The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
Open accessAbstract
Primitive Origins for Microglia: Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system and are associated with neurodegeneration and brain inflammatory diseases. Although the developmental origins of other tissue macrophage populations are well established, the origins of microglia remain controversial. Ginhoux et al. (p. 841 , published online 21 October) used in vivo lineage tracing studies to show that microglia arise early in mouse development and derive from primitive macrophages in the yolk sac. This is in contrast to other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, which arise later in development from a distinct progenitor population.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Two weeks after injection, CSF1R knockout brains had been partially repopulated with CD11b+ CD45+ cells (Fig. S7B), which are absent from non-engrafted brains (Ginhoux et al., 2010).”
From Diverse Requirements for Microglial Survival, Specification, and Function Revealed by Defined-Medium Cultures (2017) · cites this paper as Ginhoux et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Importantly, microglia originate from the yolk sac during early embryonic development, whereas peripheral macrophages originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow (19).”
From The role of microglia in multiple sclerosis: implications for treatment with Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“microglia are uniformly CX3CR1+ from early embryonic time points through adulthood (Cardona et al., 2006; Ginhoux et al., 2010; Schulz et al., 2012)”
From Differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the inflamed central nervous system (2014) · cites this paper as Ginhoux et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is believed that microglia arise from yolk sac erythromyeloid precursors and migrate into the brain parenchyma during early development [43,44,45].”
From The Cuprizone Model: Dos and Do Nots (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Microglia share much of their genetic make-up, complement of proteins, and function, with other immune cells, particularly macrophages [129]”
From TREM2/PLCγ2 signalling in immune cells: function, structural insight, and potential therapeutic modulation (2021) · cites this paper as [129]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“aging, vascular dysfunction, and chronic neuroinflammation are known to compromise the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. This can lead to increased trafficking of peripheral immune cells as well as the above-mentioned microglial replacement of resident microglia by peripheral monocytes [24,36].”
From Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential as an Emerging Interdisciplinary Risk Factor in Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Evidence and Future Directions (2026) · cites this paper as [36]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Microglia originate from primitive macrophage (M F ) progenitors that arise in the yolk sac (YS), infiltrate the developing brain and clonally expand 2,3 .”
From Clonal hematopoiesis-associated motoric deficits caused by monocyte-derived microglia accumulating in aging mice (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In mice, two waves of embryonic macrophages are produced in the yolk sac blood islands at embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5) and E8.25, and the first wave migrate into the developing brain and differentiate to microglia (Ginhoux et al., 2010, Gomez Perdiguero et al., 2015, Hoeffel et al., 2015, Palis et al., 1999).”
From A highly efficient human pluripotent stem cell microglia model displays a neuronal-co-culture-specific expression profile and inflammatory response (2017) · cites this paper as Ginhoux et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This lineage is mainly regulated by CSFR14 and its ligand, IL-347.”
From Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Our findings are consistent with reports that macrophage progenitors develop from the primitive ectoderm of the yolk sac4 and give rise to tissue macrophages that do not have a monocytic progenitor16,17.”
From Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To provide this niche, we used CSF1R knockout animals, which lack microglia (Ginhoux et al., 2010) (schematic in Fig. 7A).”
From Diverse Requirements for Microglial Survival, Specification, and Function Revealed by Defined-Medium Cultures (2017) · cites this paper as Ginhoux et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In mice, fate-mapping methods revealed that, unlike other glia cells with neuroectoderm origin, microglia in adults originate from yolk-sac (YS)-derived primitive macrophages, which colonize the developing brain rudiment during early embryogenesis (Ginhoux et al., 2010; Schulz et al., 2012).”
From Pu.1/Spi1 dosage controls the turnover and maintenance of microglia in zebrafish and mammals (2025) · cites this paper as Ginhoux et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the CNS parenchyma and are seeded during development from mesodermal progenitors”
From Cross-Species Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Divergence of the Primate Microglia Program (2019) · cites this paper as Ginhoux et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These cells arise from uncommitted KIT+ erythromyeloid precursors [181, 316], which seed the brain from the yolk sac at embryonic day 9.5 in the mouse [126], well before other glial cells and the formation of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [130, 181].”
From Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function (2022) · cites this paper as [126]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Microglia and monocytes are ontogenetically distinct: microglia derive from yolk-sac progenitors during embryogenesis (Ginhoux et al., 2010; Schulz et al., 2012)”
From Differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the inflamed central nervous system (2014) · cites this paper as Ginhoux et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, IL-34 is newly identified ligand for CSF-1R, and it is reported to support maintenance of microglia [14].”
From Loss of homeostatic microglial phenotype in CSF1R-related Leukoencephalopathy (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Peripheral immune cells may also replace microglial populations,5,23,30–32 though this is controversial.”
From TET2-mutant myeloid cells mitigate Alzheimer’s disease progression via CNS infiltration and enhanced phagocytosis in mice (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies in mice indicate that microglia are derived from yolk sac progenitor cells that populate the brain early in development (18, 19).”
From An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our own work (Buchrieser et al., 2017) and that of others (Hoeffel et al., 2015) indicates that this protocol produces MYB-independent myeloid cells, recapitulating an embryonic ontogeny, and lineage-tracking studies in mouse have demonstrated that microglia derive from primitive, yolk sac macrophages that migrate into the developing brain (Ginhoux et al., 2010, Ginhoux et al., 2013).”
From A highly efficient human pluripotent stem cell microglia model displays a neuronal-co-culture-specific expression profile and inflammatory response (2017) · cites this paper as Ginhoux et al., 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages4 in a Myb-independent manner5 via PU.1 and IRF8 dependent pathways6.”
From Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Thus, there is a resident pool of microglia that is separate from peripheral myeloid cells that infiltrate the nervous system.”
From Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Subsequent reports showed that microglia arise early during development from progenitors in the embryonic yolk sac4,38,39.”
From Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Bone marrow–derived myeloid precursors do not contribute to the microglia pool.”
From Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Fate-mapping studies have demonstrated that microglia originate from early myeloid progenitors in the embryonic yolk sac that migrate into the developing neural tube, where they proliferate, colonize the entire parenchyma, and subsist throughout the life span of the organism by slow division (1, 2).”
From Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Normal blood circulation is required for YS macrophage seeding of the CNS.”
From Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“This observation supports the idea that the recruitment of YS progenitors into the brain is mediated by blood circulation.”
From Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“it is now well-established that microglia are derived from yolk sac (YS) erythromyeloid precursors (EMPs).”
From Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“The origin of microglia has now been clearly defined and shown to relate to the early colonization of the CNS by mesodermal progenitors6 that arise from the yolk sac7,8”
From Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease (2018) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“the cytokine CSF1, acting via its receptor CSF1R, is important for microglial development8.”
From Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease (2018) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Microglia arise from yolk sac-derived precursors that populate the brain during early development21.”
From Microglia protect against brain injury and their selective elimination dysregulates neuronal network activity after stroke (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Several groups have attempted different cell culture conditions to maintain homeostatic microglia signature and ramified morphology In vitro using a variety of cytokines, such as CSF1, GM-CSF, TGFβ, and IL-34 [73-76].”
From Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“However, generation of microglia-like cells matching the recently identified signatures of acutely isolated microglia 10,11, and following their non-monocytic yolk sac ontogeny 4, has not been reported from pluripotent human cells.”
From Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“They emigrate as erythromyeloid precursors or primitive macrophages from the yolk sac, before further hematopoiesis takes place in the periphery.”
From Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“recent genetic lineage tracing in the mouse determined that microglia take up residence in the developing neural tube shortly before closure of the blood-brain barrier 4.”
From Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Elegant lineage tracing studies show that microglia originate from yolk sac erythromyeloid progenitors (EMP) generated during primitive hematopoiesis (Ginhoux et al., 2010; Kierdorf et al., 2013; Schulz et al., 2012).”
From iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases (2017) · cites this paper as Ginhoux et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“We identified eleven TFs upregulated in PS19 mice that are implicated in mediating the inflammatory responses (Stat1, Stat3, Stat5a, Stat5b, Nfkb1, Nfe2l2, Fli1), microglia proliferation and differentiation (Irf8, Spi1, Runx1), and astrocyte maturation and neurogenesis (Pax6) (Ginhoux et al., 2010; Kierdorf et al., 2013; Zamanian et al., 2012; Zusso et al., 2012).”
From Complement C3aR Inactivation Attenuates Tau Pathology and Reverses an Immune Network Deregulated in Tauopathy Models and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as Ginhoux et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“They are derived from embryonic yolk sac (YS) precursors and maintain their CNS population via local self-renewal, with little contribution from bone marrow-derived monocytes12,13.”
From Interplay between innate immunity and Alzheimer disease: APOE and TREM2 in the spotlight (2018) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Jung, S., Aliberti, J., Graemmel, P., Sunshine, M. J., Kreutzberg, G. W., Sher, A., & Littman, D. R. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.11.4106-4114.2000 · Cited by 2,632
Hematopoiesis: An Evolving Paradigm for Stem Cell Biology
Orkin, S. H., & Zon, L. I. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.025 · Cited by 2,570
Microglial physiology: unique stimuli, specialized responses
Ransohoff, R. M., & Perry, V. H. (2009) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132528 · Cited by 1,858
Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life
Ajami, B., Bennett, J. L., Krieger, C., Tetzlaff, W., & Rossi, F. M. V. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2014 · Cited by 1,643
THE ORIGIN AND KINETICS OF MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES
van Furth, R., & Cohn, Z. A. (1968) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.128.3.415 · Cited by 1,564
Simard, A. R., Soulet, D., Gowing, G., Julien, J.-P., & Rivest, S. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.022 · Cited by 1,265
Harrison, J. K., Jiang, Y., Chen, S., Xia, Y., Maciejewski, D., McNamara, R. K., Streit, W. J., Salafranca, M. N., Adhikari, S., Thompson, D. A., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10896 · Cited by 1,176
Microglia in the adult brain arise from Ly-6ChiCCR2+ monocytes only under defined host conditions
Mildner, A., Schmidt, H., Nitsche, M., Merkler, D., Hanisch, U.-K., Mack, M., Heikenwalder, M., Brück, W., Priller, J., & Prinz, M. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2015 · Cited by 1,089
In Vivo Analysis of Dendritic Cell Development and Homeostasis
Liu, K., Victora, G. D., Schwickert, T. A., Guermonprez, P., Meredith, M. M., Yao, K.-H., Chu, F.-F., Randolph, G. J., Rudensky, A. Y., & Nussenzweig, M. C. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1170540 · Cited by 1,001
Microglia derive from progenitors, originating from the yolk sac, and which proliferate in the brain
Alliot, F., Godin, I., & Pessac, B. (1999) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00113-3 · Cited by 884
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 32 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia
Liddelow, S. A., Guttenplan, K. A., Clarke, L. E., Bennett, F. C., Bohlen, C. J., Schirmer, L., Bennett, M. L., Münch, A. E., Chung, W.-S., Peterson, T. C., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21029 · Cited by 7,971
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease
Heneka, M. T., Carson, M. J., Khoury, J. E., Landreth, G. E., Brosseron, F., Feinstein, D. L., Jacobs, A. H., Wyss-Coray, T., Vitorica, J., Ransohoff, R. M., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)70016-5 · Cited by 6,226
Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease
Wynn, T. A., Chawla, A., & Pollard, J. W. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12034 · Cited by 4,684
Synaptic Pruning by Microglia Is Necessary for Normal Brain Development
Paolicelli, R. C., Bolasco, G., Pagani, F., Maggi, L., Scianni, M., Panzanelli, P., Giustetto, M., Ferreira, T. A., Guiducci, E., Dumas, L., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1202529 · Cited by 4,244
Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS
Erny, D., Hrabě de Angelis, A. L., Jaitin, D., Wieghofer, P., Staszewski, O., David, E., Keren-Shaul, H., Mahlakoiv, T., Jakobshagen, K., Buch, T., et al. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4030 · Cited by 3,569
Kettenmann, H., Hanisch, U.-K., Noda, M., & Verkhratsky, A. (2011) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2010 · Cited by 3,547
Daneman, R., & Prat, A. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a020412 · Cited by 3,437
Fate Mapping Reveals Origins and Dynamics of Monocytes and Tissue Macrophages under Homeostasis
Yona, S., Kim, K.-W., Wolf, Y., Mildner, A., Varol, D., Breker, M., Strauss-Ayali, D., Viukov, S., Guilliams, M., Misharin, A., et al. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.12.001 · Cited by 3,245
Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here?
Leng, F., & Edison, P. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-020-00435-y · Cited by 3,179
Monocyte recruitment during infection and inflammation
Shi, C., & Pamer, E. G. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3070 · Cited by 3,015
Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration
Colonna, M., & Butovsky, O. (2017) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052358 · Cited by 2,894
Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Parkhurst, C. N., Yang, G., Ninan, I., Savas, J. N., Yates, J. R., Lafaille, J. J., Hempstead, B. L., Littman, D. R., & Gan, W.-B. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.030 · Cited by 2,599
The immunology of stroke: from mechanisms to translation
Iadecola, C., & Anrather, J. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2399 · Cited by 2,596
A Lineage of Myeloid Cells Independent of Myb and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Schulz, C., Perdiguero, E. G., Chorro, L., Szabo-Rogers, H., Cagnard, N., Kierdorf, K., Prinz, M., Wu, B., Jacobsen, S. E. W., Pollard, J. W., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1219179 · Cited by 2,578
Macrophages as regulators of tumour immunity and immunotherapy
DeNardo, D. G., & Ruffell, B. (2019) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0127-6 · Cited by 2,591
Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia
Butovsky, O., Jedrychowski, M. P., Moore, C. S., Cialic, R., Lanser, A. J., Gabriely, G., Koeglsperger, T., Dake, B., Wu, P. M., Doykan, C. E., et al. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3599 · Cited by 2,543
Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors
Gomez Perdiguero, E., Klapproth, K., Schulz, C., Busch, K., Azzoni, E., Crozet, L., Garner, H., Trouillet, C., de Bruijn, M. F., Geissmann, F., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13989 · Cited by 2,339
Hashimoto, D., Chow, A., Noizat, C., Teo, P., Beasley, M. B., Leboeuf, M., Becker, C. D., See, P., Price, J., Lucas, D., et al. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.004 · Cited by 2,311
Self-citationHammond, T. R., Dufort, C., Dissing-Olesen, L., Giera, S., Young, A., Wysoker, A., Walker, A. J., Segel, M., Nemesh, J., Saunders, A., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1101/406140 · Cited by 2,225
Self-citationSemple, B. D., Blomgren, K., Gimlin, K., Ferriero, D. M., & Noble-Haeusslein, L. J. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001 · Cited by 2,132
Tissue-Resident Macrophage Enhancer Landscapes Are Shaped by the Local Microenvironment
Lavin, Y., Winter, D., Blecher-Gonen, R., David, E., Keren-Shaul, H., Merad, M., Jung, S., & Amit, I. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.018 · Cited by 2,167
Davies, L. C., Jenkins, S. J., Allen, J. E., & Taylor, P. R. (2013) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2705 · Cited by 2,096
Microglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states
Orihuela, R., McPherson, C. A., & Harry, G. J. (2016) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13139 · Cited by 2,070
From Monocytes to M1/M2 Macrophages: Phenotypical vs. Functional Differentiation
Italiani, P., & Boraschi, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00514 · Cited by 2,067
Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease
Li, Q., & Barres, B. A. (2018) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.125 · Cited by 1,999
Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads
Paolicelli, R. C., Sierra, A., Stevens, B., Tremblay, M.-E., Aguzzi, A., Ajami, B., Amit, I., Audinat, E., Bechmann, I., Bennett, M., et al. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.020 · Cited by 1,973
Self-citationthe Immunological Genome Consortium, Gautier, E. L., Shay, T., Miller, J., Greter, M., Jakubzick, C., Ivanov, S., Helft, J., Chow, A., Elpek, K. G., et al. (2012) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2419 · Cited by 1,972
Self-citationElmore, M. R. P., Najafi, A. R., Koike, M. A., Dagher, N. N., Spangenberg, E. E., Rice, R. A., Kitazawa, M., Matusow, B., Nguyen, H., West, B. L., et al. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.040 · Cited by 1,968
Microglia in Alzheimer’s disease
Hansen, D. V., Hanson, J. E., & Sheng, M. (2018) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201709069 · Cited by 1,935
“Their homeostasis and self-renewal is maintained by several factors, including TGF-β and CSF1R signaling (Ginhoux et al., 2010; Butovsky et al., 2014; Elmore et al., 2014).”
BackgroundTissue-Resident Macrophage Ontogeny and Homeostasis
Ginhoux, F., & Guilliams, M. (2016) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.024 · Cited by 1,884
Self-citationThe Microenvironmental Landscape of Brain Tumors
Quail, D. F., & Joyce, J. A. (2017) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.009 · Cited by 1,924
Monocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis
Ginhoux, F., & Jung, S. (2014) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3671 · Cited by 1,840
Self-citationDendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages: a unified nomenclature based on ontogeny
Guilliams, M., Ginhoux, F., Jakubzick, C., Naik, S. H., Onai, N., Schraml, B. U., Segura, É., Tussiwand, R., & Yona, S. (2014) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3712 · Cited by 1,923
Self-citationNew tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS
Bennett, M. L., Bennett, F. C., Liddelow, S. A., Ajami, B., Zamanian, J. L., Fernhoff, N. B., Mulinyawe, S. B., Bohlen, C. J., Adil, A., Tucker, A., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1525528113 · Cited by 1,804
Microglia emerge as central players in brain disease
Salter, M. W., & Stevens, B. (2017) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4397 · Cited by 1,767
The role of microglia and macrophages in glioma maintenance and progression
Hambardzumyan, D., Gutmann, D. H., & Kettenmann, H. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4185 · Cited by 1,683
Neuroinflammation: The Devil Is in the Details
DiSabato, D. J., Quan, N., & Godbout, J. P. (2016) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13607 · Cited by 1,640
Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets
Gao, C., Jiang, J., Tan, Y., & Chen, S. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01588-0 · Cited by 1,616
Origin and functions of tissue macrophages
Epelman, S., Lavine, K. J., & Randolph, G. J. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.013 · Cited by 1,585
A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist?
Ransohoff, R. M. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4338 · Cited by 1,573
Microglia Biology: One Century of Evolving Concepts
Prinz, M., Jung, S., & Priller, J. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.053 · Cited by 1,525
The central nervous system and the gut microbiome
Sharon, G., Sampson, T. R., Geschwind, D. H., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.027 · Cited by 1,513
Epelman, S., Lavine, K. J., Beaudin, A. E., Sojka, D. K., Carrero, J. A., Calderon, B., Brija, T., Gautier, E. L., Ivanov, S., Satpathy, A. T., et al. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.019 · Cited by 1,494
Microglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via Pu.1- and Irf8-dependent pathways
Kierdorf, K., Erny, D., Goldmann, T., Sander, V., Schulz, C., Perdiguero, E. G., Wieghofer, P., Heinrich, A., Riemke, P., Hölscher, C., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3318 · Cited by 1,457
Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease
Heneka, M. T., Kummer, M. P., & Latz, E. (2014) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3705 · Cited by 1,437
Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury
David, S., & Kroner, A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3053 · Cited by 1,297
Microglia and brain macrophages in the molecular age: from origin to neuropsychiatric disease
Prinz, M., & Priller, J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3722 · Cited by 1,329
Guilliams, M., de Kleer, I., Henri, S., Post, S., Vanhoutte, L., Prijck, S. D., Deswarte, K., MALISSEN, B., Hammad, H., & Lambrecht, B. N. (2013) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20131199 · Cited by 1,342
An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity
Gosselin, D., Skola, D., Coufal, N. G., Holtman, I. R., Schlachetzki, J. C. M., Sajti, E., Jaeger, B. N., O’Connor, C., Fitzpatrick, C., Pasillas, M. P., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal3222 · Cited by 1,220
“Studies in mice indicate that microglia are derived from yolk sac progenitor cells that populate the brain early in development (18, 19).”
Background13 reasons why the brain is susceptible to oxidative stress
Cobley, J. N., Fiorello, M. L., & Bailey, D. M. (2018) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.008 · Cited by 1,215
Lentiviral Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy Benefits Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Biffi, A., Montini, E., Lorioli, L., Cesani, M., Fumagalli, F., Plati, T., Baldoli, C., Martino, S., Calabria, A., Canale, S., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1233158 · Cited by 1,180
Origin, fate and dynamics of macrophages at central nervous system interfaces
Goldmann, T., Wieghofer, P., Jordão, M. J. C., Prutek, F., Hagemeyer, N., Frenzel, K., Amann, L., Staszewski, O., Kierdorf, K., Krueger, M., et al. (2016) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3423 · Cited by 1,209
Microglia development follows a stepwise program to regulate brain homeostasis
Matcovitch-Natan, O., Winter, D. R., Giladi, A., Vargas Aguilar, S., Spinrad, A., Sarrazin, S., Ben-Yehuda, H., David, E., Zelada González, F., Perrin, P., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad8670 · Cited by 1,180
Microglia: new roles for the synaptic stripper
Kettenmann, H., Kirchhoff, F., & Verkhratsky, A. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.023 · Cited by 1,173
iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases
Abud, E. M., Ramirez, R. N., Martinez, E. S., Healy, L. M., Nguyen, C. H. H., Newman, S. A., Yeromin, A. V., Scarfone, V. M., Marsh, S. E., Fimbres, C., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.042 · Cited by 1,154
Microglia development and function
Nayak, D., Roth, T. L., & McGavern, D. B. (2014) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120240 · Cited by 1,154
Hoeffel, G., Chen, J., Lavin, Y., Low, D., Almeida, F. F., See, P., Beaudin, A. E., Lum, J., Low, I., Forsberg, E. C., et al. (2015) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.011 · Cited by 1,135
Self-citationLi, Q., Cheng, Z., Zhou, L., Darmanis, S., Neff, N. F., Okamoto, J., Gulati, G., Bennett, M. L., Sun, L. O., Clarke, L. E., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.006 · Cited by 1,129
Microglial priming in neurodegenerative disease
Perry, V. H., & Holmes, C. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.38 · Cited by 1,127
Chakarov, S., Lim, H. Y., Tan, L., Lim, S. Y., See, P., Lum, J., Zhang, X.-M., Foo, S., Nakamizo, S., Duan, K., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau0964 · Cited by 1,114
Self-citationMicroglial cell origin and phenotypes in health and disease
Saijo, K., & Glass, C. K. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3086 · Cited by 1,100
Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa
Dantzer, R. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00039.2016 · Cited by 1,073
Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool
Ajami, B., Bennett, J. L., Krieger, C., McNagny, K. M., & Rossi, F. M. V. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2887 · Cited by 1,061
Shemer, A., Grozovski, J., Tay, T. L., Tao, J., Volaski, A., Süß, P., Ardura-Fabregat, A., Gross-Vered, M., Kim, J.-S., David, E., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07548-5 · Cited by 1,052
Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease
Butovsky, O., & Weiner, H. L. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0057-5 · Cited by 1,046
Simpson, D. S. A., & Oliver, P. L. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9080743 · Cited by 1,044
“Whilst peripheral macrophages and microglia share origin in the yolk sac, microglia are an ontogenetically distinct, locally maintained cell population [69,70] and so NOX expression in microglia may not exactly mirror that of their macrophage relatives.”
BackgroundInnate immunity in the central nervous system
Ransohoff, R. M., & Brown, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci58644 · Cited by 1,034
A single-cell molecular map of mouse gastrulation and early organogenesis
Pijuan-Sala, B., Griffiths, J. A., Guibentif, C., Hiscock, T. W., Jawaid, W., Calero-Nieto, F. J., Mulas, C., Ibarra-Soria, X., Tyser, R. C. V., Ho, D. L. L., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0933-9 · Cited by 1,033
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors in cancer therapy
Cannarile, M. A., Weisser, M., Jacob, W., Jegg, A.-M., Ries, C. H., & Rüttinger, D. (2017) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0257-y · Cited by 1,046
Wang, Y., Szretter, K. J., Vermi, W., Gilfillan, S., Rossini, C., Cella, M., Barrow, A. D., Diamond, M. S., & Colonna, M. (2012) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2360 · Cited by 1,011
Mrdjen, D., Pavlovic, A., Hartmann, F. J., Schreiner, B., Utz, S. G., Leung, B. P., Lelios, I., Heppner, F. L., Kipnis, J., Merkler, D., et al. (2018) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.011 · Cited by 1,010
Self-citationGuidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition)
Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Acs, A., Adam, D., Adam‐Klages, S., Agace, W. W., Aghaeepour, N., Akdiş, M., Allez, M., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201970107 · Cited by 1,007
Astrocyte Crosstalk in CNS Inflammation
Linnerbauer, M., Wheeler, M. A., & Quintana, F. J. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.012 · Cited by 989
The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system
Ransohoff, R. M., & Engelhardt, B. (2012) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3265 · Cited by 1,029
Developmental and Functional Heterogeneity of Monocytes
Guilliams, M., Mildner, A., & Yona, S. (2018) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.005 · Cited by 973
Macrophages: Development and Tissue Specialization
Varol, C., Mildner, A., & Jung, S. (2015) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112220 · Cited by 962
Challenges to curing primary brain tumours
Aldape, K., Brindle, K. M., Chesler, L., Chopra, R., Gajjar, A., Gilbert, M. R., Gottardo, N., Gutmann, D. H., Hargrave, D., Holland, E. C., et al. (2019) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-019-0177-5 · Cited by 959
Monocyte differentiation and antigen-presenting functions
Jakubzick, C. V., Randolph, G. J., & Henson, P. M. (2017) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.28 · Cited by 910
The fate and lifespan of human monocyte subsets in steady state and systemic inflammation
Patel, A. A., Zhang, Y., Fullerton, J. N., Boelen, L., Rongvaux, A., Maini, A. A., Bigley, V., Flavell, R. A., Gilroy, D. W., Asquith, B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20170355 · Cited by 946
Depression as a Microglial Disease
Yirmiya, R., Rimmerman, N., & Reshef, R. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.08.001 · Cited by 944
The role of macrophages in the resolution of inflammation
Watanabe, S., Alexander, M., Misharin, A. V., & Budinger, G. R. S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci124615 · Cited by 925
Microglia polarization from M1 to M2 in neurodegenerative diseases
Guo, S., Wang, H., & Yin, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.815347 · Cited by 920
Review: Activation patterns of microglia and their identification in the human brain
Boche, D., Perry, V. H., & Nicoll, J. A. R. (2012) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12011 · Cited by 955
Microglia in Alzheimer's disease
Sarlus, H., & Heneka, M. T. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci90606 · Cited by 911
Microglia in neuropathic pain: cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Inoue, K., & Tsuda, M. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.2 · Cited by 908
Origin and differentiation of microglia
Ginhoux, F., Lim, S., Hoeffel, G., Low, D., & Huber, T. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00045 · Cited by 905
“Later reports confirmed the presence at similar stages of amoeboid cells expressing macrophage (Alliot et al., 1999; Ginhoux et al., 2010) and microglial markers (Chan et al., 2007; Mizutani et al., 2012) in both the cephalic mesenchyme and the neuro-epithelium, in accordance with the idea that the…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMacrophages in intestinal inflammation and resolution: a potential therapeutic target in IBD
Na, Y. R., Stakenborg, M., Seok, S. H., & Matteoli, G. (2019) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0172-4 · Cited by 900
Okabe, Y., & Medzhitov, R. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.016 · Cited by 884
Specification of tissue-resident macrophages during organogenesis
Mass, E., Ballesteros, I., Farlik, M., Halbritter, F., Günther, P., Crozet, L., Jacome-Galarza, C. E., Händler, K., Klughammer, J., Kobayashi, Y., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf4238 · Cited by 891
Maternal immune activation and abnormal brain development across CNS disorders
Knuesel, I., Chicha, L., Britschgi, M., Schobel, S. A., Bodmer, M., Hellings, J. A., Toovey, S., & Prinssen, E. P. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.187 · Cited by 880
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases
Subhramanyam, C. S., Wang, C., Hu, Q., & Dheen, S. T. (2019) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.004 · Cited by 897
The complex role of tumor-infiltrating macrophages
Christofides, A., Strauss, L., Yeo, A. T., Cao, C., Charest, A., & Boussiotis, V. A. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-022-01267-2 · Cited by 885
Microglia: Scapegoat, saboteur, or something else?
Aguzzi, A., Barres, B. A., & Bennett, M. L. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1227901 · Cited by 836
Differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the inflamed central nervous system
Yamasaki, R., Lu, H., Butovsky, O., Ohno, N., Rietsch, A. M., Cialic, R., Wu, P. M., Doykan, C. E., Lin, J., Cotleur, A. C., et al. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20132477 · Cited by 856
Inflammation and neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury.
Corps, K. N., Roth, T. L., & McGavern, D. B. (2015) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3558 · Cited by 853
Microglial Phagocytosis of Live Neurons
Brown, G. C., & Neher, J. J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3710 · Cited by 853
New insights into the multidimensional concept of macrophage ontogeny, activation and function
Ginhoux, F., Schultze, J. L., Murray, P. J., Ochando, J., & Biswas, S. K. (2015) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3324 · Cited by 858
Self-citationLavine, K. J., Epelman, S., Uchida, K., Weber, K. J., Nichols, C. G., Schilling, J. D., Ornitz, D. M., Randolph, G. J., & Mann, D. L. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1406508111 · Cited by 818
Glia–neuron interactions in the mammalian retina
Vecino, E., Rodriguez, F. D., Ruzafa, N., Pereiro, X., & Sharma, S. C. (2015) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.06.003 · Cited by 863
Helft, J., Böttcher, J. P., Chakravarty, P., Zelenay, S., Huotari, J., Schraml, B. U., Goubau, D., & Sousa, C. R. E. (2015) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.018 · Cited by 845
Metadata
- Authors
- Ginhoux, F., Greter, M., Leboeuf, M., Nandi, S., See, P., Gokhan, S., Mehler, M. F., Conway, S. J., Ng, L. G., Stanley, E. R., Samokhvalov, I. M., & Merad, M.
- Affiliations
- Singapore Immunology Network (SG)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine and the Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, and Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- RIKEN (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Ginhoux, Florent
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2010-11-05
- Volume
- 330
- Issue
- 6005
- Pages
- 841-845
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC3719181
- OpenAlex
- W2148898943
- Cited by
- 5,175
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 286 · 2025: 360 · 2024: 447 · 2023: 369 · 2022: 443 · 2021: 483 · 2020: 425 · 2019: 382 · 2018: 363 · 2017: 328 · 2016: 279 · 2015: 279 · 2014: 271 · 2013: 219 · 2012: 137
- FWCI
- 87.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (CA26504)
- RIKEN
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL086899, R01HL086899, R01HL060714)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066290, MH66290)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-32551, R01CA032551, R37CA026504, R01CA112100, CA26504, CA112100, R01CA026504)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI080884, R01AI080884)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS38902, R01NS038902)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- myeloid progenitor cells, CSF-1, CSF-1 receptor, reticuloendothelial system, hematopoietic progenitor cells, lineage tracing, neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cell Differentiation, Embryo, Mammalian, Female, Hematopoiesis, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Homeostasis, Macrophages, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Yolk Sac, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Microglia, Cell Lineage, Myeloid Progenitor Cells, Cell Proliferation, Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit, Mice, Gene Knock-In Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
