The DOI matches its Crossref record; 208 of the 210 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 242 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing
Open accessAbstract
Background In this Position Statement, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the literature pertinent to nutritional considerations for training and racing in single-stage ultra-marathon. Recommendations for Training. i) Ultra-marathon runners should aim to meet the caloric demands of training by following an individualized and periodized strategy, comprising a varied, food-first approach; ii) Athletes should plan and implement their nutrition strategy with sufficient time to permit adaptations that enhance fat oxidative capacity; iii) The evidence overwhelmingly supports the inclusion of a moderate-to-high carbohydrate diet (i.e., ~ 60% of energy intake, 5–8 g·kg− 1·d− 1) to mitigate the negative effects of chronic, training-induced glycogen depletion; iv) Limiting carbohydrate intake before selected low-intensity sessions, and/or moderating daily carbohydrate intake, may enhance mitochondrial function and fat oxidative capacity. Nevertheless, this approach may compromise performance during high-intensity efforts; v) Protein intakes of ~ 1.6 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are necessary to maintain lean mass and support recovery from training, but amounts up to 2.5 g.kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted during demanding training when calorie requirements are greater; Recommendations for Racing. vi) To attenuate caloric deficits, runners should aim to consume 150–400 Kcal·h− 1 (carbohydrate, 30–50 g·h− 1; protein, 5–10 g·h− 1) from a variety of calorie-dense foods. Consideration must be given to food palatability, individual tolerance, and the increased preference for savory foods in longer races; vii) Fluid volumes of 450–750 mL·h− 1 (~ 150–250 mL every 20 min) are recommended during racing. To minimize the likelihood of hyponatraemia, electrolytes (mainly sodium) may be needed in concentrations greater than that provided by most commercial products (i.e., > 575 mg·L− 1 sodium). Fluid and electrolyte requirements will be elevated when running in hot and/or humid conditions; viii) Evidence supports progressive gut-training and/or low-FODMAP diets (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol) to alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal distress during racing; ix) The evidence in support of ketogenic diets and/or ketone esters to improve ultra-marathon performance is lacking, with further research warranted; x) Evidence supports the strategic use of caffeine to sustain performance in the latter stages of racing, particularly when sleep deprivation may compromise athlete safety.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This ISSN Position Stand reviews nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing and provides evidence-graded recommendations. It emphasizes periodized carbohydrate intake, adequate protein, individualized hydration/electrolyte strategies, GI-distress management, and limited support for ketogenic/ketone/MCT/vitamin supplements except caffeine.
Key findings
- For training, the paper recommends a moderate-to-high carbohydrate diet (~60% of energy intake, 5–8 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹), protein intakes of ~1.6 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹, with up to 2.5 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ during demanding training; strategic carbohydrate moderation may enhance fat oxidation but caution is advised against chronic glycogen depletion.
- For racing, runners should aim to consume 150–400 Kcal·h⁻¹ (carbohydrate 30–50 g·h⁻¹; protein 5–10 g·h⁻¹), fluid volumes of 450–750 mL·h⁻¹ (~150–250 mL every 20 min), and sodium concentrations greater than most commercial products (>575 mg·L⁻¹; 500–700 mg·L⁻¹ suggested).
- GI distress is common: a conservative estimate is 30–50% of ultra-marathon athletes, with values of 70–80% reported; in a 100-mile race cohort (n=272), 96% experienced GI symptoms and 44% reported GI issues negatively impacted performance.
- Evidence for ketogenic diets, ketone esters, MCTs, vitamins/minerals, and L-glutamine is limited or insufficient for ultra-marathon performance; caffeine is supported for later race stages, and NSAIDs are discouraged.
Methods
- Position Stand/objective critical review; articles searched via PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar using combinations of terms including extreme-endurance, hydration, marathon, nutrition, pathophysiology, physiology, supplements, ultra-marathon, and ultra-endurance, with manual reference-list searching.
- All relevant published studies were included irrespective of methodological concerns (e.g., low sample sizes, short durations, lack of randomization/control, biases), and evidence statements were graded using an adapted NHLBI system with a fourth case-report level.
- Focus was single-stage ultra-marathon events up to and including 152 miles (245 km), with recommendations based on empirical studies, field data, and estimated energy/macronutrient requirements.
Limitations
- Stated: data informing recommendations are incomplete, particularly relative to other sports, due to relatively low participant numbers, athlete reluctance to volunteer for invasive/time-consuming testing, and remote/extreme race locations that limit complex or invasive data collection.
- Stated: included studies had methodological concerns such as low sample sizes, short study durations, lack of randomization, lack of control measures, and other biases; many recommendations are category B/C/D, and further research is warranted for ketogenic diets, ketone esters, MCTs, vitamins, L-glutamine, and probiotics.
- Evident: this is a Position Stand rather than a systematic review with meta-analysis, and several recommendations extrapolate from non-ultra-marathon endurance contexts or from small surveys/example food tables (e.g., Table 4 based on n=12).
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Claims the paper makes
195 Not checked yet · 49 Own interpretation · 14 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Runners should also be mindful that protein needs may be higher in older adults [67, 68].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [67] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) suggests that older adults may need more protein per meal or after resistance exercise to maximize muscle protein synthesis. It also says that older adults do not appear to need more total daily protein to achieve nitrogen balance, so it does not establish a general increase in protein needs, including for runners. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [68] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Moreover, this strategy is considered the most appropriate method of minimizing the risk of hypo- or hyper-hydration during ultra-marathon [16].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] source
The hydration discussion says drinking to thirst is considered by many authorities the optimal strategy for proper hydration during endurance running and that it generally supports adequate hydration during ultramarathons. The Hydration–Practical Recommendations section advises drinking to thirst when fluids are available. Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In addition, strategies that could mitigate the likelihood of LPS release into the blood and, thus, endotoxin-associated symptoms, include limiting the consumption of saturated fat [138], avoiding the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [139], and maintaining an adequate water intake [139].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [139] Guy JH, 2018, Sports (Basel) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (3.6) reports blood glucose and lipid measurements, and the Discussion (section 4) addresses hydration in relation to body-composition measurements. Neither addresses whether avoiding NSAIDs reduces LPS entering the blood or endotoxin-associated symptoms (searched: NSAIDs, LPS, endotoxin, and intestinal permeability). (LLM, conf=0.73)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Caffeine is widely consumed as part of a normal diet, and there is clear evidence-for-efficacy regarding its ergogenic properties in a variety of sports [150–152], although the extent of the ergogenic effect is largely dependent on inter-individual genetic variance [153].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [150] source
The Conclusion states that caffeine is ergogenic for sport performance and effective across various types of performance, while noting that effects depend on the athlete and exercise conditions. It identifies benefits for endurance, time trials, and prolonged high-intensity team sports, supporting the claim about efficacy in a variety of sports. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked yetcites [151] source
- Supportedcites [152] Grgic J, Grgic I, Pickering C, Schoenfeld BJ, Bishop DJ, Pedisic Z. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses. Br J Sports Med. 2019. source
The Conclusions (page not provided) state that caffeine may enhance performance across a broad range of exercise tasks. They report moderate-quality evidence for benefits in muscle endurance, muscle strength, anaerobic power and aerobic endurance, supporting the claim about ergogenic effects across varied sports activities. (LLM, conf=0.90)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, differences among athletes with respect to training duration, pace, and body mass, will lead to a range of caloric requirements (for both males and females) from ~ 38–63 Kcal·kg− 1 d− 1.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Unequivocally, post-exercise urine output decreases as the drink sodium concentration increases”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Nose H, 1988, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Greater fluid volumes up to 200% body mass loss may only lead to greater post-exercise hydration when consumed with higher concentrations of sodium (61 mmol·L− 1; 1403 mg·L− 1) [80]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Shirreffs et al. [80] and Mitchell et al. [81], who reported that a low-sodium drink consumed at a volume of 150% of exercise-induced body mass loss resulted in enhanced hydration relative to an identical concentration consumed at 100% body mass loss.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Over longer training distances (marathon), high-level runners exhibited a body weight loss of 0.3 and 1.7%, in cool and warm conditions, respectively, even when consuming fluid at a rate of 1 L·h− 1 [78].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Cheuvront SN, 2007, Sports Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There are also daily fluctuations in total body water, estimated by Cheuvront et al. to have an upper-limit of ±1% of body weight (i.e., 0.6–0.9 kg in an adult of 60–90 kg) [86].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 64
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The sodium content of commercial sports drinks (~20–25 mmol·L− 1; 460–575 mg·L− 1) is lower than that typically lost in sweat [83, 84] and should, therefore, be considered a conservative target.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“average plasma osmolality was found to be similar between groups of low-volume (1.2 L·d− 1) and high-volume (2–4 L·d− 1) drinkers [8]; it is possible, therefore, to attain euhydration with a range of fluid intakes.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over the half-marathon distance (13.1 miles), mean sweat losses of ~1.4 L were observed in male runners and, when offset against fluid ingestion during exercise, resulted in net fluid losses of ~ 0.3 L [77].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Pereira ER, 2017, J Sports Med Phys Fitness source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Only an estimated 20% of endurance runners monitor their hydration status [90].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 213 runners contesting one-of-three race distances (44, 67, or 112 km; Ultra Mallorca Serra de Tramuntana; Spain), mean energy intake was 183 Kcal·h− 1, with no discernible difference among race distances [95].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, finishers of a 100-mile (161 km) race had a significantly greater protein intake relative to non-finishers (131.2 ± 79.0 versus 43.0 ± 56.7 g) and, when expressed as a relative ratio per hour, race finishers consumed twice the quantity (0.08 versus 0.04 g·kg− 1·h− 1) [15].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Laboratory data demonstrate that respiratory exchange ratio (RER) gradually decreases until the 8th hour of a 24 h treadmill run, and plateaus thereafter, reflecting a reduced rate of energy derived from CHO; moreover, this is congruent with a diminished running velocity [99].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Throughout a 100-mile race, finishers consumed a total of 98.1 ± 53.0 g of fat, which was approximately 5-fold greater than that of non-finishers (19.4 ± 21.1 g); moreover, when normalized for body mass and running velocity, this equated to a rate of fat ingestion that was three times greater in finishers (0.06 ± 0.03 versus 0.02 ± 0.02 g·kg− 1·h− 1 [15]).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The urine color chart is the most common means of estimating hydration status in runners [90].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As muscle glycogen diminishes, there is a compensatory increase in fat oxidation, with rates of 0.2–0.5 g·min− 1 typically observed during endurance exercise [100]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, consider that a 50 kg athlete undertaking a 50 mile (80 km) race at 8.0 km·h− 1 (~ 10 h) will expend ~ 3460 Kcal. For the same event contested at the same pace, a 70 kg athlete would expend ~ 4845 Kcal (an approximate Kcal range of 346–484 Kcal·h− 1).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, a 50 kg athlete undertaking a 100 mile (161 km) ultra-marathon at an average pace of 6.5 km·h− 1 may expend ~ 6922 Kcal in ~ 25 h, whereas at the same pace, a 70 kg athlete would likely expend ~ 9891 Kcal (range of 277–395 Kcal·h− 1).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the condition is rare, and individual susceptibility plays a role in prevalence, the earliest reported cases were observed in ultra-marathon runners and Ironman triathletes [9] (i.e., during ultra-endurance exercise), and the athletes most commonly developing symptomatic hyponatremia typically participate in distance running events of > 26.2 miles (> 42.2 km) [126].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“From a metabolic perspective, ultra-marathon racing places a heavy dependence on oxidative metabolism to utilize glycogen and fat stores efficiently; moreover, with increasing race distance, there is a substantial increase in the use of free fatty acids as fuel [25].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Conversely, exercising while chronically glycogen-depleted increases circulating stress hormones (e.g., cortisol), and causes disturbances in several indices of immune function (e.g., circulating leukocytes) [6] thereby increasing susceptibility to overtraining.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Gleeson M, 1998, Int J Sport Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As such, athletes are cautioned against training in a chronically depleted state (especially during intensive training periods, or when repeated days of prolonged training are scheduled) as this may lead to low energy availability and, ultimately, relative energy deficiency (RED-S [46];).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Specifically, creatine kinase concentrations of 274 ± 71 U·L− 1 were observed post-marathon, relative to 2983 ± 1716 U·L− 1 following a 100 km race, and 4970 ± 2222 U·L− 1 after a 308 km race [58].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, available data support the contention that while ketogenic approaches may enhance fuel utilization to favor fat oxidation, the ability to perform at higher intensities may be compromised, or even reduced, due to downregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase [54], leading to reduced oxygen economy [55].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Based on nitrogen-balance methodology, protein intakes of > 1.6 g·kg− 1·d− 1 have been recommended for endurance athletes who have high training demands [35].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exercising while glycogen-depleted increases circulating cortisol and causes disturbances in several indices of immune function (including plasma glutamine and circulating leukocytes) [6], and post-exercise immune dysfunction is most pronounced following prolonged, continuous exercise (> 1.5 h) performed without food [47].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Downhill running (on mountainous or undulating paths) is associated with greater peak flexion angles relative to level or uphill running; this exaggerates the eccentric component of impact-loading, thereby increasing muscle damage [56].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pre-exercise CHO intake also facilitates the uptake of blood glucose into muscle, and suppresses hepatic (liver) glycogenolysis [37], which may increase the potential risk of hypoglycaemia during the early period of a training session in susceptible individuals [38]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These data suggest that race distance and/or duration mediate muscle damage more than race intensity, although duration is not the sole determinant of muscle damage during ultra-marathon [60].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unless strategically targeting a ketogenic approach, fat intakes ranging from 1.0–1.5 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are likely sufficient, although heavier/faster individuals may need fat intakes close to 2.0 g·kg− 1·d− 1 to support caloric needs.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With respect to total energy intake, a macronutrient distribution of 60% CHO, 15% protein, and 25% fat is typically recommended to support repeated bouts of endurance training [32].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, caution is advised against training chronically glycogen depleted, particularly during periods of repeated high-intensity exercise or prior to racing.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, for athletes with greater caloric requirements, relative protein intakes up to 2.5 g·kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“For runners with greater training mileage and/or pace, carbohydrate intakes ranging from 7 to 10 g kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted, pending the athlete’s metabolic flexibility (i.e., their individual capacity to readily switch between fat or CHO oxidation at high absolute work-loads [34])”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“chronic dehydration can influence health outcomes, with several authors noting dehydration-mediated changes in vasopressin, and markers of metabolic dysfunction or disease [8].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Protein intakes of ~ 1.6–2.1 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are sufficient to optimally simulate muscle protein synthesis, which will likely support recovery from training.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“overuse of fluids that contain insufficient concentrations of electrolytes (e.g., water or hypotonic sports drinks) may cause overhydration, decreased electrolyte concentrations, an increased risk of dilutional hyponatremia, and/or failure of the renal system [89] in extreme cases.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it is reasonable to suggest that drinking-to-thirst is appropriate for responding to daily hydration needs.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The actual fluid intake necessary to attain euhydration on a day-to-day basis will vary with renal and extrarenal water losses [85]; moreover, the absolute daily fluid intake (from food and drink) will vary widely among individuals.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A 20 g bolus of whey protein appears sufficient to maximize fractional synthetic rate after resistance exercise [66], with up to 30 g appropriate for larger athletes (>85 kg).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, amounts exceeding 2.1 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are unlikely to have additive effects on muscle protein synthesis, although the protein contribution to energy metabolism (and other structural/functional processes) may be greater in ultra-marathon runners engaged in very high-mileage training. This may, in turn, necessitate slightly higher intakes [64].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Cintineo HP, 2018, Front Nutr source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The mechanistic link between glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle and liver, and a subsequent early-onset fatigue during prolonged exercise was made in the 1960s [98].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Bergstrom J, 1966, Nature source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Simultaneously, at least 460 mg·L− 1 of sodium should be ingested, either in food or as a supplement.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, foods with a greater fat content (see Table 4) often contain more sodium, which may help mitigate the risk of exercise-associated hyponatraemia.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worthy of consideration is that a CHO target of 90 g·h− 1 would necessitate a race diet almost exclusively comprising CHO (360 Kcal·h− 1) which is typically unsustainable given the greater preference for fat and salt that manifest in longer races.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, it is plausible that protein ingested during an ultra-marathon would mitigate the ill-effects of muscle damage and/or positively influence energy metabolism.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although current literature advocates CHO ingestion rates up to ~ 90 g·h− 1 for events > 120 min, particularly when using ‘multiple transportable carbohydrates’ containing glucose and fructose [104]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Moreover, this rate of ingestion may lead to nutrient malabsorption and GI distress [105].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A nuance of the longer distance event is that the lower average work rate permits a faster rate of gastric emptying, which tends to be compromised only at exercise intensities > 70% maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) [93].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Venn diagram proposed by Cheuvront and Sawka [91] is a more sophisticated tool (appropriate for healthy, active, low-risk populations) which estimates hydration status by combining measures of nude body mass, thirst perception, and urine color.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] Cheuvront SN, Sawka MN: Hydration assessment of athletes. [https://www.gssiweb.org/sports-science-exchange/article/sse-97-hydration-assessment-of-athletes].
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to negatively impacting endurance performance, the reduction in plasma glucose concentration that follows glycogen depletion is associated with acute cognitive decline; this, in turn, can compromise athlete safety on ultra-marathon courses of technical terrain or those requiring navigation.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Foods with a greater fat content are advantageous during racing in terms of caloric provision per unit of weight, and this is pertinent for minimizing pack weight when running self-sufficient.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The result is a diminished exercise capacity [118], and an increased risk of heat illness and rhabdomyolysis [118].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is feasible that the role of BCAAs in offsetting central fatigue may be further pronounced during the extreme-distance ultra-marathons, the conditions of which are rarely replicated, and difficult to perform reliably, in a laboratory environment.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Insufficient fluid replacement, therefore, results in a net loss of body water, the main consequence of which is dehydration-induced cardiovascular drift; i.e., a reduction in plasma volume and a necessary increase in heart rate to maintain cardiac output [117].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Coyle EF, 1998, Int J Sports Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Modest symptoms include headache, fatigue, and nausea, but can result in seizures and death in severe cases [9].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Hew-Butler T, Loi V, Pani A, Rosner M. Exercise-associated hyponatremia: 2017 update. Frontiers in Medicine. 2017;4(21):1. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the aforementioned studies, runners tended to exhibit a penchant for savory food (i.e., flavoursome, non-sweet, and containing greater relative amounts of fat and salt) in the latter stages of ultra-marathon, thereby supporting the notion that changes in food preference may reflect nutrient inadequacies resulting from long-duration activity.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dehydration may also diminish cognitive performance [11, 118] and increase perceived exertion [119].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In order to reduce the risk of hyponatremia during long-duration exercise, runners should consume sodium in concentrations of 500–700 mg·L− 1 of fluid [118].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“with the hypothesis that increasing the circulating concentrations of BCAAs might mitigate 5-HT accumulation, attenuate the seretonin:dopamine ratio [110], and potentially offset central fatigue.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over-hydration, and the consequent dilution of plasma sodium, can have severe adverse effects on health (see Exercise-associated hyponatraemia), and there are case-reports of water intoxication in runners who aggressively rehydrate [124].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] Siegel AJ, 2015, Am J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Prolonged exercise increases the synthesis and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) in the brain, which is associated with lethargy, drowsiness, and reduced motivation [108].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Meeusen R, 2007, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, the equivocal findings may result from the co-ingestion of protein and CHO, and/or differences in the exercise modality used between studies.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slightly greater amounts of sodium (and other electrolytes) will be required in hot (e.g., > 25 °C / 77 °F) and/or humid (e.g., > 60%) conditions when sweat rates are elevated; in such conditions, runners should target ~ 300–600 mg·h− 1 of sodium (1000–2000 mg of NaCl).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calorie deficits during racing are expected but can be minimized by consuming 150–400 Kcal·h− 1, pending differences in body mass, race distance/pace, and individual gut tolerance.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calories should be consumed from a combination of protein (5–10 g·h− 1), CHO (30–50 g·h− 1), and fat; however, foods with greater fat content may be preferred in longer races.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, the available data suggest that there are broad individual intakes among ultra-marathon runners, but that successful runners tend to meet the lower-limits of recommended values.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If consumed in fluid, sodium concentrations greater than ~ 1000 mg·L− 1 (50 mmol·L− 1) should be avoided as this may reduce drink palatability [127].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] Baker LB, 2014, Compr Physiol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Sodium is the major ion of the extracellular fluid and contributes to the generation of action potentials for muscle contraction, but it also has an important role in fluid retention [118].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The inclusion of dietary prebiotic nutrients (e.g., fructooligosaccharides, inulin, pectin) may also play an important role in short-chain fatty acid production, which may support epithelial integrity (for review, see [149]).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [149] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although many ultra-marathon runners rarely rely solely on sports drinks for energy and/or CHO intake during racing, use of solutions with multiple transportable carbohydrates may be an effective short-term strategy to limit the likelihood of non-completion due to energy under-consumption.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The use of ‘multiple transportable carbohydrate’ solutions (i.e., those containing glucose, fructose, and/or maltodextrin) has been shown in trained individuals to increase overall intestinal absorption, facilitate increased total CHO oxidation rates, and limit the degree of gut discomfort typically observed with single CHO solutions (e.g., fructose) [104, 140].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While ultra-marathon training may elicit progressive behavioral changes (e.g., greater confidence in trialing personalized nutrition strategies) and physiological adaptations (e.g., increased intestinal tight-junction integrity and enhanced immunological response to endotoxin release [135]), targeted nutrition strategies may confer a degree of individual benefit.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Brock-Utne JG, 1988, S Afr Med J
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nausea was cited as the most common symptom likely to affect race strategy (reported in 60% of athletes) [130], perhaps due to the subsequent impact on the ability to ingest food and fluid.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] source
plaincorrelationaln = 272- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Symptoms pertaining to exercise-associated GI distress are highly individualized and may be related to predisposition, intestinal microbiome activity (based on bacterial quantity and species diversity), and feeding tolerance [137].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This supports the notion that high rates of CHO ingestion, although being beneficial for race completion, might actually exacerbate symptoms of GI distress.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there are no specific guidelines pertaining to caffeine intake during prolonged ultra-marathon, repeat doses of 50 mg·h− 1 are likely to be well-tolerated, principally reserved for night-running when circadian rhythms are likely to be affected.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Symptoms of upper-GI distress, particularly nausea, are commonly reported during ultra-marathons, are a cause of non-completion, and are more prevalent in longer races.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, in a report on the supplement habits of 20 ultra-marathon runners, 30% of respondents reported taking multivitamins, and 20% reported taking vitamin C before races [169], although consumption rates as high as ~ 70% have been reported in small cohorts [170].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Singh A, 1993, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within 60 min of ingestion, a 500 mg·kg− 1 ketone ester increased beta-hydroxybutyrate (D-βHB) concentrations to levels associated with nutritional ketosis (~ 3 mmol·L− 1), and increased intramuscular fat oxidation even in the presence of replete glycogen stores or when co-ingested with CHO [50, 164].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has been proposed elsewhere that L-glutamine supplementation may be associated with heat-shock factor-1 (HSF-1) expression, providing a mechanistic link to GI integrity via regulation of occludin tight-junction proteins [178].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [178] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, the dose response is not linear (i.e., larger caffeine doses do not necessarily confer greater performance), and moderate rates of ingestion are likely sufficient to optimize ergogenic gains [159].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Caffeine works via two potential mechanisms: firstly, there is a centrally-mediated ergogenic effect, whereby caffeine blocks adenosine receptors in the brain and inhibits the binding of adenosine, resulting in improved cognitive function and concentration; secondly, caffeine potentiates intramuscular calcium release, thereby facilitating excitation-contraction coupling to increase muscle contract”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, in a report on the supplement habits of 20 ultra-marathon runners, 30% of respondents reported taking multivitamins, and 20% reported taking vitamin C before races [169], although consumption rates as high as ~ 70% have been reported in small cohorts [170].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Knechtle B, 2008, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“L-glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body, with an essential role in lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production [175].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [175] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Notwithstanding, NSAID use can cause serious adverse effects on cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and renal systems, all of which might be exacerbated by ultra-marathon running (for review, see [179]).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [179] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, there is evidence that up to 15% of legal supplements are inadvertently or deliberately contaminated with illegal drugs, which remain in the system for several hours following consumption, and that would result in a positive test for banned substances [196, 197].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is an increased risk of GI-injury with NSAID use, and this may be exacerbated in long-distance runners (contesting marathon and ultra-marathon) who already exhibit a greater incidence of GI-bleeding [189–191].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Frequent prophylactic use of NSAIDs is also associated with increased risk of renal side-effects [192, 193], and concern has been expressed about a possible causative role of NSAIDs on exercise-induced hyponatremia [194].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [194] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prevalence of NSAID use among ultra-marathon runners is as high as 60%, with 70% of runners using NSAIDs during racing [180, 181].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Ultra-marathon runners are often reluctant to compromise their race preparation and/or recovery to volunteer for data-collection, particularly when invasive, time-consuming testing protocols are used.
“Moreover, runners are often reluctant to compromise their race preparation and/or recovery to volunteer for data-collection, particularly when invasive, time-consuming testing protocols are used.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ultra-marathons are often contested in remote locations and environmental extremes which do not lend themselves to complex or invasive data-collection protocols.
“Secondly, ultra-marathons are often contested in remote locations and environmental extremes which do not lend themselves to complex or invasive data-collection protocols, especially when requiring equipment that is difficult to transport.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Training on challenging, variable, and uneven terrain, and in extremes of temperature and/or altitude, will notably increase the caloric and CHO requirements.
“Training on challenging, variable, and uneven terrain, and in extremes of temperature and/or altitude, will notably increase the caloric and CHO requirements.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The train-low strategy has been scarcely studied in relation to ultra-marathon training.
“The above-mentioned strategy has been scarcely studied in relation to ultra-marathon training and should, therefore, be practiced tentatively.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Keto-adaptation may take several weeks or months.
“While debate exists, keto-adaptation may take several weeks or months, indicating that sustained tolerance to high-fat intake may be necessary in order that the individual acquire the full benefits.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ketogenic diets are associated with acute negative symptoms, including fatigue, headaches, poor concentration, lethargy, GI discomfort, nausea, and weight loss.
“Notwithstanding the available research which indicates a degree of benefit, ketogenic diets have been associated with acute negative symptoms, including: fatigue, headaches, poor concentration, lethargy, GI discomfort, nausea, and weight loss.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As training volume and/or intensity increase, relatively greater amounts of dietary CHO are required to fuel performance and minimize the risk of injury.
“As training volume and/or intensity increase (e.g., an increase in running mileage or a transition to interval training), relatively greater amounts of dietary CHO will be required to fuel performance and minimize the risk of injury.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Satisfying metabolic demand for protein is a prerequisite for both recovery and general health.
“Satisfying metabolic demand for protein is, therefore, a prerequisite for both recovery and general health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The substantial training distances of ultra-marathon are associated with high levels of mechanical stress.
“The substantial training distances of ultra-marathon are associated with high levels of mechanical stress.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No existing studies have evaluated the efficacy of L-leucine specifically for ultra-marathon runners.
“Although there are no existing studies on the efficacy of L-leucine specifically for ultra-marathon runners”
The paper relies on this without support.
The absolute carbohydrate requirements for ultra-marathon racing are unclear.
“Nevertheless, the absolute CHO requirements for ultra-marathon racing are unclear.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Anecdotal evidence indicates that effervescent electrolyte tablets and liquid electrolytes added to water can compromise drink palatability, particularly during long races or those contested in the heat, thereby resulting in reduced fluid consumption.
“Indeed, there is anecdotal evidence that effervescent (dissolvable) electrolyte tablets, and liquid electrolytes added to water, can compromise drink palatability, particularly during long races or those contested in the heat, thereby resulting in reduced fluid consumption.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It is unlikely that the recommended rate of sodium intake will be achieved from foods alone.
“although it should be noted that it is unlikely that the recommended rate of sodium intake will be achieved from foods alone.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The concentrations of some electrolytes (e.g., sodium) in many commercially-available electrolyte replacement products are insufficient to meet the recommended intakes.
“In addition, the concentrations of some electrolytes (e.g., sodium) in many commercially-available electrolyte replacement products are insufficient to meet the recommended intakes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It is possible to consume adequate amounts of both fluid and sodium during prolonged exercise, with sufficient practice.
“Such poor practice must be challenged, since it is possible to consume adequate amounts of both fluid and sodium during prolonged exercise, with sufficient practice.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nutritional strategies practiced in training well in advance of racing allow sufficient time for GI adaptations that optimize CHO absorption and mitigate GI distress.
“Nutritional strategies should be practiced in training, well in advance of racing, to allow sufficient time for GI adaptations that optimize CHO absorption, and mitigate GI distress.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Eating regardless of nausea can give the most relief from symptoms when nausea is caused by hypoglycemia.
“Although counterintuitive, there may be some instances when eating regardless of nausea will give the most relief from such symptoms, especially when nausea is caused by hypoglycemia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caffeine overconsumption has ergolytic and/or dangerous effects.
“Finally, given the ergolytic and/or dangerous effects of caffeine overconsumption, athletes are advised to double-check their doses, ensure their intakes are congruent with the empirical data and safety guidelines, and give special consideration to the method of delivery (fluid vs. tablets vs. gum).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The importance of afferent pain signals to indicate potential tissue damage cannot be underestimated.
“the importance of afferent pain signals to indicate potential tissue damage cannot be underestimated.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“During training and competition, fiber intake may be reduced to avoid potential GI issues including gas and distension [141].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [141]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
“| Homemade oat bars with syrup (90 g) – no added salt | 340 | 45 | 5 | 20 | 250 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
“Na+ = foods providing relatively greater amounts of sodium (> 250 mg).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
“a range of caloric requirements (for both males and females) from ~ 38–63 Kcal·kg− 1 d− 1.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
“| Energy Intake (Kcal·kg−1·d−1) | 40.1 | 54.5 | 34.9 | 49.4 | 39.3 | 53.7 | 34.8 | 49.3 |”
Citations
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2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: A Second Update of Codes and MET Values
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Singh, R. K., Chang, H.-W., Yan, D., Lee, K. M., Ucmak, D., Wong, K., Abrouk, M., Farahnik, B., Nakamura, M., Zhu, T. H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y · Cited by 2,599
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“Daily caloric requirements are influenced by numerous factors, including: basal/resting metabolic rate [27], daily activity [28], specific training requirements, body composition, and thermogenesis that results from food digestion.”
BackgroundACSM Position Stand: Exercise and Fluid Replacement
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Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications
Davani-Davari, D., Negahdaripour, M., Karimzadeh, I., Seifan, M., Mohkam, M., Masoumi, S. J., Berenjian, A., & Ghasemi, Y. (2019) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods8030092 · Cited by 1,848 · cited 1×
“, fructooligosaccharides, inulin, pectin) may also play an important role in short-chain fatty acid production, which may support epithelial integrity (for review, see [149]).”
BackgroundExercise and Fluid Replacement
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597 · Cited by 1,497
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Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation
Cruzat, V., Macedo Rogero, M., Noel Keane, K., Curi, R., & Newsholme, P. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111564 · Cited by 1,261 · cited 2×
“In catabolic and hypercatabolic situations, L-glutamine can be essential to help maintain normal metabolic function and is, therefore, included in clinical nutritional supplementation protocols and recommended for immune-suppressed individuals [175].”
Background
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- Blennerhassett C, 2018, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 17, 1
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- Son HJ, 2015, Biol Sport, 32, 357
- Negro M, 2008, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 48, 347
- Robertson GL, 1976, Recent Prog Horm Res, 33, 333
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mohr, A. E., Jäger, R., Carpenter, K. C., Kerksick, C. M., Purpura, M., Townsend, J. R., West, N. P., Black, K., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00353-w · Cited by 378
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Potential Long-Term Health Problems Associated with Ultra-Endurance Running: A Narrative Review
Scheer, V., Tiller, N. B., Doutreleau, S., Khodaee, M., Knechtle, B., Pasternak, A. V., & Rojas‐Valverde, D. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01561-3 · Cited by 134
“The primary nutritional challenge in UER is the ability to meet daily caloric requirements [206].”
Self-citationDo Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport?
Tiller, N. B., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Knechtle, B., Wilson, P. B., Roberts, J., & Millet, G. Y. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2 · Cited by 126
“Thus, the ability to better mobilize and oxidize lipids during ultra-endurance exercise would be considered advantageous and should be a focus of the periodized ultra-endurance training program [12].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tiller, N. B., Roberts, J. D., Beasley, L., Chapman, S., Pinto, J. M., Smith, L., Wiffin, M., Russell, M., Sparks, S. A., Duckworth, L., O’Hara, J., Sutton, L., Antonio, J., Willoughby, D. S., Tarpey, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Ormsbee, M. J., Astorino, T. A., Kreider, R. B., McGinnis, G. R., Stout, J. R., Smith, J. W., Arent, S. M., Campbell, B. I., & Bannock, L.
- Affiliations
- The Lundquist Institute (US)
- Anglia Ruskin University (GB)
- Leeds Trinity University (GB)
- Edge Hill University (GB)
- Leeds Beckett University (GB)
- Carnegie School of SportLeeds Beckett University Leeds UK
- College of Health Care SciencesNova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL USA
- Baylor University (US)
- East Carolina University (US)
- Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
- Florida State University (US)
- California State University, San Marcos (US)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- University of Central Florida (US)
- Mississippi State University (US)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- University of South Florida (US)
- Institute of Performance Nutrition London UK
- Corresponding author
- Tiller, Nicholas B.
- Roberts, Justin D.
- ORCID
- Tiller, Nicholas B.
- Roberts, Justin D.
- Chapman, Shaun
- Pinto, Jorge M.
- Smith, Lee
- Russell, Mark
- Sparks, S. Andy
- Duckworth, Lauren
- Willoughby, Darryn S.
- Tarpey, Michael D.
- Ormsbee, Michael J.
- Astorino, Todd A.
- Kreider, Richard B.
- McGinnis, Graham R.
- Stout, Jeffrey R.
- Smith, JohnEric W.
- Arent, Shawn M.
- Campbell, Bill I.
- Bannock, Laurent
- Venue
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-01-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-50
- ISSN
- 1550-2783 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6839090
- OpenAlex
- W2981258550
- Semantic Scholar
- ae1113d60790ac0a9f3d6c927ef6d97a7669a06f
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 210
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Leeds Beckett Repository (Leeds Beckett University) (acceptedVersion)
- Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University) (acceptedVersion)
- SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Keywords
- ultramarathon, carbohydrate intake, mitochondrial function, protein intake, caloric deficit, hyponatremia, low FODMAP diet, gastrointestinal distress, ketogenic diet, ketone esters, training periodization, lean body mass
- MeSH terms
- Energy Intake, Competitive Behavior, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Nutritional Requirements, Physical Endurance, Running, Societies, Athletic Performance, Athletes, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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