. C., et al. (1983) · The Journal of Laryngology & Otology · doi:10.1017/s0022215100094202 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Optical coherence tomography imaging of retinal damage in real time under a stimulus electrode
Cohen, E. D., Agrawal, A., Connors, M., Hansen, B., Charkhkar, H., & Pfefer, J. (2011) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/8/5/056017 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Reduction of Edge Effect on Disk Electrodes by Optimized Current Waveform
Wang, B., Petrossians, A., & Weiland, J. D. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2300860 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
In Vitro and In Vivo Charge Capacity of AIROF Microelectrodes
Hu, Z., Troyk, P. R., Brawn, T. P., et al. (2006) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2006.259869 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yuen, T. G. H., Agnew, W. F., & Bullara, L. A. (1984) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/00006123-198404000-00010 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Huang, C. Q., & Shepherd, R. K. (2000) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/s0378-5955(00)00100-3 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Safety assessment of semichronic suprachoroidal electrical stimulation to rabbit retina
Terasawa, Y., Tashiro, H., Nakano, Y., et al. (2013) · doi:10.1109/embc.2013.6610313 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ghazavi, A., Westwick, D. T., Xu, F., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.024 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Morphological and biochemical effects of chronic cerebellar stimulation in monkey.
Gilman, S., Dauth, G. W., Tennyson, V. M., et al. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Reduction of current density at disk electrode periphery by shaping current pulse edges
Wang, B., & Weiland, J. D. (2012) · doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6347150 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Derosa, J. F., Beard, R. B., Carim, H. M., et al. (1973) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.1973.324286 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Shepherd RK McCreery DB 2006 Basis of electrical stimulation of the cochlea and the cochlear nucleus Adv Otorhinolaryngol 64 186 205 16891843
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Materials Roadmap to Functional Neural Interface Design
Wellman, S. M., Eles, J. R., Ludwig, K. A., Seymour, J. P., Michelson, N. J., McFadden, W. E., Vazquez, A. L., & Kozai, T. D. Y. (2018) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201701269 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Self-citationFernández, E., Alfaro, A., Soto-Sánchez, C., Gonzalez-Lopez, P., Lozano, A. M., Peña, S., Grima, M. D., Rodil, A., Gómez, B., Chen, X., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci151331 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Chiang, C.-H., Won, S. M., Orsborn, A. L., Yu, K. J., Trumpis, M., Bent, B., Wang, C., Xue, Y., Min, S., Woods, V., et al. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aay4682 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Flexible Neural Electrode Array Based-on Porous Graphene for Cortical Microstimulation and Sensing
Lu, Y., Lyu, H., Richardson, A. G., Lucas, T. H., & Kuzum, D. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep33526 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art
Günter, C., Delbeke, J., & Ortiz-Catalan, M. (2019) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-018-0474-8 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Implantable microcoils for intracortical magnetic stimulation
Lee, S. W., Fallegger, F., Casse, B. D. F., & Fried, S. I. (2016) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600889 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
A review for the peripheral nerve interface designer
Larson, C. E., & Meng, E. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108523 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The future of neuroscience: flexible and wireless implantable neural electronics
McGlynn, E., Nabaei, V., Ren, E., Galeote‐Checa, G., Das, R., Curia, G., & Heidari, H. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202002693 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Recent advances in neural electrode–tissue interfaces
Woeppel, K., Yang, Q., & Cui, X. T. (2017) · Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cobme.2017.09.003 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Compliant peripheral nerve interfaces.
Paggi, V., Akouissi, O., Micera, S., & Lacour, S. P. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abcdbe · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“[133] Cogan S F, Ludwig K A, Welle C G and Takmakov P 2016”
BackgroundInfluentialBasu, I., Robertson, M. M., Crocker, B., Peled, N., Farnes, K., Vallejo-Lopez, D. I., Deng, H., Thombs, M., Martinez-Rubio, C., Cheng, J. J., et al. (2019) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.03.007 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Niederhoffer, T., Vanhoestenberghe, A., & Lancashire, H. T. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acb084 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
From softening polymers to multimaterial based bioelectronic devices
Ecker, M., Joshi-Imre, A., Modi, R., Frewin, C. L., Garcia-Sandoval, A., Maeng, J., Gutierrez-Heredia, G., Pancrazio, J. J., & Voit, W. E. (2019) · Multifunctional Materials · doi:10.1088/2399-7532/aaed58 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
CMOS stimulating chips capable of wirelessly driving 473 electrodes for a cortical vision prosthesis
Wong, Y. T., Feleppa, T., Mohan, A., Browne, D., Szlawski, J., Rosenfeld, J. V., & Lowery, A. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab021b · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review
Habibollahi, M., Jiang, D., Lancashire, H. T., & Demosthenous, A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2024.3430038 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Safety limits must also consider stimulation charge density [117], [118], in particular where neural interfaces are miniaturised, leading to small electrode surface areas.”
Frederick, R. A., Troyk, P. R., & Cogan, S. F. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac2bb8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Cogan, S. F., Ludwig, K. A., Welle, C. G., & Takmakov, P.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- United States Food and Drug Administration (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cogan, Stuart F
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2016-01-20
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 021001
- ISSN
- 1741-2552 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2560
- PMC
- PMC5386002
- OpenAlex
- W2412198820
- Cited by
- 386
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (FD999999)
- Office of Science
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- tissue damage, electrotherapy, bioelectronic medicine, charge density, microelectrodes, macroelectrodes, stimulation safety, pulse frequency, duty cycle, current density, electrode size, histological damage
- MeSH terms
- Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Humans, Microelectrodes, Models, Theoretical, Sensory Thresholds, Skin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
