Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value?

Schoenbaum, Geoffrey; Takahashi, Yuji; Liu, Tzu‐Lan; McDannald, Michael A.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06210.x

Cited by 232Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value?

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Schoenbaum, Geoffrey, Takahashi, Yuji, Liu, Tzu‐Lan, McDannald, Michael A.·2011·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06210.xPMC PMC3530400

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Abstract

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been implicated in associative learning. Early work by Mishkin and Rolls showed that the OFC was critical for rapid changes in learned behavior, a role that was reflected in the encoding of associative information by orbitofrontal neurons. Over the years, new data—particularly neurophysiological data—have increasingly emphasized the OFC in signaling actual value. These signals have been reported to vary according to internal preferences and judgments and to even be completely independent of the sensory qualities of predictive cues, the actual rewards, and the responses required to obtain them. At the same time, increasingly sophisticated behavioral studies have shown that the OFC is often unnecessary for simple value‐based behavior and instead seems critical when information about specific outcomes must be used to guide behavior and learning. Here, we review these data and suggest a theory that potentially reconciles these two ideas, value versus specific outcomes, and bodies of work on the OFC.

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The vmPFC is monosynaptically connected with cortical structures associated with sensory hedonics and expectancies for specific rewards (orbitofrontal cortex), mentalizing and theory of mind (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex), and goal formation and maintenance (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontopolar cortex).
“It is also monosynaptically connected with cortical structures associated with sensory hedonics and expectancies for specific rewards [15] (OFC), mentalizing and theory of mind [9] (dmPFC), and goal formation and maintenance (dlPFC and frontopolar cortex).”
From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
Lesions of the MPFC-OFC system do not result in impairments in responding to cues that are predictive of food rewards, nor do they impair avoidance of a food that has been paired with illness or satiated.
“Lesions of this system do not result in impairments in responding to cues that are predictive of food rewards, nor do they impair avoidance of a food that has been paired with illness or satiated.”
From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
The MPFC-OFC system is critical for reinforcer devaluation, a test in which two cues (Pavlovian devaluation) or two actions (instrumental devaluation) are associated with two foods, one of which is subsequently devalued by satiation or pairing with illness.
“However, the system is critical for reinforcer devaluation, a test in which two cues (Pavlovian devaluation) or two actions (instrumental devaluation) are associated with two foods, one of which is subsequently devalued by satiation or pairing with illness.”
From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
The MPFC-OFC system is critical for representing the subjective value of the specific outcomes associated with certain cues or actions.
“A large literature on appetitive learning also suggests that the MPFC-OFC system is critical for representing the subjective value of the specific outcomes associated with certain cues or actions [15].”
From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
Converging effects in a number of related paradigms have led to the idea that the OFC-vmPFC system represents expectations about specific outcomes, which perhaps provides clues as to the roots of conceptual, prospective thought.
“Converging effects in a number of related paradigms has led to the idea that the OFC-vmPFC system represents expectations about specific outcomes [15,20], which perhaps provides clues as to the roots of conceptual, prospective thought.”
From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [15]

Lateral OFC appears to be important for the assignment of value to specific cues, whereas vmPFC is more important for the action value of those items, whether behavioral, emotional, or visceromotor.
“Lateral OFC appears to be important for the assignment of value to specific cues [15,44], whereas vmPFC is more important for the action value of those items [45], whether behavioral, 'emotional,' or visceromotor.”
From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
OFC/MPFC lesions abolish the abrupt decrease in Pavlovian or instrumental responses associated with the now-devalued food typically observed in normal animals.
“OFC/MPFC lesions abolish the abrupt decrease in Pavlovian or instrumental responses associated with the now-devalued food typically observed in normal animals.”
From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
A meaning-centered account of vmPFC function aligns with recent views of the orbital-medial prefrontal system as supporting goal-directed or model-based learning, outcome expectancies, retrieval of fear-inhibitory memories, and generation of subjective value and emotion from conceptual information.
“A ‘meaning-centered’ view of vmPFC function is closely aligned with recent views of the orbital-medial prefrontal system as involved in ‘goal-directed’ or ‘model-based’ learning [43], representing expectancies about specific outcomes [15], retrieving fear inhibitory memories [74], or the generation of subjective value and emotion based on conceptual information [19].”
From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
Structural studies support the role of the vmPFC in representing subjective value/preferences based on current information about contingencies rather than stored preferences.
“Structural studies also support the role of the vmPFC in representing subjective value/preferences based on current information about contingencies rather than stored preferences (Schoenbaum et al., 2011).”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Schoenbaum et al., 2011
The vmPFC combines information about current context, goals, motivational states and learning history to provide an integrated representation of the expected value(s) of actions, stimuli and outcomes.
“The vmPFC combines information about one’s current context, goals, motivational states and learning history to provide an integrated representation of the expected (subjective, affective) value(s) of actions, stimuli and outcomes (Schoenbaum et al., 2011; Roy et al., 2012; Ochsner and Gross, 2014; Rudebeck and Murray 2014).”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Schoenbaum et al., 2011

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Lara, A. H., Kennerley, S. W., & Wallis, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4637-08.2009 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Single-Cell and Population Coding of Expected Reward Probability in the Orbitofrontal Cortex of the Rat
van Duuren, E., Plasse, G., Lankelma, J. V., Joosten, R. N. J. M. A., Feenstra, M. G. P., & Pennartz, C. M. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0005-09.2009 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Acquisition of Instrumental Conditioned Reinforcement is Resistant to the Devaluation of the Unconditioned Stimulus
Parkinson, J. A., Roberts, A., Everitt, B. J., & Ciano, P. D. (2005) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B · doi:10.1080/02724990444000023 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Dynamic Changes in Representations of Preceding and Upcoming Reward in Monkey Orbitofrontal Cortex
Simmons, J. M., & Richmond, B. J. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm034 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Neural coding of reward magnitude in the orbitofrontal cortex of the rat during a five-odor olfactory discrimination taskPreprint
van Duuren, E., Nieto-Escámez, F. A., Joosten, R. N. J. M. A., Visser, R., Mulder, A. B., & Pennartz, C. M. A. (2007) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.546207 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Rat Orbitofrontal Cortex Separately Encodes Response and Outcome Information during Performance of Goal-Directed Behavior
Furuyashiki, T., Holland, P. C., & Gallagher, M. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0319-08.2008 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Long‐ and short‐range reward expectancy in the primate orbitofrontal cortex
Hikosaka, K., & Watanabe, M. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03120.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Population Coding of Reward Magnitude in the Orbitofrontal Cortex of the Rat
van Duuren, E., Lankelma, J. V., & Pennartz, C. M. A. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5549-07.2008 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Differential involvement of the basolateral amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens core in the acquisition and use of reward expectancies.
Ramirez, D. R., & Savage, L. M. (2007) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.5.896 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Representations of odors in the rat orbitofrontal cortex change during and after learning.
Alvarez, P., & Eichenbaum, H. (2002) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.116.3.421 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Conditioned reinforcement can be mediated by either outcome-specific or general affective representations
Burke, K. A. (2007) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.07.002.2007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Nucleus accumbens core and shell are necessary for reinforcer devaluation effects on pavlovian conditioned responding
Singh, T. (2010) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2010.00126 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Neural substrates of olfactory discrimination learning with auditory secondary reinforcement. I. Contributions of the basolateral amygdaloid complex and orbitofrontal cortex
Cousens, G. A., & Otto, T. (2003) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/bf02688858 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Combining CSs associated with the same or different USs.
Watt, A. A., & Honey, R. C. (1997) · PubMed · doi:10.1080/713932659 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

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Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective
Grupe, D. W., & Nitschke, J. B. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3524 · Cited by 2,007 · see citing works
Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control
Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
Functional imaging studies of emotion regulation: a synthetic review and evolving model of the cognitive control of emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Silvers, J. A., & Buhle, J. T. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06751.x · Cited by 1,879 · see citing works
The root of all value: a neural common currency for choice
Levy, D. J., & Glimcher, P. W. (2012) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2012.06.001 · Cited by 1,342 · see citing works
The Psychology and Neuroscience of Curiosity
Kidd, C., & Hayden, B. Y. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.010 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning
Roy, M., Shohamy, D., & Wager, T. D. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.005 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Virtual Reality for Enhanced Ecological Validity and Experimental Control in the Clinical, Affective and Social Neurosciences
Parsons, T. D. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00660 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence
Ahmed, S. P., Bittencourt-Hewitt, A., & Sebastian, C. L. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.07.006 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Human orbitofrontal cortex represents a cognitive map of state space
Schuck, N. W., Cai, M. B., Wilson, R. C., & Niv, Y. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.019 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework
Braunstein, L. M., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx096 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
“…about one’s current context, goals, motivational states and learning history to provide an integrated representation of the expected (subjective, affective) value(s) of actions, stimuli and outcomes (Schoenbaum et al., 2011; Roy et al., 2012; Ochsner and Gross, 2014; Rudebeck and Murray 2014).”
Background
What the orbitofrontal cortex does not do
Stalnaker, T. A., Cooch, N. K., & Schoenbaum, G. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3982 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Self-citation
The anticipation and outcome phases of reward and loss processing: A neuroimaging meta‐analysis of the monetary incentive delay task
Oldham, S., Murawski, C., Fornito, A., Youssef, G. J., Yücel, M., & Lorenzetti, V. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24184 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
The Orbitofrontal Oracle: Cortical Mechanisms for the Prediction and Evaluation of Specific Behavioral Outcomes
Rudebeck, P. H., & Murray, E. A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.049 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
A Dedicated Population for Reward Coding in the Hippocampus
Gauthier, J. L., & Tank, D. W. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.008 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Decoding subjective decisions from orbitofrontal cortex
Rich, E. L., & Wallis, J. D. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4320 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Empathic concern drives costly altruism
FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., Evans, D., & Mobbs, D. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.043 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal Cortex Supports Behavior and Learning Using Inferred But Not Cached Values
Jones, J. L., Esber, G. R., McDannald, M. A., Gruber, A. J., Hernández, A., Mirenzi, A., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1227489 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Self-citation
Orbitofrontal Cortex Uses Distinct Codes for Different Choice Attributes in Decisions Motivated by Curiosity
Blanchard, T. C., Hayden, B. Y., & Bromberg-Martin, E. S. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.050 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Habits without values.
Miller, K. J., Shenhav, A., & Ludvig, E. A. (2019) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000120 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Impulsive Aggression
Blair, R. J. R. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0088 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Reinforcement learning models and their neural correlates: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis
Chase, H. W., Kumar, P., Eickhoff, S. B., & Dombrovski, A. Y. (2015) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-015-0338-7 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Neural correlates of mindfulness meditation-related anxiety relief
Zeidan, F., Martucci, K. T., Kraft, R. A., McHaffie, J. G., & Coghill, R. C. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst041 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Decision Making: The Neuroethological Turn
Pearson, J. M., Watson, K. K., & Platt, M. L. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.037 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
No consolidation without representation: Correspondence between neural and psychological representations in recent and remote memory
Gilboa, A., & Moscovitch, M. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.025 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Reward-based training of recurrent neural networks for cognitive and value-based tasks
Song, H., Yang, G. R., & Wang, X. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.21492 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Contrasting effects of medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex lesions on credit assignment and decision-making in humans
Noonan, M. P., Chau, B. K. H., Rushworth, M. F. S., & Fellows, L. K. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0692-17.2017 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Altered neural reward and loss processing and prediction error signalling in depression
Ubl, B., Kuehner, C., Kirsch, P., Ruttorf, M., Diener, C., & Flor, H. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu158 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The Enactive Approach to Architectural Experience: A Neurophysiological Perspective on Embodiment, Motivation, and Affordances
Jelić, A., Tieri, G., Matteis, F. D., Babiloni, F., & Vecchiato, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00481 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Is there a neuroanatomical basis of the vulnerability to suicidal behavior? A coordinate-based meta-analysis of structural and functional MRI studies
van Heeringen, K., Bijttebier, S., Desmyter, S., Vervaet, M., & Baeken, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00824 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Topographical Information-Based High-Order Functional Connectivity and Its Application in Abnormality Detection for Mild Cognitive Impairment
Zhang, H., Chen, X., Shi, F., Li, G., Kim, M., Giannakopoulos, P., Haller, S., & Shen, D. G. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160092 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Neuro-cognitive system dysfunction and symptom sets: A review of fMRI studies in youth with conduct problems
Blair, J., Veroude, K., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.022 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The whole prefrontal cortex is premotor cortex
Fine, J. M., & Hayden, B. Y. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0524 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The contributions of resting state and task-based functional connectivity studies to our understanding of adolescent brain network maturation
Stevens, M. C. G. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.027 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Increased grey matter associated with long-Term Sahaja yoga meditation: a voxel-based morphometry study
Hernández, S. E., Suero, J., Barros, A., González-Mora, J. L., & Rubia, K. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150757 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Pavlovian valuation systems in learning and decision making
Clark, J. J., Hollon, N. G., & Phillips, P. E. M. (2012) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2012.06.004 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Social Signals in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex
Watson, K. K., & Platt, M. L. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.016 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Neural and behavioral mechanisms of proactive and reactive inhibitionPreprint
Meyer, H. C., & Bucci, D. J. (2016) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.040501.115 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Regionally Distinct Processing of Rewards and Punishments by the Primate Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Monosov, I. E., & Hikosaka, O. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
fMRI neurofeedback of amygdala response to aversive stimuli enhances prefrontal–limbic brain connectivity
Paret, C., Ruf, M., Gerchen, M. F., Kluetsch, R., Demirakca, T., Jungkunz, M., Bertsch, K., Schmahl, C., & Ende, G. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.027 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Revaluing the Role of vmPFC in the Acquisition of Pavlovian Threat Conditioning in Humans
Battaglia, S., Garofalo, S., di Pellegrino, G., & Starita, F. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0304-20.2020 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in alcohol use, abuse, and dependence
Moorman, D. E. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.010 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
PET imaging reveals brain functional changes in internet gaming disorder
Tian, M., Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., Du, F., Hou, H., Chao, F., & Zhang, H. (2014) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2708-8 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Classifying the wandering mind: Revealing the affective content of thoughts during task-free rest periods
Tusche, A., Smallwood, J., Bernhardt, B. C., & Singer, T. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.076 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Memories within Value-Based Schemas and Represents Contexts That Guide Memory Retrieval
Farovik, A., Place, R., McKenzie, S., Porter, B. S., Munro, C. E., & Eichenbaum, H. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0134-15.2015 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The Road Not Taken: Neural Correlates of Decision Making in Orbitofrontal Cortex
Steiner, A. P., & Redish, A. D. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00131 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Differential Effects of Amygdala, Orbital Prefrontal Cortex, and Prelimbic Cortex Lesions on Goal-Directed Behavior in Rhesus Macaques
Rhodes, S. E. V., & Murray, E. A. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4374-12.2013 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal neurons signal sensory associations underlying model-based inference in a sensory preconditioning task
Sadacca, B. F., Wied, H. M., Lopatina, N., Saini, G. K., Nemirovsky, D., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.30373 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citation
Lesions of Ventrolateral Prefrontal or Anterior Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates Heighten Negative Emotion
Agustín‐Pavón, C., Braesicke, K., Shiba, Y., Santangelo, A. M., Mikheenko, Y., Cockroft, G., Asma, F., Clarke, H. F., Man, M., & Roberts, A. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.007 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The neural bases of uninstructed negative emotion modulation
Silvers, J. A., Wager, T. D., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu016 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Heterogeneity of Structural Brain Changes in Subtypes of Schizophrenia Revealed Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pattern Analysis
Zhang, T., Koutsouleris, N., Meisenzahl, E. M., & Davatzikos, C. A. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu136 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Defining the place of habit in substance use disorders
Vandaele, Y., & Janak, P. H. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.029 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Neural correlates of dueling affective reactions to win–win choices
Shenhav, A., & Buckner, R. L. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1405725111 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Transfer of Learning Relates to Intrinsic Connectivity between Hippocampus, Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex, and Large-Scale Networks
Gerraty, R. T., Davidow, J. Y., Wimmer, G. E., Kahn, I., & Daphna Shohamy, A. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0185-14.2014 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The Neuroscience of Emotion Regulation
Silvers, J. A., Buhle, J. T., & Ochsner, K. N. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988709.013.0004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cortical plasticity in episodic and chronic cluster headache
Naegel, S., Holle, D., Desmarattes, N., Theysohn, N., Diener, H., Katsarava, Z., & Obermann, M. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.10.003 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics of brain activation during 40 minutes of pleasant touch
Sailer, U., Triscoli, C., Häggblad, G., Hamilton, J. P., Olausson, H., & Croy, I. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.031 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Role of the Amygdala-Striatal Pathway in the Acquisition and Performance of Goal-Directed Instrumental Actions
Corbit, L. H., Leung, B. K., & Balleine, B. W. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3271-13.2013 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Beyond the Medial Regions of Prefrontal Cortex in the Regulation of Fear and Anxiety
Shiba, Y., Santangelo, A. M., & Roberts, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2016.00012 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Ventromedial frontal lobe damage disrupts the accuracy, but not the speed, of value-based preference judgments
Henri‐Bhargava, A., Simioni, A. C., & Fellows, L. K. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.006 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Imbalanced Activity in the Orbitofrontal Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens Impairs Behavioral Inhibition
Meyer, H. C., & Bucci, D. J. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.034 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Frequency-dependent functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens during continuous transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in major depressive disorder
Wang, Z., Fang, J., Liu, J. H., Rong, P., Jorgenson, K., Park, J., Lang, C., Yang, H., Zhu, B., & Kong, J. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.12.018 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Recent insights into the neurobiology of impulsivity
Mitchell, M. R., & Potenza, M. N. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0037-4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rat Orbitofrontal Ensemble Activity Contains Multiplexed but Dissociable Representations of Value and Task Structure in an Odor Sequence Task
Zhou, J., Gardner, M., Stalnaker, T. A., Ramus, S. J., Wikenheiser, A. M., Niv, Y., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.048 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation
Value representations in the rodent orbitofrontal cortex drive learning, not choice
Miller, K. J., Botvinick, M., & Brody, C. D. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.64575 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Striatal Low-Threshold Spiking Interneurons Regulate Goal-Directed Learning
Holly, E. N., Davatolhagh, M. F., Choi, K., Alabi, O. O., Cifuentes, L. V., & Fuccillo, M. V. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.016 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Conjoint and dissociated structural and functional abnormalities in first-episode drug-naive patients with major depressive disorder: a multimodal meta-analysis
Wang, W., Zhao, Y., Hu, X., Huang, X., Kuang, W., Lui, S., Kemp, G. J., & Gong, Q. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08944-5 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal neurons acquire responses to ‘valueless’ Pavlovian cues during unblocking
McDannald, M. A., Esber, G. R., Wegener, M. A., Wied, H. M., Liu, T., Stalnaker, T. A., Jones, J. L., Trageser, J. C., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2014) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.02653 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
Medial-lateral Organization of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Rich, E. L., & Wallis, J. D. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00573 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Human ventromedial prefrontal lesions alter incentivisation by reward
Manohar, S. G., & Husain, M. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.01.005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Human ventromedial prefrontal cortex is necessary for prosocial motivation
Lockwood, P. L., Cutler, J., Drew, D., Abdurahman, A., Jeyaretna, D. S., Apps, M. A. J., Masud Husain, B., & Manohar, S. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01899-4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Parallel inputs from the mediodorsal thalamus to the prefrontal cortex in the rat
Alcaraz, F., Marchand, A. R., Courtand, G., Coutureau, É., & Wolff, M. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13316 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation alters neural response and physiological autonomic tone to noxious thermal challenge
Lerman, I. R., Davis, B. A., Huang, M., Huang, C. W., Sorkin, L. S., Proudfoot, J. A., Zhong, E., Kimball, D. F., Rao, R., Simon, B. J., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201212 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A State Representation for Reinforcement Learning and Decision-Making in the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Schuck, N. W., Wilson, R., & Niv, Y. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812098-9.00012-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Neurophysiology of Reward-Guided Behavior: Correlates Related to Predictions, Value, Motivation, Errors, Attention, and Action
Bissonette, G. B., & Roesch, M. R. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_382 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Emotion-based learning systems and the development of morality
Blair, J. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.03.013 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Neural processing of reward in adolescent rodents
Simon, N. W., & Moghaddam, B. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.11.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Relative Valuation of Pain in Human Orbitofrontal Cortex
Winston, J. S., Vlaev, I., Seymour, B., Nick Chater, A., & Dolan, R. J. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1706-14.2014 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The medial orbitofrontal cortex encodes a general unsigned value signal during anticipation of both appetitive and aversive events
Météreau, É., & Dreher, J. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.08.012 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Affective value and associative processing share a cortical substrate
Shenhav, A., Barrett, L. F., & Bar, M. (2012) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-012-0128-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Beauty and ugliness in the bodies and faces of others: An fMRI study of person esthetic judgement
Martín‐Loeches, M., Hernandez-Tamames, J. A., Martín, A., & Urrutia, M. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.040 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Reward Circuit Dysfunction in Psychiatric Illness
Pujara, M. S., & Koenigs, M. R. (2013) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858413499407 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
An Avoidance-Based Rodent Model of Exposure With Response Prevention Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Rodríguez-Romaguera, J., Greenberg, B. D., Rasmussen, S. A., & Quirk, G. J. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Responding to preconditioned cues is devaluation sensitive and requires orbitofrontal cortex during cue-cue learning
Hart, E. E., Sharpe, M. J., Gardner, M., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.59998 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neural processing of food and emotional stimuli in adolescent and adult anorexia nervosa patients
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Prefrontal Regulation of Neuronal Activity in the Ventral Tegmental Area
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Preface
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Is the core function of orbitofrontal cortex to signal values or make predictions?Preprint
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Self-citation
Orbitofrontal Cortex Supports Behavior and Learning Using Inferred But Not Cached Values
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Self-citation
Taking stock of value in the orbitofrontal cortex
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Behavioral read out of population value signals in primate orbitofrontal cortexPreprint
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Authors: Schoenbaum, G., Takahashi, Y., Liu, T., & McDannald, M. A.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
National Taiwan University (TW)
Corresponding author: Schoenbaum, Geoffrey
ORCID: Schoenbaum, Geoffrey
Takahashi, Yuji
McDannald, Michael A.
Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-12
Volume: 1239
Issue: 1
Pages: 87-99
ISSN: 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
1749-6632
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06210.x
PMC: PMC3530400
OpenAlex: W2129586271
Cited by: 232
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 1.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 5 d)
Locations: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (Z99 DA999999)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA015718, ZIADA000587)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: orbitofrontal cortex, associative learning, reward prediction, predictive cues, decision-making
MeSH terms: Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain Mapping, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Learning, Models, Psychological, Neurons, Physiology, Comparative, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reversal Learning, Social Behavior, Social Values

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