The DOI matches its Crossref record; 208 of the 210 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 242 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing
Open accessAbstract
Background In this Position Statement, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the literature pertinent to nutritional considerations for training and racing in single-stage ultra-marathon. Recommendations for Training. i) Ultra-marathon runners should aim to meet the caloric demands of training by following an individualized and periodized strategy, comprising a varied, food-first approach; ii) Athletes should plan and implement their nutrition strategy with sufficient time to permit adaptations that enhance fat oxidative capacity; iii) The evidence overwhelmingly supports the inclusion of a moderate-to-high carbohydrate diet (i.e., ~ 60% of energy intake, 5–8 g·kg− 1·d− 1) to mitigate the negative effects of chronic, training-induced glycogen depletion; iv) Limiting carbohydrate intake before selected low-intensity sessions, and/or moderating daily carbohydrate intake, may enhance mitochondrial function and fat oxidative capacity. Nevertheless, this approach may compromise performance during high-intensity efforts; v) Protein intakes of ~ 1.6 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are necessary to maintain lean mass and support recovery from training, but amounts up to 2.5 g.kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted during demanding training when calorie requirements are greater; Recommendations for Racing. vi) To attenuate caloric deficits, runners should aim to consume 150–400 Kcal·h− 1 (carbohydrate, 30–50 g·h− 1; protein, 5–10 g·h− 1) from a variety of calorie-dense foods. Consideration must be given to food palatability, individual tolerance, and the increased preference for savory foods in longer races; vii) Fluid volumes of 450–750 mL·h− 1 (~ 150–250 mL every 20 min) are recommended during racing. To minimize the likelihood of hyponatraemia, electrolytes (mainly sodium) may be needed in concentrations greater than that provided by most commercial products (i.e., > 575 mg·L− 1 sodium). Fluid and electrolyte requirements will be elevated when running in hot and/or humid conditions; viii) Evidence supports progressive gut-training and/or low-FODMAP diets (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol) to alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal distress during racing; ix) The evidence in support of ketogenic diets and/or ketone esters to improve ultra-marathon performance is lacking, with further research warranted; x) Evidence supports the strategic use of caffeine to sustain performance in the latter stages of racing, particularly when sleep deprivation may compromise athlete safety.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This ISSN Position Stand reviews nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing and provides evidence-graded recommendations. It emphasizes periodized carbohydrate intake, adequate protein, individualized hydration/electrolyte strategies, GI-distress management, and limited support for ketogenic/ketone/MCT/vitamin supplements except caffeine.
Key findings
- For training, the paper recommends a moderate-to-high carbohydrate diet (~60% of energy intake, 5–8 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹), protein intakes of ~1.6 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹, with up to 2.5 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ during demanding training; strategic carbohydrate moderation may enhance fat oxidation but caution is advised against chronic glycogen depletion.
- For racing, runners should aim to consume 150–400 Kcal·h⁻¹ (carbohydrate 30–50 g·h⁻¹; protein 5–10 g·h⁻¹), fluid volumes of 450–750 mL·h⁻¹ (~150–250 mL every 20 min), and sodium concentrations greater than most commercial products (>575 mg·L⁻¹; 500–700 mg·L⁻¹ suggested).
- GI distress is common: a conservative estimate is 30–50% of ultra-marathon athletes, with values of 70–80% reported; in a 100-mile race cohort (n=272), 96% experienced GI symptoms and 44% reported GI issues negatively impacted performance.
- Evidence for ketogenic diets, ketone esters, MCTs, vitamins/minerals, and L-glutamine is limited or insufficient for ultra-marathon performance; caffeine is supported for later race stages, and NSAIDs are discouraged.
Methods
- Position Stand/objective critical review; articles searched via PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar using combinations of terms including extreme-endurance, hydration, marathon, nutrition, pathophysiology, physiology, supplements, ultra-marathon, and ultra-endurance, with manual reference-list searching.
- All relevant published studies were included irrespective of methodological concerns (e.g., low sample sizes, short durations, lack of randomization/control, biases), and evidence statements were graded using an adapted NHLBI system with a fourth case-report level.
- Focus was single-stage ultra-marathon events up to and including 152 miles (245 km), with recommendations based on empirical studies, field data, and estimated energy/macronutrient requirements.
Limitations
- Stated: data informing recommendations are incomplete, particularly relative to other sports, due to relatively low participant numbers, athlete reluctance to volunteer for invasive/time-consuming testing, and remote/extreme race locations that limit complex or invasive data collection.
- Stated: included studies had methodological concerns such as low sample sizes, short study durations, lack of randomization, lack of control measures, and other biases; many recommendations are category B/C/D, and further research is warranted for ketogenic diets, ketone esters, MCTs, vitamins, L-glutamine, and probiotics.
- Evident: this is a Position Stand rather than a systematic review with meta-analysis, and several recommendations extrapolate from non-ultra-marathon endurance contexts or from small surveys/example food tables (e.g., Table 4 based on n=12).
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199 Not checked yet · 49 Own interpretation · 14 No basis given
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In the paper
“However, differences among athletes with respect to training duration, pace, and body mass, will lead to a range of caloric requirements (for both males and females) from ~ 38–63 Kcal·kg− 1 d− 1.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Unequivocally, post-exercise urine output decreases as the drink sodium concentration increases”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Nose H, 1988, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
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In the paper
“Greater fluid volumes up to 200% body mass loss may only lead to greater post-exercise hydration when consumed with higher concentrations of sodium (61 mmol·L− 1; 1403 mg·L− 1) [80]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Shirreffs et al. [80] and Mitchell et al. [81], who reported that a low-sodium drink consumed at a volume of 150% of exercise-induced body mass loss resulted in enhanced hydration relative to an identical concentration consumed at 100% body mass loss.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Over longer training distances (marathon), high-level runners exhibited a body weight loss of 0.3 and 1.7%, in cool and warm conditions, respectively, even when consuming fluid at a rate of 1 L·h− 1 [78].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Cheuvront SN, 2007, Sports Med source
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In the paper
“There are also daily fluctuations in total body water, estimated by Cheuvront et al. to have an upper-limit of ±1% of body weight (i.e., 0.6–0.9 kg in an adult of 60–90 kg) [86].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, abstaining from fluid resulted in an average dehydration of 3.3 and 5.3%, respectively [78].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Cheuvront SN, 2007, Sports Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, elite Kenyan endurance runners have been shown to exhibit a euhydrated state when consuming fluid ad-libitum [87].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Field studies indicate that successful completion of ultra-marathon is generally associated with greater energy and fluid intake [14, 15], even when accounting for variations in performance time [15].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
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In the paper
“Moreover, elite runners contesting a series of sixteen 100 mile (161 km) ultra-marathons, reported average energy intakes of 333 ± 105 Kcal·h− 1 [96].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] source
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In the paper
“Similar values are reported in elite runners (71 ± 20 g·h− 1) during single-stage races [96].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In longer races (100 miles, 161 km), similar rates of CHO ingestion may be typical for slower finishers (31 ± 9 g·h− 1 [103];), both of which were lower than faster finishers (44 ± 33 g·h− 1)”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and higher values of 1.0–1.5 g·min− 1 reported in a single subject after 6 h of running [101, 102].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There are reports that amateur runners contesting races of up to 70 miles (112 km) ingested CHO at a mean rate of 30 g·h− 1 [95].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When expressed relative to body-mass, finishers consumed nearly double the amount of CHO than non-finishers (0.98 ± 0.43 versus 0.56 ± 0.32 g·kg− 1·h− 1).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“with race finishers consuming a significantly greater number of hourly calories when compared to non-finishers (4.6 ± 1.7 versus 2.5 ± 1.3 Kcal·kg− 1·h− 1).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By contrast, in longer races (100 mile, 161 km), caloric intakes of < 200 Kcal·h− 1 tended to result in race non-completion [15]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Over the same distance, others report greater CHO intakes of 65.8 ± 27.0 g·h− 1 (range: 36–102 g·h− 1 [15];) compared to 41.5 ± 23.2 g·h− 1 for non-finishers (range: 13.8–83.8 g·h− 1).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, athletes showed reduced effort perceptions when BCAAs were supplemented during submaximal cycle exercise performed in a glycogen-depleted state [111].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Blomstrand E, 1997, Acta Physiol Scand source
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In the paper
“Mean fluid ingestion rates of ~ 0.5 L·h− 1 have been observed during a road ultra-marathon of 62 miles (100 km), with a broad range in the total volumes consumed (3.3–11.1 L) [123].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, finishers tend to consume fluid at a greater rate than non-finishers [92].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Slightly higher ingestion rates of ~ 0.75 L·h− 1 have been reported in races of 100 miles (161 km [92]).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In long-distance ultra-marathons, the most common hydration plan is drinking according to an individualized schedule [122].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] source
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In the paper
“Protein co-ingested with CHO during 6 h of running and cycling improved net protein balance to a greater extent than the ingestion of CHO alone [106].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are several reports of runners complaining of the unpalatability of sweet foods, particularly energy gels and sports drinks, both in the heat [114] and in ultra-marathons > 60 miles contested in thermoneutral environments [115, 116].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, when trained cyclists undertook several hours of exercise in the heat to exacerbate the central component of fatigue, BCAA supplementation prolonged time to exhaustion [112].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By contrast, when ultra-marathon runners were supplemented with 52.5 g of amino acids or a placebo prior to, and during, a 62-mile (100 km) race, there were no significant differences in markers of muscle damage or overall performance [107].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Knechtle B, 2011, J Int Soc Sports Nutr source
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In the paper
“Secondly, in addition to meeting the requirements of glycogen resynthesis, optimal recovery is dependent on endurance athletes meeting their daily protein requirements [7]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
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In the paper
“For example, poorly-managed ultra-marathon hydration and electrolyte strategies can result in exercise-associated hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mmol·L− 1), which is a potentially fatal complication of long-distance racing [9].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Hew-Butler T, Loi V, Pani A, Rosner M. Exercise-associated hyponatremia: 2017 update. Frontiers in Medicine. 2017;4(21):1. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, while race completion has been positively correlated with energy and fluid intake [14, 15]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Background
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Firstly, moderating carbohydrate (CHO) intake and aligning it with the flux in training volume and intensity may optimize endurance adaptations via the mediation of adenosine-5′-phosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase (AMPK) cell-signalling pathways [5].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data informing our recommendations are incomplete, particularly relative to other sports, for several reasons.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Evidence statements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Ultra-marathon runners are often reluctant to compromise their race preparation and/or recovery to volunteer for data-collection, particularly when invasive, time-consuming testing protocols are used.
- Rests on an assumption: Ultra-marathons are often contested in remote locations and environmental extremes which do not lend themselves to complex or invasive data-collection protocols.
In the paper
“In a group of ultra-marathon runners performing 3 h of submaximal treadmill running, a prior ketogenic diet resulted in fat oxidation rates of ~ 1.2 g·min− 1 which were significantly higher than that observed in subjects who had followed a high CHO diet (~ 0.75 g·min− 1) [48].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When expressed relative to body mass, ultra-marathon runners undertaking frequent bouts of intense training (e.g., 2–3 h·d− 1, 5–6 times per week) typically need ~ 5–8 g·kg− 1·d− 1 of CHO (for review, see [33]).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Carbohydrate pre-fuelling (within 90 min of session commencing), particularly with high-glycaemic foods, should be avoided due to a CHO-mediated insulin secretion from pancreatic ß-cells which supresses adipose tissue lipolysis [36]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, muscle damage resulting from a single bout of downhill running can result in a shortened stride-length in subsequent efforts [61]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The notion of train-low, compete-high is based on insights from cellular biology suggesting that careful manipulation of glycogen via dietary CHO restriction can serve as a regulator of metabolic cell-signalling, which can optimize substrate efficiency and endurance adaptations [5].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The foremost nutritional challenge facing the ultra-marathon runner is meeting the daily caloric demands necessary to optimize recovery and permit prolonged and repeated training sessions [24].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Nikolaidis PT, 2018, Nutrients source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the use of ketogenic diets to facilitate a rapid metabolic shift towards greater fat oxidation, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of such diets in ultra-marathon training, and further research is warranted.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Periodically training with low muscle glycogen is associated with the activation of signalling pathways, including AMPK, which play a crucial role in mitochondrial biogenesis.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Modified ketogenic diets (70% of energy intake from fat) are also reported to increase fat metabolism [48]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is reinforced by empirical data showing that whole-blood markers of muscle breakdown (e.g., creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and serum creatine phosphokinase) were higher following ultra-marathons when compared to marathons run at a relatively faster pace [58, 59].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Son HJ, 2015, Biol Sport
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the calories consumed by some ultra-endurance athletes is reported to be between 36 and 53% of their racing energy expenditure [13, 15–17].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Background
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“given that liver glycogen stores are reduced by as much as 80% following an overnight fast [42]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current evidence supports the contention that a macronutrient distribution of 60% CHO (7–10 g·kg− 1·d− 1), 15% protein (1.3–2.1 g·kg− 1·d− 1), and 25% fat (1.0–1.5 g·kg− 1·d− 1) is necessary to support repeated bouts of endurance training.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite positive anecdotal reports from ultra-marathon runners, there is insufficient literature to support the notion that sustained ketogenic diets are beneficial for performance”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, nitrogen balance can remain below baseline for several days following unaccustomed exercise [57].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Phillips SM, 2004, Nutrition source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“corroborated by independent reports suggesting that the energy cost of running ranges from 200 to 300 kJ·km− 1 (47–71 Kcal·km− 1) [30, 31].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Prolonged or strenuous exercise, particularly that to which the individual is unaccustomed, can result in muscle damage attributed to metabolic overload and/or mechanical strain [56].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Contemporary guidelines for athletes engaged in chronic endurance training suggest dietary protein in the amount of 1.2–2.1 g·kg− 1·d− 1 in order to support positive nitrogen balance and metabolic requirements [42, 63].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Strategically moderating CHO intake can facilitate metabolic adaptations associated with enhanced endurance performance.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, a strict ketogenic diet may not be necessary to promote fat oxidation in ultra-marathon runners.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A further consideration is that high-intensity performance will likely be compromised by low glycogen availability, due to a relative inability to sustain a high work rate [45].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Chronic training with lowered (but not depleted) glycogen stores can result in adaptations that, following glycogen resynthesis, increase total work and time to exhaustion during exercise [43].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the available data indicate that slow consumption (i.e., over several hours) will maximize the effectiveness of a rehydration strategy.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During chronic training, protein ingested before sleep appears to be an effective strategy to increase muscle protein synthesis overnight (for review, see [70]).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Snijders T, 2019, Front Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, a fluid volume greater than that lost in training is necessary to fully restore water balance.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intakes of up to 2.5 g·kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted during demanding training periods (when caloric requirements may be substantially greater), or when CHO/caloric intake is insufficient.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, the thirst sensation may only be appropriate in instances of acute dehydration.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Therefore, the primary utility of BCAAs may be in muscle recovery and immune regulation during periods of hard training and racing [72, 73], particularly when consumed in the post-absorptive state [74].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“there are reports that a 3–6 g daily dose of L-leucine might be beneficial for those engaged in strenuous endurance and/or resistance training [75]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, even in a hypohydrated state, the obligatory excretion of metabolic waste products allows for continued fluid losses [80].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Current evidence indicates that protein intakes of less than 1.6 g·kg− 1·d− 1 may result in a negative nitrogen balance in endurance athletes who have high training demands [35].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“As these data indicate, plain water is not likely sufficient to restore fluid balance following training due to the consequent decrease in plasma sodium concentration and osmolality [82] causing diuresis.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Nose H, 1988, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“chronic training significantly attenuates the absolute rate of BCAA oxidation during exercise [71]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] McKenzie S, 2000, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When recovery time is short, or the extent of fluid loss is great, thirst-driven fluid intake is not adequate to restore water balance [79].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sodium intake should, therefore, ideally equal the concentration of sodium lost in sweat.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A typical training session for the ultra-marathon runner appears sufficient to cause substantial dehydration.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“L-leucine (5g) consumed with a small amount of whey protein (6g) may be as effective at stimulating muscle protein synthesis as a 25 g bolus of whey protein, although the latter may be more practical [76].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the literature suggests that L-leucine may support the upregulation of muscle protein synthesis, influencing mRNA translation and the mTOR cell-signalling pathway [75]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An intermediate protein feeding strategy of ~20 g every 3 waking hours may provide an optimal strategy to stimulate muscle protein synthesis for ultra-marathon runners.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“An acute bout of prolonged exercise increases the rate of BCAA oxidation in skeletal muscle [71]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] McKenzie S, 2000, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“With respect to timing, an intermediate protein feeding strategy (~20 g every 3 waking hours) is more effective at stimulating muscle protein synthesis than pulse-feeding (~10 g every 1.5 h), or bolus-feeding (~40 g every 6 h) [69].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“There are individuals with relatively high plasma osmolality thresholds for thirst [88], which can lead to chronic deviations from a euhydrated state.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Robertson GL, 1976, Recent Prog Horm Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Runners should also be mindful that protein needs may be higher in older adults [67, 68].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Higher protein amounts are also required when CHO and/or caloric intakes are low or insufficient [65].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“With increasing race distance, a greater proportion of calories from exogenous fat may be critical for success [95].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there is still a risk of glycogen depletion during ultra-marathon if work rate is too high, or if nutrition is poorly managed.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Consequently, relative to shorter races contested at a higher intensity, ultra-marathon runners can usually accommodate greater energy intake and more calorie-dense foods to the level of individual tolerance [94].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Eden BD, 1994, Int J Sport Nutr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“such high rates of ingestion may be unrealistic for longer ultra-marathon races (> 6 h).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The prolonged durations and slower relative running speeds that characterize ultra-marathon appear, therefore, to permit increased rates of fat oxidation for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) re-synthesis [100].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is certainly a lower rate of CHO utilization during ultra-marathon relative to marathon.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gastrointestinal distress and a lack of appetite in non-finishers may explain their lower overall intake.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When offset against the energy intakes observed in a typical ultra-marathon, runners are likely to exhibit a net calorie loss [92].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the durations typical of ultra-marathon, it is not feasible to meet caloric demands in their entirety.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater caloric intakes may, therefore, be necessary for longer races to enable performance.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Worthy of note is that extremes of both temperature and altitude will increase the absolute rate of CHO oxidation during exercise [102]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Jeukendrup AE, 2003, Biochem Soc Trans source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“These values are similar to the estimated energy expenditures of 200–300 kJ·km− 1 (47.8–71.7 Kcal·km− 1) reported elsewhere [31].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, CHO availability for racing can be maximized by adhering to a contemporary loading strategy (i.e., ~10 g·kg− 1·d− 1) in the 48 h leading into the event [42, 44], with care taken to avoid GI distress.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“General day-to-day hydration can, in most instances, be achieved by following a drink-to-thirst (ad libitum) strategy.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Protein is likely an important component for prolonged endurance exercise because of the substantial proteolysis and muscle damage that can manifest before the conclusion of a race.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After key training sessions, ingesting a fluid volume greater than that lost (150%) is necessary to restore water balance.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, these data suggest that successful completion of ultra-marathon likely requires a higher degree of tolerance to both CHO and fat intake (either as solids or fluids).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, given that most athletes choose to consume electrolyte formulas by ingesting fluids, drinking-to-thirst may result in the under-consumption of sodium and other vital electrolytes.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, this strategy is considered the most appropriate method of minimizing the risk of hypo- or hyper-hydration during ultra-marathon [16].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As race duration increases, runners tend to favor savory foods, likely reflecting energy and electrolyte insufficiencies.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data indicate that the aversion to simple CHO is not exclusively dependent on ambient conditions but is also influenced by race distance and/or duration.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, tastes and food preferences will likely change throughout the course of the race [113].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there are data to suggest that although sodium ingestion may help attenuate the likelihood of developing EAH, sodium intake is not sufficient for this purpose when simultaneous with excessive fluid ingestion [89].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although dehydration can result from running in cold conditions due to a blunting of the thirst response, dehydration is more of a risk during races in hot and/or humid conditions when sweat rates are increased [120].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Critically, tryptophan (the 5-HT precursor) competes with BCAAs to cross the blood-brain barrier [109]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Newsholme EA, 2006, J Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there are data to suggest that although sodium ingestion may help attenuate the likelihood of developing EAH, sodium intake is not sufficient for this purpose when simultaneous with excessive fluid ingestion [89].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As a result, runners sometimes adopt a low-volume drinking plan instead of increasing sodium intake congruent with their needs [122].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fluid ingestion that results in diluted plasma sodium may be indicative that runners are not meeting their sodium needs [92].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Drinking-to-thirst is an acknowledged means of maintaining hydration during short-duration exercise (<90 min), when environmental conditions are cool, and/or when exercise intensity is low (e.g., < 60% V̇O2max) [121].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Kenefick RW, 2018, Sports Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In one study, 81% of runners requiring medical attention at the end of a 56 mile (90 km) ultra-marathon (Comrades Marathon, South Africa) were reported to have LPS concentrations exceeding 100 pg·ml− 1 [135], with 81% reporting both upper- and lower-GI distress (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Brock-Utne JG, 1988, S Afr Med J
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Electrolyte concentrations (particularly sodium) from commercial products may not be sufficient for optimal hydration, especially in hot/humid conditions, and additional sources of sodium should be considered with the aim of ingesting 500–700 mg·L− 1.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“An increased appearance of systemic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative intestinal bacteria may result from acute intestinal tight-junction protein disruption, thereby provoking an immune response, as well as endotoxin-mediated GI distress [134].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [134] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is apparent that well-trained athletes can tolerate higher intakes of CHO during running [128], and that habituation to a high CHO diet enhances total carbohydrate oxidation rates which may be important for sustained race performance [141] and reduced GI upset.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The pathophysiology of GI distress during ultra-marathon training and racing is multifactorial, but is likely the result of reduced mesenteric blood flow [131, 132], leading to relative GI hypoperfusion [133].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A conservative estimate is that 30–50% of athletes experience GI-related issues during ultra-marathon [128], although values of 70–80% have been reported [129, 130].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While such post-race endotoxin concentrations are considered severe in athletes, other researchers have noted a ‘bi-phasic’ endotoxin response in 68% of athletes competing in an Ironman triathlon, which corresponded with acute recovery phase cytokinemia [136].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Jeukendrup AE, 2000, Clin Sci (Lond) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is evidence of reduced GI symptom prevalence and severity following the administration of probiotics [145, 146] although benefits may be individualized and strain-specific.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Where symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are present, practicing a low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol) diet has been shown to reduce GI distress acutely [142, 143].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recently, 4 weeks of supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus (CUL60 and CUL21), Bifidobacterium bifidum (CUL20), and Bifidobacterium animalis subs p. Lactis (CUL34) was shown to reduce GI symptoms, and may be associated with the maintenance of running speed in the latter stages of marathon [147].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The primary nutritional cause of GI upset during ultra-marathon is the high intake of CHO, particularly hyperosmolar solutions (e.g., > 500 mOsm·L− 1 and > 8% CHO concentration) [128].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is apparent that well-trained athletes can tolerate higher intakes of CHO during running [128], and that habituation to a high CHO diet enhances total carbohydrate oxidation rates which may be important for sustained race performance [141] and reduced GI upset.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [141] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The type, duration, and severity of symptoms vary on an individual basis, with upper GI-tract related issues (e.g., nausea, vomiting, heartburn) more common in longer races compared with complaints relating to the lower GI-tract (e.g., bloating, diarrhea) [115].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a large cohort of males and females (n = 272) competing in the Western States Endurance Run (100 mile; 161 km), the majority of athletes (96%) experienced GI symptoms at some point during the race, particularly at the hottest and likely most challenging part of the course, with 44% indicating that GI issues negatively impacted race performance.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] source
plainn = 272- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, strategies that could mitigate the likelihood of LPS release into the blood and, thus, endotoxin-associated symptoms, include limiting the consumption of saturated fat [138], avoiding the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [139], and maintaining an adequate water intake [139].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [139] Guy JH, 2018, Sports (Basel) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The type, duration, and severity of symptoms vary on an individual basis, with upper GI-tract related issues (e.g., nausea, vomiting, heartburn) more common in longer races compared with complaints relating to the lower GI-tract (e.g., bloating, diarrhea) [115].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a large cohort of males and females (n = 272) competing in the Western States Endurance Run (100 mile; 161 km), the majority of athletes (96%) experienced GI symptoms at some point during the race, particularly at the hottest and likely most challenging part of the course, with 44% indicating that GI issues negatively impacted race performance.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] source
plaindirectn = 272- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, strategies that could mitigate the likelihood of LPS release into the blood and, thus, endotoxin-associated symptoms, include limiting the consumption of saturated fat [138], avoiding the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [139], and maintaining an adequate water intake [139].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [139] Guy JH, 2018, Sports (Basel) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A conservative estimate is that 30–50% of athletes experience GI-related issues during ultra-marathon [128], although values of 70–80% have been reported [129, 130].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although many ultra-marathon runners rarely rely solely on sports drinks for energy and/or CHO intake during racing, use of solutions with multiple transportable carbohydrates may be an effective short-term strategy to limit the likelihood of non-completion due to energy under-consumption.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This ‘low-grade endotoxemia’ may, in part, influence individual recovery responses during the short-term (<12 h) and chronic (>36 h) post-race period.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recently, 4 weeks of supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus (CUL60 and CUL21), Bifidobacterium bifidum (CUL20), and Bifidobacterium animalis subs p. Lactis (CUL34) was shown to reduce GI symptoms, and may be associated with the maintenance of running speed in the latter stages of marathon [147].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Finally, the use of probiotic bacteria, particularly including the gram-positive genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, has been shown to modify GI microbiota [144] and may provide an adjunct nutritional strategy in cases pertaining to acute GI disruption (e.g., GI dysbiosis, exercise-associated GI permeability).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Runners experiencing upper-GI discomfort were reported to have a greater energy and CHO intake than runners not experiencing symptoms [115].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In one study, 81% of runners requiring medical attention at the end of a 56 mile (90 km) ultra-marathon (Comrades Marathon, South Africa) were reported to have LPS concentrations exceeding 100 pg·ml− 1 [135], with 81% reporting both upper- and lower-GI distress (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Brock-Utne JG, 1988, S Afr Med J
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A common cause of non-completion and/or reduced performance in ultra-marathon racing is GI discomfort or distress.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Chronic multi-strain interventions have also been shown to reduce fecal zonulin levels by ~ 25% in endurance-trained athletes, attributed to improved GI epithelial integrity [148].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In addition, strategies that could mitigate the likelihood of LPS release into the blood and, thus, endotoxin-associated symptoms, include limiting the consumption of saturated fat [138], avoiding the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [139], and maintaining an adequate water intake [139].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The pathophysiology of GI distress during ultra-marathon training and racing is multifactorial, but is likely the result of reduced mesenteric blood flow [131, 132], leading to relative GI hypoperfusion [133].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This is often predicated by dehydration and/or increased core temperature, which can further compromise gastric emptying and paracellular transport [134].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [134] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More recently, novel ketone esters have been shown to optimize fuel utilization without the need of evoking ketosis via carbohydrate and/or caloric restriction.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Caffeine has been shown to positively impact endurance performance [158], but there is a paucity of data on the use of caffeine during ultra-marathon.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, a relatively high dose of vitamin C (1500 mg·d− 1) for 7 days prior to a 50 mile (80 km) single-stage race (The Umstead race; NC, USA) failed to induce any group differences in oxidative or immune responses, including lipid hyrdroperoxide and plasma interleukin (IL)-6 [171].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Caffeine works via two potential mechanisms: firstly, there is a centrally-mediated ergogenic effect, whereby caffeine blocks adenosine receptors in the brain and inhibits the binding of adenosine, resulting in improved cognitive function and concentration; secondly, caffeine potentiates intramuscular calcium release, thereby facilitating excitation-contraction coupling to increase muscle contract”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Nevertheless, controlled studies show limited impact of MCTs on fuel utilization during exercise when human subjects are in a low-glycogen or a glycogen-replenished state [162].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] Jeukendrup AE, 1996, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, in a 31-mile (50 km) race, Mastaloudis, et al. [173] observed a significant protective effect against lipid peroxidation in runners who had been supplemented with antioxidants (α-tocopherol at 300 mg·d− 1, and ascorbic acid 1000 mg·d− 1) for 7 weeks prior.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Performance benefits have, however, been repeatedly refuted [165, 166]; as such, despite the compelling mechanistic basis for ketone esters to facilitate ultra-marathon performance, there is currently no direct evidence to this effect, and further research is needed.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, acute supplementation in the immediate pre- or post-race period may mitigate oxidative damage and immunosuppression that precedes URTI, although further research is needed to corroborate these findings and establish the effects of acute, in-task supplementation.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The use of pre/probiotics has, however, been contested [105] and, at present, there is limited evidence of a beneficial effect in ultra-marathon racing; as such, caution is recommended before implementing a new strategy.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“To date, only one study has assessed the effect of vitamin/mineral supplementation on ultra-marathon performance, finding that daily ingestion of multivitamins and minerals for ~ 4 weeks before competition did not result in statistically significant differences in performance time between supplement users and non-users (The Deutschlandlauf Marathon, Germany) [169].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Knechtle B, 2008, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Caffeine is widely consumed as part of a normal diet, and there is clear evidence-for-efficacy regarding its ergogenic properties in a variety of sports [150–152], although the extent of the ergogenic effect is largely dependent on inter-individual genetic variance [153].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] source
- Not checked yetcites [151] source
- Not checked yetcites [152] Grgic J, Grgic I, Pickering C, Schoenfeld BJ, Bishop DJ, Pedisic Z. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses. Br J Sports Med. 2019. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Caffeine has been shown to positively impact endurance performance [158], but there is a paucity of data on the use of caffeine during ultra-marathon.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Graham TE, 2001, Can J Appl Physiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Performance benefits have, however, been repeatedly refuted [165, 166]; as such, despite the compelling mechanistic basis for ketone esters to facilitate ultra-marathon performance, there is currently no direct evidence to this effect, and further research is needed.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Caffeine is widely consumed as part of a normal diet, and there is clear evidence-for-efficacy regarding its ergogenic properties in a variety of sports [150–152], although the extent of the ergogenic effect is largely dependent on inter-individual genetic variance [153].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [153] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although enhanced fat oxidation may be facilitated by nutritional ketosis (evoked via caloric restriction, carbohydrate restriction, or chronic high-fat diets), current evidence does not indicate an ergogenic effect when compared to diets that have a moderate-to-high CHO content.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Importantly, caffeine has been shown to be effective when taken in the latter stages of endurance exercise [160]; accordingly, ultra-marathon runners are encouraged to target any caffeine intake for the latter stages of competition.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [160] Cox GR, 2002, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Caffeine can cause a number of side effects, however, including GI distress, headaches, and anxiety [155].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [155] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Chronic, daily supplementation with antioxidants is not recommended due to the potential blunting effect on several aspects of exercise-induced physiological adaptation (for review, see [174]).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [174] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In catabolic and hypercatabolic situations, L-glutamine can be essential to help maintain normal metabolic function and is, therefore, included in clinical nutritional supplementation protocols and recommended for immune-suppressed individuals [175].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [175] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Animal models indicate a potential mechanistic benefit for the inclusion of MCTs to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis through both Akt and AMPK signalling, thereby enhancing endurance performance [161].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [161] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, there is insufficient evidence that multivitamin and/or mineral supplementation is beneficial for ultra-marathon, except in the instance of a clinically-determined, pre-existing nutrient deficiency or dietary insufficiency.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One of the only studies to assess the caffeine habits of ultra-marathon runners found that elite athletes contesting a 100-mile (161 km) single-stage race reported total intakes of ~ 912 ± 322 mg, spread over 15–19 h of running [96].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In a recent study under controlled conditions, GI permeability (assessed via serum lactulose:rhamanose; L:R) was attenuated following demanding exercise performed at 30 °C when participants consumed a pre-exercise beverage containing 0.25 g·kg− 1 fat-free mass of L-glutamine compared with placebo.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, such metabolic flexibility resulted in a significant (2%) increase in endurance performance [50], although this was during exercise lasting < 120 min.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the dose response is not linear (i.e., larger caffeine doses do not necessarily confer greater performance), and moderate rates of ingestion are likely sufficient to optimize ergogenic gains [159].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, in terms of mitigating immunodepression after exercise, the available evidence is not sufficiently strong for L-glutamine supplements to be recommended for athletes (for review, see [176]).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the authors highlighted a potential dose response, with higher concentrations (0.9 g·kg− 1 fat-free mass) further attenuating the L:R ratio.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“By contrast, there is emerging research that, in addition to probiotic use, L-glutamine may provide adjunct nutritional support for GI epithelial integrity [177].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [177] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“By contrast, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial by Peters et al. [172] reported a significantly lower prevalence of upper-respiratory-tract infection (URTI) in finishers of a 56-mile (90 km) single-stage race following daily ingestion of 600 mg of vitamin C, for 14 days post-race.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Peters EM, 1993, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A further consideration is that, in order to mitigate the likelihood of GI distress during exercise, MCT oil should only be taken in relatively small amounts (i.e., < 30 g), and such low doses may have a negligible influence on fuel utilization [102] and endurance performance [163].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Jeukendrup AE, 2003, Biochem Soc Trans source
- Not checked yetcites [163] Misell LM, 2001, J Sports Med Phys Fitness
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, studies have found no benefit of chronic vitamin and/or mineral supplementation on exercise performance [167, 168].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Frequent prophylactic use of NSAIDs is also associated with increased risk of renal side-effects [192, 193], and concern has been expressed about a possible causative role of NSAIDs on exercise-induced hyponatremia [194].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [192] Boulter J, 2011, S Afr Med J
- Not checked yetcites [193] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“By contrast, a number of studies have found no effect of NSAIDs on analgesia or inflammation during exercise [184–188].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Importantly, up to 93% of endurance runners are naïve to any contraindications of NSAID use [195], indicating the need for greater education in this respect.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [195] Kuster M, 2013, BMJ Open source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This group of analgesics appears to be better tolerated than NSAIDs during competition; nevertheless, concealing symptoms of pain might facilitate and/or exacerbate injury, and the importance of afferent pain signals to indicate potential tissue damage cannot be underestimated.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are several reports of attenuated exercise-induced muscle inflammation, circulating creatine kinase levels, and muscle soreness when NSAIDs were administered prophylactically before exercise [182, 183].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This group of analgesics appears to be better tolerated than NSAIDs during competition; nevertheless, concealing symptoms of pain might facilitate and/or exacerbate injury, and the importance of afferent pain signals to indicate potential tissue damage cannot be underestimated.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analgesics may provide effective pain-relief, but conservative use is advised in order to avoid the inadvertent masking of serious symptoms.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-NSAID analgesics (e.g., paracetamol) are not prohibited by The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), principally because they are not considered performance enhancing, per se, but rather performance enabling.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“To mitigate the extreme peripheral stress associated with competition, ultra-marathon runners commonly use analgesics including NSAIDs (Ibuprofen or aspirin), non-opioid analgesics (paracetamol), and compound analgesics (co-codamol) [179].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [179] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the potential efficacy of other ergogenic aids (e.g., ketone esters, MCTs, vitamins, etc.), there are limited data to support their use, and further research is warranted.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Runners should abstain from NSAIDs (e.g., Ibuprofen, aspirin), due to multiple contraindications including increased renal loads that are already exacerbated during ultra-marathons.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Caffeine is a potent stimulant that may be beneficial during racing, particularly in the latter stages of longer events (> 24 h), when sleep deprivation might attenuate performance and jeopardize athlete safety on technical terrain.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 64
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The sodium content of commercial sports drinks (~20–25 mmol·L− 1; 460–575 mg·L− 1) is lower than that typically lost in sweat [83, 84] and should, therefore, be considered a conservative target.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“average plasma osmolality was found to be similar between groups of low-volume (1.2 L·d− 1) and high-volume (2–4 L·d− 1) drinkers [8]; it is possible, therefore, to attain euhydration with a range of fluid intakes.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over the half-marathon distance (13.1 miles), mean sweat losses of ~1.4 L were observed in male runners and, when offset against fluid ingestion during exercise, resulted in net fluid losses of ~ 0.3 L [77].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Pereira ER, 2017, J Sports Med Phys Fitness source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Only an estimated 20% of endurance runners monitor their hydration status [90].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 213 runners contesting one-of-three race distances (44, 67, or 112 km; Ultra Mallorca Serra de Tramuntana; Spain), mean energy intake was 183 Kcal·h− 1, with no discernible difference among race distances [95].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, finishers of a 100-mile (161 km) race had a significantly greater protein intake relative to non-finishers (131.2 ± 79.0 versus 43.0 ± 56.7 g) and, when expressed as a relative ratio per hour, race finishers consumed twice the quantity (0.08 versus 0.04 g·kg− 1·h− 1) [15].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Laboratory data demonstrate that respiratory exchange ratio (RER) gradually decreases until the 8th hour of a 24 h treadmill run, and plateaus thereafter, reflecting a reduced rate of energy derived from CHO; moreover, this is congruent with a diminished running velocity [99].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Throughout a 100-mile race, finishers consumed a total of 98.1 ± 53.0 g of fat, which was approximately 5-fold greater than that of non-finishers (19.4 ± 21.1 g); moreover, when normalized for body mass and running velocity, this equated to a rate of fat ingestion that was three times greater in finishers (0.06 ± 0.03 versus 0.02 ± 0.02 g·kg− 1·h− 1 [15]).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The urine color chart is the most common means of estimating hydration status in runners [90].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As muscle glycogen diminishes, there is a compensatory increase in fat oxidation, with rates of 0.2–0.5 g·min− 1 typically observed during endurance exercise [100]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, consider that a 50 kg athlete undertaking a 50 mile (80 km) race at 8.0 km·h− 1 (~ 10 h) will expend ~ 3460 Kcal. For the same event contested at the same pace, a 70 kg athlete would expend ~ 4845 Kcal (an approximate Kcal range of 346–484 Kcal·h− 1).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, a 50 kg athlete undertaking a 100 mile (161 km) ultra-marathon at an average pace of 6.5 km·h− 1 may expend ~ 6922 Kcal in ~ 25 h, whereas at the same pace, a 70 kg athlete would likely expend ~ 9891 Kcal (range of 277–395 Kcal·h− 1).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the condition is rare, and individual susceptibility plays a role in prevalence, the earliest reported cases were observed in ultra-marathon runners and Ironman triathletes [9] (i.e., during ultra-endurance exercise), and the athletes most commonly developing symptomatic hyponatremia typically participate in distance running events of > 26.2 miles (> 42.2 km) [126].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“From a metabolic perspective, ultra-marathon racing places a heavy dependence on oxidative metabolism to utilize glycogen and fat stores efficiently; moreover, with increasing race distance, there is a substantial increase in the use of free fatty acids as fuel [25].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conversely, exercising while chronically glycogen-depleted increases circulating stress hormones (e.g., cortisol), and causes disturbances in several indices of immune function (e.g., circulating leukocytes) [6] thereby increasing susceptibility to overtraining.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Gleeson M, 1998, Int J Sport Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As such, athletes are cautioned against training in a chronically depleted state (especially during intensive training periods, or when repeated days of prolonged training are scheduled) as this may lead to low energy availability and, ultimately, relative energy deficiency (RED-S [46];).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Specifically, creatine kinase concentrations of 274 ± 71 U·L− 1 were observed post-marathon, relative to 2983 ± 1716 U·L− 1 following a 100 km race, and 4970 ± 2222 U·L− 1 after a 308 km race [58].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, available data support the contention that while ketogenic approaches may enhance fuel utilization to favor fat oxidation, the ability to perform at higher intensities may be compromised, or even reduced, due to downregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase [54], leading to reduced oxygen economy [55].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Based on nitrogen-balance methodology, protein intakes of > 1.6 g·kg− 1·d− 1 have been recommended for endurance athletes who have high training demands [35].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exercising while glycogen-depleted increases circulating cortisol and causes disturbances in several indices of immune function (including plasma glutamine and circulating leukocytes) [6], and post-exercise immune dysfunction is most pronounced following prolonged, continuous exercise (> 1.5 h) performed without food [47].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Downhill running (on mountainous or undulating paths) is associated with greater peak flexion angles relative to level or uphill running; this exaggerates the eccentric component of impact-loading, thereby increasing muscle damage [56].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pre-exercise CHO intake also facilitates the uptake of blood glucose into muscle, and suppresses hepatic (liver) glycogenolysis [37], which may increase the potential risk of hypoglycaemia during the early period of a training session in susceptible individuals [38]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These data suggest that race distance and/or duration mediate muscle damage more than race intensity, although duration is not the sole determinant of muscle damage during ultra-marathon [60].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unless strategically targeting a ketogenic approach, fat intakes ranging from 1.0–1.5 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are likely sufficient, although heavier/faster individuals may need fat intakes close to 2.0 g·kg− 1·d− 1 to support caloric needs.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With respect to total energy intake, a macronutrient distribution of 60% CHO, 15% protein, and 25% fat is typically recommended to support repeated bouts of endurance training [32].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, caution is advised against training chronically glycogen depleted, particularly during periods of repeated high-intensity exercise or prior to racing.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Nutrition to maximize fuel efficiency
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, for athletes with greater caloric requirements, relative protein intakes up to 2.5 g·kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“For runners with greater training mileage and/or pace, carbohydrate intakes ranging from 7 to 10 g kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted, pending the athlete’s metabolic flexibility (i.e., their individual capacity to readily switch between fat or CHO oxidation at high absolute work-loads [34])”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“chronic dehydration can influence health outcomes, with several authors noting dehydration-mediated changes in vasopressin, and markers of metabolic dysfunction or disease [8].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Protein intakes of ~ 1.6–2.1 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are sufficient to optimally simulate muscle protein synthesis, which will likely support recovery from training.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“overuse of fluids that contain insufficient concentrations of electrolytes (e.g., water or hypotonic sports drinks) may cause overhydration, decreased electrolyte concentrations, an increased risk of dilutional hyponatremia, and/or failure of the renal system [89] in extreme cases.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it is reasonable to suggest that drinking-to-thirst is appropriate for responding to daily hydration needs.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The actual fluid intake necessary to attain euhydration on a day-to-day basis will vary with renal and extrarenal water losses [85]; moreover, the absolute daily fluid intake (from food and drink) will vary widely among individuals.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A 20 g bolus of whey protein appears sufficient to maximize fractional synthetic rate after resistance exercise [66], with up to 30 g appropriate for larger athletes (>85 kg).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, amounts exceeding 2.1 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are unlikely to have additive effects on muscle protein synthesis, although the protein contribution to energy metabolism (and other structural/functional processes) may be greater in ultra-marathon runners engaged in very high-mileage training. This may, in turn, necessitate slightly higher intakes [64].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Protein and muscle damage
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Cintineo HP, 2018, Front Nutr source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The mechanistic link between glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle and liver, and a subsequent early-onset fatigue during prolonged exercise was made in the 1960s [98].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Bergstrom J, 1966, Nature source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Simultaneously, at least 460 mg·L− 1 of sodium should be ingested, either in food or as a supplement.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, foods with a greater fat content (see Table 4) often contain more sodium, which may help mitigate the risk of exercise-associated hyponatraemia.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worthy of consideration is that a CHO target of 90 g·h− 1 would necessitate a race diet almost exclusively comprising CHO (360 Kcal·h− 1) which is typically unsustainable given the greater preference for fat and salt that manifest in longer races.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, it is plausible that protein ingested during an ultra-marathon would mitigate the ill-effects of muscle damage and/or positively influence energy metabolism.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although current literature advocates CHO ingestion rates up to ~ 90 g·h− 1 for events > 120 min, particularly when using ‘multiple transportable carbohydrates’ containing glucose and fructose [104]”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Moreover, this rate of ingestion may lead to nutrient malabsorption and GI distress [105].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A nuance of the longer distance event is that the lower average work rate permits a faster rate of gastric emptying, which tends to be compromised only at exercise intensities > 70% maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) [93].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Venn diagram proposed by Cheuvront and Sawka [91] is a more sophisticated tool (appropriate for healthy, active, low-risk populations) which estimates hydration status by combining measures of nude body mass, thirst perception, and urine color.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Daily hydration guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] Cheuvront SN, Sawka MN: Hydration assessment of athletes. [https://www.gssiweb.org/sports-science-exchange/article/sse-97-hydration-assessment-of-athletes].
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to negatively impacting endurance performance, the reduction in plasma glucose concentration that follows glycogen depletion is associated with acute cognitive decline; this, in turn, can compromise athlete safety on ultra-marathon courses of technical terrain or those requiring navigation.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Foods with a greater fat content are advantageous during racing in terms of caloric provision per unit of weight, and this is pertinent for minimizing pack weight when running self-sufficient.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The result is a diminished exercise capacity [118], and an increased risk of heat illness and rhabdomyolysis [118].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is feasible that the role of BCAAs in offsetting central fatigue may be further pronounced during the extreme-distance ultra-marathons, the conditions of which are rarely replicated, and difficult to perform reliably, in a laboratory environment.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Insufficient fluid replacement, therefore, results in a net loss of body water, the main consequence of which is dehydration-induced cardiovascular drift; i.e., a reduction in plasma volume and a necessary increase in heart rate to maintain cardiac output [117].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Coyle EF, 1998, Int J Sports Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Modest symptoms include headache, fatigue, and nausea, but can result in seizures and death in severe cases [9].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Hew-Butler T, Loi V, Pani A, Rosner M. Exercise-associated hyponatremia: 2017 update. Frontiers in Medicine. 2017;4(21):1. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the aforementioned studies, runners tended to exhibit a penchant for savory food (i.e., flavoursome, non-sweet, and containing greater relative amounts of fat and salt) in the latter stages of ultra-marathon, thereby supporting the notion that changes in food preference may reflect nutrient inadequacies resulting from long-duration activity.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dehydration may also diminish cognitive performance [11, 118] and increase perceived exertion [119].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In order to reduce the risk of hyponatremia during long-duration exercise, runners should consume sodium in concentrations of 500–700 mg·L− 1 of fluid [118].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“with the hypothesis that increasing the circulating concentrations of BCAAs might mitigate 5-HT accumulation, attenuate the seretonin:dopamine ratio [110], and potentially offset central fatigue.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over-hydration, and the consequent dilution of plasma sodium, can have severe adverse effects on health (see Exercise-associated hyponatraemia), and there are case-reports of water intoxication in runners who aggressively rehydrate [124].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] Siegel AJ, 2015, Am J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Prolonged exercise increases the synthesis and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) in the brain, which is associated with lethargy, drowsiness, and reduced motivation [108].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Meeusen R, 2007, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, the equivocal findings may result from the co-ingestion of protein and CHO, and/or differences in the exercise modality used between studies.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slightly greater amounts of sodium (and other electrolytes) will be required in hot (e.g., > 25 °C / 77 °F) and/or humid (e.g., > 60%) conditions when sweat rates are elevated; in such conditions, runners should target ~ 300–600 mg·h− 1 of sodium (1000–2000 mg of NaCl).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calorie deficits during racing are expected but can be minimized by consuming 150–400 Kcal·h− 1, pending differences in body mass, race distance/pace, and individual gut tolerance.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calories should be consumed from a combination of protein (5–10 g·h− 1), CHO (30–50 g·h− 1), and fat; however, foods with greater fat content may be preferred in longer races.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, the available data suggest that there are broad individual intakes among ultra-marathon runners, but that successful runners tend to meet the lower-limits of recommended values.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If consumed in fluid, sodium concentrations greater than ~ 1000 mg·L− 1 (50 mmol·L− 1) should be avoided as this may reduce drink palatability [127].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] Baker LB, 2014, Compr Physiol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Sodium is the major ion of the extracellular fluid and contributes to the generation of action potentials for muscle contraction, but it also has an important role in fluid retention [118].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Offsetting dehydration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The inclusion of dietary prebiotic nutrients (e.g., fructooligosaccharides, inulin, pectin) may also play an important role in short-chain fatty acid production, which may support epithelial integrity (for review, see [149]).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [149] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although many ultra-marathon runners rarely rely solely on sports drinks for energy and/or CHO intake during racing, use of solutions with multiple transportable carbohydrates may be an effective short-term strategy to limit the likelihood of non-completion due to energy under-consumption.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The use of ‘multiple transportable carbohydrate’ solutions (i.e., those containing glucose, fructose, and/or maltodextrin) has been shown in trained individuals to increase overall intestinal absorption, facilitate increased total CHO oxidation rates, and limit the degree of gut discomfort typically observed with single CHO solutions (e.g., fructose) [104, 140].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While ultra-marathon training may elicit progressive behavioral changes (e.g., greater confidence in trialing personalized nutrition strategies) and physiological adaptations (e.g., increased intestinal tight-junction integrity and enhanced immunological response to endotoxin release [135]), targeted nutrition strategies may confer a degree of individual benefit.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Brock-Utne JG, 1988, S Afr Med J
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nausea was cited as the most common symptom likely to affect race strategy (reported in 60% of athletes) [130], perhaps due to the subsequent impact on the ability to ingest food and fluid.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] source
plaincorrelationaln = 272- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Symptoms pertaining to exercise-associated GI distress are highly individualized and may be related to predisposition, intestinal microbiome activity (based on bacterial quantity and species diversity), and feeding tolerance [137].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This supports the notion that high rates of CHO ingestion, although being beneficial for race completion, might actually exacerbate symptoms of GI distress.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there are no specific guidelines pertaining to caffeine intake during prolonged ultra-marathon, repeat doses of 50 mg·h− 1 are likely to be well-tolerated, principally reserved for night-running when circadian rhythms are likely to be affected.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Symptoms of upper-GI distress, particularly nausea, are commonly reported during ultra-marathons, are a cause of non-completion, and are more prevalent in longer races.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Gastrointestinal (GI) distress
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, in a report on the supplement habits of 20 ultra-marathon runners, 30% of respondents reported taking multivitamins, and 20% reported taking vitamin C before races [169], although consumption rates as high as ~ 70% have been reported in small cohorts [170].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Singh A, 1993, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within 60 min of ingestion, a 500 mg·kg− 1 ketone ester increased beta-hydroxybutyrate (D-βHB) concentrations to levels associated with nutritional ketosis (~ 3 mmol·L− 1), and increased intramuscular fat oxidation even in the presence of replete glycogen stores or when co-ingested with CHO [50, 164].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has been proposed elsewhere that L-glutamine supplementation may be associated with heat-shock factor-1 (HSF-1) expression, providing a mechanistic link to GI integrity via regulation of occludin tight-junction proteins [178].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [178] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, the dose response is not linear (i.e., larger caffeine doses do not necessarily confer greater performance), and moderate rates of ingestion are likely sufficient to optimize ergogenic gains [159].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Caffeine works via two potential mechanisms: firstly, there is a centrally-mediated ergogenic effect, whereby caffeine blocks adenosine receptors in the brain and inhibits the binding of adenosine, resulting in improved cognitive function and concentration; secondly, caffeine potentiates intramuscular calcium release, thereby facilitating excitation-contraction coupling to increase muscle contract”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, in a report on the supplement habits of 20 ultra-marathon runners, 30% of respondents reported taking multivitamins, and 20% reported taking vitamin C before races [169], although consumption rates as high as ~ 70% have been reported in small cohorts [170].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Knechtle B, 2008, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“L-glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body, with an essential role in lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production [175].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [175] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Notwithstanding, NSAID use can cause serious adverse effects on cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and renal systems, all of which might be exacerbated by ultra-marathon running (for review, see [179]).”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [179] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, there is evidence that up to 15% of legal supplements are inadvertently or deliberately contaminated with illegal drugs, which remain in the system for several hours following consumption, and that would result in a positive test for banned substances [196, 197].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is an increased risk of GI-injury with NSAID use, and this may be exacerbated in long-distance runners (contesting marathon and ultra-marathon) who already exhibit a greater incidence of GI-bleeding [189–191].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Frequent prophylactic use of NSAIDs is also associated with increased risk of renal side-effects [192, 193], and concern has been expressed about a possible causative role of NSAIDs on exercise-induced hyponatremia [194].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [194] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prevalence of NSAID use among ultra-marathon runners is as high as 60%, with 70% of runners using NSAIDs during racing [180, 181].”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Supplements and drugs
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Ultra-marathon runners are often reluctant to compromise their race preparation and/or recovery to volunteer for data-collection, particularly when invasive, time-consuming testing protocols are used.
“Moreover, runners are often reluctant to compromise their race preparation and/or recovery to volunteer for data-collection, particularly when invasive, time-consuming testing protocols are used.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ultra-marathons are often contested in remote locations and environmental extremes which do not lend themselves to complex or invasive data-collection protocols.
“Secondly, ultra-marathons are often contested in remote locations and environmental extremes which do not lend themselves to complex or invasive data-collection protocols, especially when requiring equipment that is difficult to transport.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Training on challenging, variable, and uneven terrain, and in extremes of temperature and/or altitude, will notably increase the caloric and CHO requirements.
“Training on challenging, variable, and uneven terrain, and in extremes of temperature and/or altitude, will notably increase the caloric and CHO requirements.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The train-low strategy has been scarcely studied in relation to ultra-marathon training.
“The above-mentioned strategy has been scarcely studied in relation to ultra-marathon training and should, therefore, be practiced tentatively.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Keto-adaptation may take several weeks or months.
“While debate exists, keto-adaptation may take several weeks or months, indicating that sustained tolerance to high-fat intake may be necessary in order that the individual acquire the full benefits.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ketogenic diets are associated with acute negative symptoms, including fatigue, headaches, poor concentration, lethargy, GI discomfort, nausea, and weight loss.
“Notwithstanding the available research which indicates a degree of benefit, ketogenic diets have been associated with acute negative symptoms, including: fatigue, headaches, poor concentration, lethargy, GI discomfort, nausea, and weight loss.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As training volume and/or intensity increase, relatively greater amounts of dietary CHO are required to fuel performance and minimize the risk of injury.
“As training volume and/or intensity increase (e.g., an increase in running mileage or a transition to interval training), relatively greater amounts of dietary CHO will be required to fuel performance and minimize the risk of injury.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Satisfying metabolic demand for protein is a prerequisite for both recovery and general health.
“Satisfying metabolic demand for protein is, therefore, a prerequisite for both recovery and general health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The substantial training distances of ultra-marathon are associated with high levels of mechanical stress.
“The substantial training distances of ultra-marathon are associated with high levels of mechanical stress.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No existing studies have evaluated the efficacy of L-leucine specifically for ultra-marathon runners.
“Although there are no existing studies on the efficacy of L-leucine specifically for ultra-marathon runners”
The paper relies on this without support.
The absolute carbohydrate requirements for ultra-marathon racing are unclear.
“Nevertheless, the absolute CHO requirements for ultra-marathon racing are unclear.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Anecdotal evidence indicates that effervescent electrolyte tablets and liquid electrolytes added to water can compromise drink palatability, particularly during long races or those contested in the heat, thereby resulting in reduced fluid consumption.
“Indeed, there is anecdotal evidence that effervescent (dissolvable) electrolyte tablets, and liquid electrolytes added to water, can compromise drink palatability, particularly during long races or those contested in the heat, thereby resulting in reduced fluid consumption.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It is unlikely that the recommended rate of sodium intake will be achieved from foods alone.
“although it should be noted that it is unlikely that the recommended rate of sodium intake will be achieved from foods alone.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The concentrations of some electrolytes (e.g., sodium) in many commercially-available electrolyte replacement products are insufficient to meet the recommended intakes.
“In addition, the concentrations of some electrolytes (e.g., sodium) in many commercially-available electrolyte replacement products are insufficient to meet the recommended intakes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It is possible to consume adequate amounts of both fluid and sodium during prolonged exercise, with sufficient practice.
“Such poor practice must be challenged, since it is possible to consume adequate amounts of both fluid and sodium during prolonged exercise, with sufficient practice.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nutritional strategies practiced in training well in advance of racing allow sufficient time for GI adaptations that optimize CHO absorption and mitigate GI distress.
“Nutritional strategies should be practiced in training, well in advance of racing, to allow sufficient time for GI adaptations that optimize CHO absorption, and mitigate GI distress.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Eating regardless of nausea can give the most relief from symptoms when nausea is caused by hypoglycemia.
“Although counterintuitive, there may be some instances when eating regardless of nausea will give the most relief from such symptoms, especially when nausea is caused by hypoglycemia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caffeine overconsumption has ergolytic and/or dangerous effects.
“Finally, given the ergolytic and/or dangerous effects of caffeine overconsumption, athletes are advised to double-check their doses, ensure their intakes are congruent with the empirical data and safety guidelines, and give special consideration to the method of delivery (fluid vs. tablets vs. gum).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The importance of afferent pain signals to indicate potential tissue damage cannot be underestimated.
“the importance of afferent pain signals to indicate potential tissue damage cannot be underestimated.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“During training and competition, fiber intake may be reduced to avoid potential GI issues including gas and distension [141].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [141]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
“| Homemade oat bars with syrup (90 g) – no added salt | 340 | 45 | 5 | 20 | 250 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for racing > Energy and macronutrient demands
“Na+ = foods providing relatively greater amounts of sodium (> 250 mg).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
“a range of caloric requirements (for both males and females) from ~ 38–63 Kcal·kg− 1 d− 1.”
§ International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing > Considerations for training > Energy and macronutrient demands
“| Energy Intake (Kcal·kg−1·d−1) | 40.1 | 54.5 | 34.9 | 49.4 | 39.3 | 53.7 | 34.8 | 49.3 |”
Citations
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“Daily caloric requirements are influenced by numerous factors, including: basal/resting metabolic rate [27], daily activity [28], specific training requirements, body composition, and thermogenesis that results from food digestion.”
BackgroundACSM Position Stand: Exercise and Fluid Replacement
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Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications
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“, fructooligosaccharides, inulin, pectin) may also play an important role in short-chain fatty acid production, which may support epithelial integrity (for review, see [149]).”
BackgroundExercise and Fluid Replacement
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597 · Cited by 1,497
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Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation
Cruzat, V., Macedo Rogero, M., Noel Keane, K., Curi, R., & Newsholme, P. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111564 · Cited by 1,261 · cited 2×
“In catabolic and hypercatabolic situations, L-glutamine can be essential to help maintain normal metabolic function and is, therefore, included in clinical nutritional supplementation protocols and recommended for immune-suppressed individuals [175].”
Background
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- Blennerhassett C, 2018, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 17, 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mohr, A. E., Jäger, R., Carpenter, K. C., Kerksick, C. M., Purpura, M., Townsend, J. R., West, N. P., Black, K., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00353-w · Cited by 378
Self-citationSan-Millán, I., & Brooks, G. A. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0751-x · Cited by 264
Potential Long-Term Health Problems Associated with Ultra-Endurance Running: A Narrative Review
Scheer, V., Tiller, N. B., Doutreleau, S., Khodaee, M., Knechtle, B., Pasternak, A. V., & Rojas‐Valverde, D. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01561-3 · Cited by 134
“The primary nutritional challenge in UER is the ability to meet daily caloric requirements [206].”
Self-citationDo Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport?
Tiller, N. B., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Knechtle, B., Wilson, P. B., Roberts, J., & Millet, G. Y. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2 · Cited by 126
“Thus, the ability to better mobilize and oxidize lipids during ultra-endurance exercise would be considered advantageous and should be a focus of the periodized ultra-endurance training program [12].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSports Nutrition: Diets, Selection Factors, Recommendations
Malsagova, K. A., Kopylov, A. T., Sinitsyna, A. A., Stepanov, A. A., Izotov, A., Butkova, T. V., Chingin, K., Сергеевич, К. М., & Kaysheva, A. L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113771 · Cited by 132
Metadata
- Authors
- Tiller, N. B., Roberts, J. D., Beasley, L., Chapman, S., Pinto, J. M., Smith, L., Wiffin, M., Russell, M., Sparks, S. A., Duckworth, L., O’Hara, J., Sutton, L., Antonio, J., Willoughby, D. S., Tarpey, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Ormsbee, M. J., Astorino, T. A., Kreider, R. B., McGinnis, G. R., Stout, J. R., Smith, J. W., Arent, S. M., Campbell, B. I., & Bannock, L.
- Affiliations
- The Lundquist Institute (US)
- Anglia Ruskin University (GB)
- Leeds Trinity University (GB)
- Edge Hill University (GB)
- Leeds Beckett University (GB)
- Carnegie School of SportLeeds Beckett University Leeds UK
- College of Health Care SciencesNova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL USA
- Baylor University (US)
- East Carolina University (US)
- Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
- Florida State University (US)
- California State University, San Marcos (US)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- University of Central Florida (US)
- Mississippi State University (US)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- University of South Florida (US)
- Institute of Performance Nutrition London UK
- Corresponding author
- Tiller, Nicholas B.
- Roberts, Justin D.
- ORCID
- Tiller, Nicholas B.
- Roberts, Justin D.
- Chapman, Shaun
- Pinto, Jorge M.
- Smith, Lee
- Russell, Mark
- Sparks, S. Andy
- Duckworth, Lauren
- Willoughby, Darryn S.
- Tarpey, Michael D.
- Ormsbee, Michael J.
- Astorino, Todd A.
- Kreider, Richard B.
- McGinnis, Graham R.
- Stout, Jeffrey R.
- Smith, JohnEric W.
- Arent, Shawn M.
- Campbell, Bill I.
- Bannock, Laurent
- Venue
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-01-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-50
- ISSN
- 1550-2783 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6839090
- OpenAlex
- W2981258550
- Semantic Scholar
- ae1113d60790ac0a9f3d6c927ef6d97a7669a06f
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 210
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Leeds Beckett Repository (Leeds Beckett University) (acceptedVersion)
- Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University) (acceptedVersion)
- SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Keywords
- ultramarathon, carbohydrate intake, mitochondrial function, protein intake, caloric deficit, hyponatremia, low FODMAP diet, gastrointestinal distress, ketogenic diet, ketone esters, training periodization, lean body mass
- MeSH terms
- Energy Intake, Competitive Behavior, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Nutritional Requirements, Physical Endurance, Running, Societies, Athletic Performance, Athletes, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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