Cited by 1,571Single-cell and spatial transcriptomicsGene Regulatory Network AnalysisDevelopmental Biology and Gene Regulation

Single-cell transcriptional diversity is a hallmark of developmental potential

Open access
Gulati, Gunsagar S., Sikandar, Shaheen S., Wesche, Daniel J., Manjunath, Anoop, Bharadwaj, Anjan, Berger, Mark J., Ilagan, Francisco, Kuo, Angera H. +10 more·2020·Science

Published version of a preprint

Abstract

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful approach for reconstructing cellular differentiation trajectories. However, inferring both the state and direction of differentiation is challenging. Here, we demonstrate a simple, yet robust, determinant of developmental potential-the number of expressed genes per cell-and leverage this measure of transcriptional diversity to develop a computational framework (CytoTRACE) for predicting differentiation states from scRNA-seq data. When applied to diverse tissue types and organisms, CytoTRACE outperformed previous methods and nearly 19,000 annotated gene sets for resolving 52 experimentally determined developmental trajectories. Additionally, it facilitated the identification of quiescent stem cells and revealed genes that contribute to breast tumorigenesis. This study thus establishes a key RNA-based feature of developmental potential and a platform for delineation of cellular hierarchies.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.aax0249

Cites

146 of 146 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 25 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Pluripotency genes showed an arc-like pattern early in human embryogenesis, increasing until the emergence of embryonic stem cells and then decreasing.

    “Pluripotency genes, by contrast, showed an arc-like pattern early in human embryogenesis, characterized by progressively increasing expression until the emergence of embryonic stem cells, followed by decreasing expression (fig. S2B, right).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Gene counts appeared in the top 1% of the ranked list (104 out of 18,711) in the screen of RNA-based correlates.

    “Appearing in the top 1% of the ranked list (104 out of 18,711), this data-driven feature compared favorably to well-established stem cell signatures”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Gene counts generally decreased with successive stages of differentiation regardless of whether cycling cells, non-cycling cells, or early human embryogenesis prior to pluripotency factor upregulation were examined.

    “For example, regardless of whether we examined cycling cells, non-cycling cells, or published data from the earliest stages of human embryogenesis prior to the upregulation of pluripotency factors (21), gene counts generally decreased with successive stages of differentiation (fig. S2, A and B, left).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    There was strong concordance between the number of accessible peaks and the mean number of detectably expressed genes per phenotype.

    “We observed strong concordance between the number of accessible peaks and the mean number of detectably expressed genes per phenotype (fig. S3A).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The number of detectably expressed genes per cell ('gene counts') is a robust determinant of developmental potential.

    “Here, we demonstrate a simple, yet robust, determinant of developmental potential—the number of expressed genes per cell—and leverage this measure of transcriptional diversity to develop a computational framework (CytoTRACE) for predicting differentiation states from scRNA-seq data.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
      “In summary, we have shown that the number of expressed genes per cell is a hallmark of developmental potential.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The experimentally determined differentiation states in the training and validation datasets accurately reflect developmental potential.
    • Rests on an assumption: The known phenotype labels used to average features and assess correlation are correct.
  • May combine two claims. 13
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    CytoTRACE identified the correct root in 4,442 bone marrow cells without user input, whereas Monocle 2 identified 23 possible roots.

    “For example, when applied to 4,442 bone marrow cells, Monocle 2 identified 23 possible “roots” from which to calculate pseudotime values (Fig. 3B, left). By contrast, CytoTRACE readily identified the correct root without user input (Fig. 3B, right, and fig. S16, A and B).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The number of expressed genes per cell generally showed consistent performance with respect to key technical parameters and was generally correlated with mRNA content.

    “The number of expressed genes per cell generally showed consistent performance with respect to key technical parameters and was generally correlated with mRNA content (figs. S4 to S7 and supplementary text).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the mouse hematopoietic system, both cycling and quiescent HSC subpopulations were correctly predicted to be less differentiated, but only proliferative HSCs were significantly ranked above early progenitors.

    “Although both cycling and quiescent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) subpopulations (34) were correctly predicted to be less differentiated, only proliferative HSCs were significantly ranked above early progenitors (Fig. 3C).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    scRNA-seq profiling of breast tumor epithelial cells and adjacent normal epithelial cells from eight patients with TNBC or ER+ breast cancer confirmed three well-separated clusters of basal, LP, and ML cells, each with characteristic expression patterns of previously described lineage markers.

    “After removing low quality cells and applying principal component analysis to visualize the data, we confirmed three well-separated clusters of basal, LP, and ML cells, each with characteristic expression patterns of previously described lineage markers (Fig. 4A and fig. S17B).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No obvious clustering was observed for tumor versus normal cell differences or by patient.

    “No obvious clustering was observed for tumor versus normal cell differences or by patient (Fig. 4A; fig. S18A).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    CytoTRACE can be applied across independent scRNA-seq datasets unified by batch correction, and single-cell orderings predicted by CytoTRACE were accurate.

    “Regardless of whether we integrated datasets profiled on different scRNA-seq platforms (Fig. 3A) or datasets containing developmentally distinct cell types (fig. S14), single-cell orderings predicted by CytoTRACE were accurate.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    GULP1 knockdown in PDXs (n=2) either inhibited tumor growth (TNBC sample) or fully abrogated tumor growth (ER+ sample).

    “In addition, GULP1 knockdown in PDXs (n=2) either inhibited tumor growth (TNBC sample) or fully abrogated tumor growth (ER+ sample) (Fig. 4, E and F).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    The utility of gene expression-based models (e.g., transcriptional entropy, pluripotency-associated gene sets, and machine learning strategies) across diverse developmental systems and single-cell sequencing technologies is still unclear.

    “While gene expression-based models can potentially overcome these limitations (e.g., transcriptional entropy (11–13), pluripotency-associated gene sets (14), and machine learning strategies (15)), their utility across diverse developmental systems and single-cell sequencing technologies is still unclear.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [11] source

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    • cites [12] source

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    • cites [13] source

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    • cites [14] source

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    • cites [15] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Inferring both the state and direction of differentiation from scRNA-seq data is challenging.

    “However, inferring both the state and direction of differentiation is challenging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful approach for reconstructing cellular differentiation trajectories.

    “Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful approach for reconstructing cellular differentiation trajectories.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
      “Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a promising approach to study cellular differentiation trajectories at high resolution in primary tissue specimens (5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    These requirements can be challenging to satisfy in certain contexts such as human cancer development.

    “These requirements can be challenging to satisfy in certain contexts such as human cancer development (10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The validation cohort consisted of 33 additional scRNA-seq datasets from 26 studies representing diverse developmental and differentiation processes.

    “To validate our findings, we assembled an expanded compendium of 33 additional scRNA-seq datasets from 26 studies (fig. S10A, table S1, and materials and methods).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Differentiating cells descend toward stable regions of the network (attractor states), characterized by restricted gene expression, whereas metastable cells broadly sample the network, maintaining higher differentiation potential.

    “In this context, differentiating cells descend toward stable regions of the network (attractor states), characterized by restricted gene expression, whereas metastable cells broadly sample the network, maintaining higher differentiation potential (47).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Less mature cells maintain looser chromatin to permit wider sampling of the transcriptome, while more differentiated cells generally restrict chromatin accessibility and transcriptional diversity as they specialize.

    “Our results are therefore consistent with a model in which less mature cells maintain looser chromatin to permit wider sampling of the transcriptome, while more differentiated cells generally restrict chromatin accessibility and transcriptional diversity as they specialize (Fig. 1E and fig. S3) (46).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The training cohort was selected to prioritize commonly used benchmarking datasets from earlier studies and to ensure a broad sampling of developmental states from the mammalian zygote to terminally differentiated cells.

    “These datasets were selected to prioritize commonly used benchmarking datasets from earlier studies and to ensure a broad sampling of developmental states from the mammalian zygote to terminally differentiated cells (table S1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The experimentally determined differentiation states in the training and validation datasets accurately reflect developmental potential.
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The model of less mature cells maintaining looser chromatin can be represented by 'attractor states' within a genome-wide gene regulatory network.

    “Theoretically, this model can be represented by “attractor states” within a genome-wide gene regulatory network (47).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    CytoTRACE and the RNA content visualization approach can identify quiescent stem cells that could not be identified by gene counts or RNA content alone.

    “Since these cells could not be identified by gene counts or RNA content alone, this analysis confirmed the utility of CytoTRACE and demonstrates an approach for elucidating tissue-specific stem cells from scRNA-seq data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    CytoTRACE facilitated the identification of quiescent stem cells and revealed genes that contribute to breast tumorigenesis.

    “Additionally, it facilitated the identification of quiescent stem cells and revealed genes that contribute to breast tumorigenesis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    This study establishes a key RNA-based feature of developmental potential and a platform for delineation of cellular hierarchies.

    “This study thus establishes a key RNA-based feature of developmental potential and a platform for delineation of cellular hierarchies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
19 of 19
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The experimentally determined differentiation states in the training and validation datasets accurately reflect developmental potential.

    “nine gold standard scRNA-seq datasets with experimentally-confirmed differentiation trajectories”
    “52 experimentally determined developmental trajectories”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The known phenotype labels used to average features and assess correlation are correct.

    “when averaged according to known phenotypes and assessed across independent studies”
    “compare each RNA-based feature, averaged by phenotype, against known differentiation states”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The differentiation states and tumor-initiating properties of LP subsets remain incompletely understood.

    “However, the differentiation states and tumor-initiating properties of LP subsets remain incompletely understood.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Less mature cells maintain looser chromatin to permit wider sampling of the transcriptome, whereas more differentiated cells generally restrict chromatin accessibility and transcriptional diversity as they specialize.

    “It is based on the observation that less mature cells maintain looser chromatin to permit wider sampling of the transcriptome, whereas more differentiated cells generally restrict chromatin accessibility and transcriptional diversity as they specialize.”

    From Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals maturation trajectory in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in engineered tissues (2023) · cites this paper as [35]

    The Discussion describes nearly the same relationship between cell maturity, chromatin accessibility, and transcriptome sampling, but calls it a model consistent with the results rather than an established observation. The Results report decreasing chromatin accessibility and concordant gene counts during differentiation; they do not establish that looser chromatin permits wider sampling. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • CytoTRACE score was calculated from a set of 19,000 annotated genes to determine the differentiation status of cells.

    “CytoTRACE score was calculated from a set of 19,000 annotated genes to determine the differentiation status of cells.”

    From Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals maturation trajectory in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in engineered tissues (2023) · cites this paper as [35]

    The Results sections “RNA-based correlates of single-cell differentiation states” and “Development of CytoTRACE” support using CytoTRACE to infer differentiation status. But the approximately 19,000 items were candidate correlates screened—including gene sets—not a set of annotated genes used to calculate each CytoTRACE score. Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • CytoTRACE leverages gene counting and expression to reconstruct cell trajectories, enabling the prediction of relative differentiation states of single cells based on single-cell RNA expression data, without being constrained by specific time scales or the presence of continuous developmental processes in the data.

    “CytoTRACE leverages gene counting and expression to reconstruct cell trajectories, enabling the prediction of relative differentiation states of single cells based on single-cell RNA expression data, without being constrained by specific time scales or the presence of continuous developmental processes in the data [28].”
  • The number of expressed genes per cell can be considered a hallmark of the developmental potential of a cell.

    “Consequently, the number of expressed genes per cell can be considered a hallmark of the developmental potential of a cell.”
  • CytoTRACE has been used to predict the differentiation and developmental state of cells across tissues and species.

    “CytoTRACE has been used to predict the differentiation and developmental state of cells across tissues and species.35”

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. T. Hastie R. Tibshirani J. H. Friedman The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining Inference and Prediction (Springer ed. 2 2017).

Cited by

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Authors
Gulati, G. S., Sikandar, S. S., Wesche, D. J., Manjunath, A., Bharadwaj, A., Berger, M. J., Ilagan, F., Kuo, A. H., Hsieh, R. W., Cai, S., Zabala, M., Scheeren, F. A., Lobo, N. A., Qian, D., Yu, F. B., Dirbas, F. M., Clarke, M. F., & Newman, A. M.
Affiliations
  • Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (US)
  • Stanford University (US)
  • Westlake University (CN)
  • Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
  • Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco (US)
  • Stanford Cancer Institute (US)
  • Stanford Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Newman, Aaron M.
Venue
Science
Published
2020-01-24
Volume
367
Issue
6476
Pages
405-411
ISSN
  • 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1095-9203
OpenAlex
W3002770500
Cited by
1,571
References
144
Citations by year
2026: 360 · 2025: 386 · 2024: 346 · 2023: 224 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 1
FWCI
40.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Science (publishedVersion)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (DGE-1656518)
  • U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-11-1-0287, W81XWH-13-1-0281, W81XWH-12-1-0020)
  • National Cancer Institute (R00CA187192-03, 5R01CA100225-09, CA09302)
  • Stanford Bio-X Bowes Graduate Student Fellowship
  • Stanford Medical Science Training Program (5T32GM007365-38)
  • Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Fund for Cancer Research
  • Stinehart-Reed foundation
  • Stanford Bio-X Interdisciplinary Initiatives Seed Grants Program
  • Breast Cancer Research Foundation
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Keywords
single-cell RNA sequencing, transcriptional diversity, developmental potential, quiescent stem cells, breast tumorigenesis, cellular hierarchy
MeSH terms
RNA-Seq, Animals, Base Sequence, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Neoplasms, Transcription, Genetic, Genetic Variation, RNA, Small Cytoplasmic, Mice, Single-Cell Analysis

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