The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Macronutrients, Appetite, and Energy Intake
Abstract
Each of the macronutrients—carbohydrate, protein, and fat—has a unique set of properties that influences health, but all are a source of energy. The optimal balance of their contribution to the diet has been a long-standing matter of debate. Over the past half century, thinking has progressed regarding the mechanisms by which each macronutrient may contribute to energy balance. At the beginning of this period, metabolic signals that initiated eating events (i.e., determined eating frequency) were emphasized. This was followed by an orientation to gut endocrine signals that purportedly modulate the size of eating events (i.e., determined portion size). Most recently, research attention has been directed to the brain, where the reward signals elicited by the macronutrients are viewed as potentially problematic (e.g., contribute to disordered eating). At this point, the predictive power of the macronutrients for energy intake remains limited.
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The subjective effects of protein on fullness and hunger are accompanied by objective mechanisms, including decreased ghrelin and increased cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1.
“These subjective effects are accompanied by objective mechanisms, including decreased ghrelin, and increased cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) [95,96].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [96]
The “Endocrine Responses to Protein” section reports increased GLP-1 and CCK after a whey preload and reduced ghrelin with some protein sources. But it also says gut-peptide responses to protein are weak and inconsistent: other studies found no effect on CCK or ghrelin, and ghrelin increased with animal protein. The proposed hormone changes are therefore supported in particular conditions, not as a general mechanism accompanying protein’s effects on hunger and fullness. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Carreiro, A. L., Dhillon, J., Gordon, S., Higgins, K. A., Jacobs, A. G., McArthur, B. M., Redan, B. W., Rivera, R. L., Schmidt, L. R., & Mattes, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Venue
- Annual Review of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-07-17
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 73-103
- ISSN
- 0199-9885
- 1545-4312
- PMC
- PMC4960974
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 29
- Language
- en
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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