Correction of Fragile X Syndrome in Mice
Open accessAbstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of heritable mental retardation and the leading identified cause of autism. FXS is caused by transcriptional silencing of the FMR1 gene that encodes the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), but the pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. According to one proposal, many psychiatric and neurological symptoms of FXS result from unchecked activation of mGluR5, a metabotropic glutamate receptor. To test this idea we generated Fmr1 mutant mice with a 50% reduction in mGluR5 expression and studied a range of phenotypes with relevance to the human disorder. Our results demonstrate that mGluR5 contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of the disease, a finding that has significant therapeutic implications for fragile X and related developmental disorders.
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A 50% reduction in mGluR5 expression decreased excess translation and improved behavior in the fragile X mouse model.
“A 50% reduction in mGluR5 expression decreased excess translation and improved behavior in the fragile X mouse model 42 .”
From Progress toward treatments for synaptic defects in autism (2013) · cites this paper as [42]
A similar suppressor effect has been demonstrated by the decrease of abnormal behavior of the Fmr1 mutant mice carrying a heterozygous mutation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5.
“A similar suppressor effect has been demonstrated by the decrease of abnormal behavior of the Fmr1 mutant mice carrying a heterozygous mutation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 [84].”
From Genetic and Functional Analyses of SHANK2 Mutations Suggest a Multiple Hit Model of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [84]
These findings are the basis of human clinical trials testing mGluR5 antagonists for Fragile X syndrome.
“These findings are the basis of human clinical trials that aim to test the efficacy of mGluR5 antagonists for the treating Fragile X syndrome23,56–58.”
From Activity-dependent neuronal signalling and autism spectrum disorder (2013) · cites this paper as [58]
Fmr1 mutant mice have a significant delay in the stabilization of dendritic spines and in the maturation of thalamocortical and corticocortical synapses, defects associated with a temporal shift in the critical period for sensory-induced plasticity across different cortical areas.
“Fmr1 mutant mice have a significant delay in the stabilization of dendritic spines and in the maturation of thalamocortical and corticocortical synapses 94-98 , defects associated with a temporal shift in the critical period for sensory-induced plasticity across different cortical areas 94,97,99-101 .”
From Developmental timing and critical windows for the treatment of psychiatric disorders (2016) · cites this paper as [99]
Preclinical studies have primarily focused on mGluR5 signaling as potential targets for treatment in adult mice.
“Preclinical studies have primarily focused on mGluR5 signaling as potential targets for treatment in adult mice 99,110-113 .”
From Developmental timing and critical windows for the treatment of psychiatric disorders (2016) · cites this paper as [99]
Reducing mGluR5 activity genetically corrects multiple phenotypes in Fmr1-knockout mice and dfmr1 mutant flies.
“Genetic reduction of mGluR5 activity achieves correction of multiple phenotypes in Fmr1-KO mice and dfmr1−/− flies26.”
From Drug development for neurodevelopmental disorders: lessons learned from fragile X syndrome (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
Core FXS mouse deficits, including protein synthesis, dendritic spine density and morphology, long-term depression, and audiogenic seizures, are consistently rescued by more than ten genetic approaches and multiple drug classes.
“One striking conclusion of the broad array of preclinical studies is that these core deficits can be consistently rescued by more than ten genetic approaches and multiple classes of pharmacological compounds including mGluR antagonists (MPEP, fenobam, mavoglurant and CTEP), GABA agonists, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhib”
From Drug development for neurodevelopmental disorders: lessons learned from fragile X syndrome (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
In the fragile X mouse model, reducing mGluR5 expression rescued a range of phenotypes relevant to the human disorder.
“This study demonstrates in the fragile X mouse model the rescue of a range of phenotypes relevant to the human disorder by reducing mGluR5 expression.”
From Drug development for neurodevelopmental disorders: lessons learned from fragile X syndrome (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
Crossing Grm5 heterozygous mice with Fmr1 knockout mice, producing a 50% reduction in mGluR5 protein, corrected typical fragile X syndrome phenotypic features including spine dysmorphogenesis and audiogenic seizures, and restored mGluR-long-term depression.
“The resulting 50% reduction in mGluR5 protein levels in the offspring led to the correction of typical FXS phenotypic features, including spine dysmorphogenesis and audiogenic seizures, and restored mGluR-LTD (90).”
From Fragile X syndrome: causes, diagnosis, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2012) · cites this paper as [90]
Elevated mGluR5-mediated signaling and protein synthesis in fragile X knockout mice provided the rationale for testing mGluR5 antagonists in fragile X clinical trials.
“Discovery of elevated metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5)–mediated signaling and protein synthesis in fragile X knockout mice (53–56) provided the rationale for testing mGluR5 antagonists in ongoing fragile X clinical trials.”
From Negative allosteric modulation of the mGluR5 receptor reduces repetitive behaviors and rescues social deficits in mouse models of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
Several forms of NMDA-receptor-dependent plasticity are impaired by loss of FMRP, including LTP in cortex and amygdala, increased threshold for spike-timing dependent plasticity, and altered ocular dominance plasticity.
“Moreover, several forms of NMDA-receptor-dependent plasticity are impaired by loss of FMRP. LTP is abolished in cortex and amygdala (but not hippocampus), the threshold for spike-timing dependent plasticity is increased, and ocular dominance plasticity is altered (Desai et al., 2006; Dolen et al., 2007; Li et al., 2002; Meredith et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2005).”
From Regulation of Synaptic Structure and Function by FMRP-Associated MicroRNAs miR-125b and miR-132 (2010) · cites this paper as Dolen et al., 2007
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- Authors
- Dölen, G., Osterweil, E., Rao, B. S. S., Smith, G. B., Auerbach, B. D., Chattarji, S., & Bear, M. F.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IN)
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Bear, Mark F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 955-962
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2199268
- OpenAlex
- W2084889756
- Cited by
- 979
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2055 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Simons Foundation
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- National Institute of Mental Health
- FRAXA Research Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- fragile X syndrome, FMRP, FMR1 gene silencing, mGluR5, metabotropic glutamate receptors, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, pathogenesis, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Disease Models, Animal, Fragile X Syndrome, Gene Expression Regulation, Heterozygote, Functional Laterality, Learning, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons, Phenotype, Seizures, Visual Cortex, Multivariate Analysis, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1, Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5
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