Cited by 735Estrogen and related hormone effectsSexual Differentiation and DisordersNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

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Estrogen Actions in the Brain and the Basis for Differential Action in Men and Women: A Case for Sex-Specific Medicines

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Gillies, Glenda E., McArthur, Simon·2010·Pharmacological Reviews

DOI 10.1124/pr.109.002071PMC PMC2879914

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Abstract

The classic view of estrogen actions in the brain was confined to regulation of ovulation and reproductive behavior in the female of all mammalian species studied, including humans. Burgeoning evidence now documents profound effects of estrogens on learning, memory, and mood as well as neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes. Most data derive from studies in females, but there is mounting recognition that estrogens play important roles in the male brain, where they can be generated from circulating testosterone by local aromatase enzymes or synthesized de novo by neurons and glia. Estrogen-based therapy therefore holds considerable promise for brain disorders that affect both men and women. However, as investigations are beginning to consider the role of estrogens in the male brain more carefully, it emerges that they have different, even opposite, effects as well as similar effects in male and female brains. This review focuses on these differences, including sex dimorphisms in the ability of estradiol to influence synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, neurodegeneration, and cognition, which, we argue, are due in a large part to sex differences in the organization of the underlying circuitry. There are notable sex differences in the incidence and manifestations of virtually all central nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative disease (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's), drug abuse, anxiety, and depression. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of sex differences in brain physiology and responses to estrogen and estrogen mimics is, therefore, vitally important for understanding the nature and origins of sex-specific pathological conditions and for designing novel hormone-based therapeutic agents that will have optimal effectiveness in men or women.

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See all 735

Authors: Gillies, G. E., & McArthur, S.
Affiliations: Hammersmith Hospital (GB)
ORCID: McArthur, Simon
Venue: Pharmacological Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-06
Volume: 62
Issue: 2
Pages: 155-198
ISSN: 0031-6997 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002071
PMC: PMC2879914
OpenAlex: W2123640958
Cited by: 733
References: 506
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 4.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Pharmacological Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (086871/Z/08/Z)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: estrogen, estradiol, sex differences, brain, synaptic plasticity, neurodegeneration, brain development, learning and memory, mood, aromatase, testosterone, estrogen mimics, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, drug abuse, anxiety, depression
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Brain Diseases, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Hypothalamus, Learning, Male, Memory, Parkinson Disease, Sex Factors, Rats

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Estrogen Actions in the Brain and the Basis for Differential Action in Men and Women: A Case for Sex-Specific Medicines

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