Therapeutic potential of mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid:Beyond bipolar disorder
Open accessAbstract
The mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid (VPA) are traditionally used to treat bipolar disorder (BD), a severe mental illness arising from complex interactions between genes and environment that drive deficits in cellular plasticity and resiliency. The therapeutic potential of these drugs in other central nervous system diseases is also gaining support. This article reviews the various mechanisms of action of lithium and VPA gleaned from cellular and animal models of neurologic, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical evidence is included when available to provide a comprehensive perspective of the field and to acknowledge some of the limitations of these treatments. First, the review describes how action at these drugs' primary targets--glycogen synthase kinase-3 for lithium and histone deacetylases for VPA--induces the transcription and expression of neurotrophic, angiogenic, and neuroprotective proteins. Cell survival signaling cascades, oxidative stress pathways, and protein quality control mechanisms may further underlie lithium and VPA's beneficial actions. The ability of cotreatment to augment neuroprotection and enhance stem cell homing and migration is also discussed, as are microRNAs as new therapeutic targets. Finally, preclinical findings have shown that the neuroprotective benefits of these agents facilitate anti-inflammation, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, blood-brain barrier integrity, and disease-specific neuroprotection. These mechanisms can be compared with dysregulated disease mechanisms to suggest core cellular and molecular disturbances identifiable by specific risk biomarkers. Future clinical endeavors are warranted to determine the therapeutic potential of lithium and VPA across the spectrum of central nervous system diseases, with particular emphasis on a personalized medicine approach toward treating these disorders.
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Psychotropic medicines may have an anti-inflammatory effect.
“Psychotropic medicines may have an anti-inflammatory effect, signified by the fact that 1st episode mania group has a greater level of inflammation in comparison to bipolar mania.”
From Comparison of NLR (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) and PLR (platelet/lymphocyte ratio) as inflammatory markers in 1st episode mania and bipolar mania: A preliminary study (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
The Anti-inflammation sections report anti-inflammatory effects of lithium and valproic acid, supporting the possibility that some psychotropic medicines have such effects. They do not establish this for psychotropic medicines generally or report the citing sentence’s comparison of inflammation in first-episode mania and bipolar mania. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLithium and valproate in bipolar disorder are thought to be partly responsible for therapeutic effects via their anti-inflammatory properties.
“Lithium and valproate in bipolar disorder are thought to be partly responsible for therapeutic effects via their anti-inflammatory properties.”
From Comparison of NLR (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) and PLR (platelet/lymphocyte ratio) as inflammatory markers in 1st episode mania and bipolar mania: A preliminary study (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says lithium and valproic acid treat bipolar disorder, while the Anti-inflammation sections describe anti-inflammatory effects in animal and cell models of other conditions. The Introduction also says the mechanisms of their therapeutic effects in bipolar disorder remain elusive; the cited passages do not establish that anti-inflammation partly explains those effects in bipolar disorder. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDifferent psychotropic medications may affect the inflammatory state via different mechanisms.
“Different psychotropic medications may affect the inflammatory state via different mechanisms.[12,13]”
Lithium and valproate can affect microglial inactivation along with reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide synthase, and COX-2.
“Lithium and valproate can affect microglial inactivation along with the reduction of overexposed proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide synthase, and COX-2.[12]”
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- Authors
- Chiu, C.-T., Wang, Z., Hunsberger, J. G., & Chuang, D.-M.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Pharmacological Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 105-142
- ISSN
- 0031-6997 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3565922
- OpenAlex
- W2098378665
- Semantic Scholar
- 6456393e5aa0c08efe167d1c5f7431d6ee18dae1
- Cited by
- 404
- References
- 580
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 13
- FWCI
- 6.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Pharmacological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- lithium, valproic acid, mood stabilizers, bipolar disorder, glycogen synthase kinase-3, histone deacetylase, neuroprotection, neurotrophic factors, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, protein quality control, stem cell homing, microRNA, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier, neurogenesis, anti-inflammation, personalized medicine, risk biomarkers, neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bipolar Disorder, Central Nervous System Diseases, Humans, Valproic Acid, Lithium Compounds, Antimanic Agents, Neuroprotective Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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