Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors - enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform

In the paper

“The ECG results exhibited aberrant patterns consistent with atrial fibrillation, while the EMG signals obtained from PWS dry electrodes accurately captured changes in muscle activity during various tasks.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Clinical setting study reports that ECG recorded with PWS dry electrodes showed absent P peaks and irregular R–R intervals, consistent with atrial fibrillation. It also reports that the electrodes detected increases in muscle activity during tendon tapping and sustained contraction, followed by a decline during relaxation; the Biopotential detection section describes EMG changes during gripping and finger movements. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Zhang, L. et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“A high accuracy of 93.54% is achieved when identifying 13 individual gait patterns.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The 'Biopotential detection using PWS dry electrodes' section reports ECG and EMG measurements, including signals recorded during movement, but does not report gait-pattern identification. Searches for '93.54%', '13 individual gait patterns', and smart socks found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites Zhang, Z. et al. 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology, AI technology and HMS, a close loop with real-time monitoring, data collection, online analysis and diagnosis and treatment recommendations can be realized.”

In the paper

“Besides, multiple sensors are used to monitor various aspects of the target (Borchers and Pieler 2010; Dong et al. 2022). These sensors may be independent of each other (Poitras et al. 2019), meaning that they are not designed to work together or provide a unified view of the system being monitored.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Borchers and Pieler 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Dong et al. 2022
• Not checked yetcites Poitras et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“AI-enhanced sensors will provide more intelligent, convenient, and secure services for healthcare and biomedical applications.”

In the paper

“A significant challenge arises in making sense of the vast amount of data generated by health monitoring sensors and extracting meaningful insights.”

In the paper

“As shown in Fig. 2a, the authors developed a sensor that mimics the geometry and tuning mechanism of the slit organ in spiders. By creating nanoscale cracks on a metalized polyimide (PI) film and adjusting the sensor's sensitivity through pre-strain, akin to a spider leg, they were able to measure strain and pressure across various scales using a single sensor.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kim et al. 2023

In the paper

“As shown in Fig. 2d, Zhang et al. developed a highly conductive polymer dry electrode (PWS film), which possesses remarkable attributes such as self-adhesiveness, stretchability, and conductivity (Zhang, L. et al. 2020).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zhang, L. et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“By analyzing these changes, the sensor can estimate the wearer's respiratory rate and identify abnormal ranges, which could be indicative of various health conditions such as lung degradation, anxiety, fever, and cardiac conditions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Clevenger et al. 2021

In the paper

“This study involved the identification of electrocardiographic arrhythmia, detection of muscle activity during deep tendon reflex testing, and quantification of muscular strength during contraction and relaxation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zhang, L. et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“It revealed a notable 27% rise in respiratory rate and a significant 65% reduction in temperature variation amplitude, indicating shallow breath, when confronted with low blood oxygen saturation levels.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Shin et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“It has been demonstrated that it can capture small temperature variations associated with inhalation and exhalation. Besides, it was also able to accurately monitor changes in respiration patterns during intense physical activities.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Shin et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“The real-time glucose detection in the tears of a rabbit eye and wireless tracking of intraocular pressure in a bovine eyeball in vitro have been successfully demonstrated.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kim et al. 2017 source

In the paper

“It is specifically designed to detect the level of glucose in tears and measures intraocular pressure by utilizing the resistance and capacitance properties.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kim et al. 2017 source

In the paper

“The patch has undergone testing to evaluate its performance in dynamic sweat behaviors during light physical activities, glucose fluctuations, and drug administration for Parkinson's disease, demonstrating its potential as an ideal platform for daily monitoring of an individual's physiological status and medical condition in clinical and research settings.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nyein et al. 2021 source

In the paper

“For instance, as shown in Fig. 2f Kim et al. introduced a tear sensor using a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) integrated with a graphene-silver nanowire (AgNW) composite antenna, which works at radio frequency and wirelessly transmits sensory information upon the occurrence of glucose oxidation on the graphene channel (Kim et al. 2017).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kim et al. 2017 source

In the paper

“To address the challenge of low sweat secretion rates during rest, microfluidics is integrated into the patch, which prevents evaporation and detects sweat rate selectively. Additionally, a laminated hydrophilic filler is incorporated, enabling rapid uptake of sweat into the sensing channel, hence reducing sweat accumulation time.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nyein et al. 2021 source

In the paper

“Moreover, wireless communication is limited to a range of 10 cm from the body, ensuring that sensing signals are secure and cannot be intercepted by external sources in the surrounding area.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tian, X. et al. 2019b

In the paper

“These findings suggest that clothing can be used to manipulate electromagnetic waves around the body, providing a foundation for integrating concepts derived from microwave or photonic circuits into textiles, and enabling wireless sensing, signal processing, and energy transfer applications.”

In the paper

“The improved signal transmission efficiency by a factor of 1,000 results in reduced power usage and increased data transfer speed.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tian, X. et al. 2019b

In the paper

“For example, the normal functions of the heart and blood vessels (Ouyang et al. 2021), the recovery progress of the injured tissue (Zhang et al. 2021), and the abnormality of the central nervous signal (Shin et al. 2021), etc., all of which require devices to be implanted inside the body for a long-term status monitoring (Jiang et al. 2020).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ouyang et al. 2021 source
• Not checked yetcites Zhang et al. 2021 source
• Not checked yetcites Shin et al. 2021 source

In the paper

“The SEPS demonstrated its feasibility through in vitro and in vivo experiments, addressing the limitations of traditional invasive monitoring methods by providing a minimally invasive and self-powered solution.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Liu et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“After good packaging, this active sensor remained to monitor functions for 72 hours after the closure of the chest and behaved good biocompatibility (Fig. 3aiii).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ma et al. 2016

In the paper

“After optimization exploration, SEPS achieved a sensitivity of 1.195 mV/mmHg with a linearity of R2=0.997.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Liu et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“In this system, a TENG-based pressure sensor was employed to detect the filling state of the bladder. A bistable micro-actuator based on shape memory alloy was used to induce contraction and relaxation of the bladder for urination.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Arab Hassani et al. 2018

In the paper

“Transient electrons can be degraded and absorbed within the body after they complete their service, saving patients from pain and the risk of infection from a second surgery to remove the implant (Chao et al. 2020; Li et al. 2018; Li et al. 2023; Qiang Zheng et al. 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chao et al. 2020
• Not checked yetcites Li et al. 2018
• Not checked yetcites Li et al. 2023

In the paper

“Additionally, electronics assembled with this interface were used for in vivo neural modulation and skin electromyography monitoring with high signal quality and mechanical robustness.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jiang et al. 2023 source

In the paper

“High-quality recordings from SUNI contributed differentiate tactile and proprioceptive stimuli, and furtherly provided for high spatial resolution classification of neural signals.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang, J. et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“Through tracking physiological and pathological factors and delivering therapeutic agents acting in an on-demand manner, IWMDs have become indispensable in providing predictive bio-analysis, timely treatment intervention, and improved drug efficacy, thereby promoting precision medicine (cheol Jeong et al. 2018; Tan et al. 2022).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites cheol Jeong et al. 2018 source
• Not checked yetcites Tan et al. 2022 source

In the paper

“Another challenge is the need for improved resolution and specificity of neural recording and stimulation, as well as the ability to interface with large populations of neurons (Li et al. 2022).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Li et al. 2022

In the paper

“Figure 5b presents a novel approach for achieving transdermal delivery of photosensitizers in a deeper and faster manner and improving photodynamic therapy (PDT) through the utilization of microneedle (MN) patches loaded with PS and O2 propellant (Liu, P. et al. 2022b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Liu, P. et al. 2022b

In the paper

“Additionally, the system secretes lactic acid, which helps shift macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, facilitating angiogenesis in diabetic wounds.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lu et al. 2021

In the paper

“The results demonstrated a lower growth rate and reduced mass of the tumor, confirming the improved efficacy of PDT when using the proposed approach.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Liu, P. et al. 2022b

In the paper

“This electrical stimulation serves as a supplementary factor that counteracts the decline in epidermal growth factor caused by glutathione and enhances the expression of its receptors in keratinocyte cells, effectively addressing the issue of receptor desensitization.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Yang, Yuan et al. 2022d

In the paper

“By utilizing the living system, the production and protection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is achieved, leading to enhanced proliferation, migration, and tube formation in endothelial cells.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lu et al. 2021

In the paper

“Changes in the levels of certain VOCs, such as ethane and pentane, have been associated with asthma (Peel et al. 2020).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Peel et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“VOC detection by infrared (IR) spectroscopy is advantageous (Lin and Xu 2020; Liu et al. 2021; Liu, X. et al. 2022d; Zhou, J. et al. 2023b; Zhu et al. 2021). Because it can not only detect the amount of VOC but also identify its type, which is very important for the diagnosis of diseases.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lin and Xu 2020
• Not checked yetcites Liu et al. 2021
• Not checked yetcites Liu, X. et al. 2022d

In the paper

“When an electrical signal is applied to the piezoelectric substrate, it generates an acoustic wave that propagates through the substrate and the sensing film.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McGinn et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“Combined with a machine learning algorithm, the platform can distinguish between lung cancer and healthy lung breath (Fig. 6c-iii, iv, v), which can be used as an in vitro diagnostic tool for early-stage lung cancer.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Qiao et al. 2018 source

In the paper

“Representative methods include acoustic wave devices (AWDs) based on the piezoelectric effect (Chen et al. 2018; Dou et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018), semiconductor metal oxide (Lin et al. 2019), and two-dimensional materials (Sun et al. 2018).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chen et al. 2018
• Not checked yetcites Dou et al. 2018 source
• Not checked yetcites Zhang et al. 2018 source

In the paper

“Semiconducting metal oxides (SMOs) are widely used for VOC detection due to their high sensitivity and low cost (Steinhauer 2021).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinhauer 2021

In the paper

“By preferentially adsorbing the target gas molecules onto their surface, these films amplify the sensor's sensitivity, allowing for the detection of even trace amounts of the gas.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McGinn et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“Their engineered composition ensures long-term stability and reversibility, enabling consistent and reliable performance of the gas sensor over-time.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McGinn et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“The presence of VOCs increases the number of free electrons, which in turn increases the conductivity of the sensor material.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Steinhauer 2021

In the paper

“Optical methods for VOC gas detection offer high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and fast response times (Khan et al. 2020).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Khan et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“Li et al. (Li et al. 2017) prepared SnO2 microspheres for formaldehyde gas sensing by a simple hydrothermal method (Fig. 7b-i, ii).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Li et al. 2017

In the paper

“The results show that the sensor has a response value of 38.3 to 100 ppm formaldehyde at an operating temperature of 200 °C, and the detection limit reaches 1 ppm (Fig. 7b-iii).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Li et al. 2017

In the paper

“While electrical methods may have slightly lower sensitivity compared to optical methods, they can compensate with the use of sensor arrays and pattern recognition techniques to enhance selectivity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McGinn et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“Electrical methods generally have faster response times and can be more resilient to environmental interferences.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McGinn et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“However, they may be susceptible to interference from environmental factors and can be costlier due to specialized optical components.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Khan et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“However, they may require periodic calibration or replacement of sensing materials, and their selectivity may be limited for individual sensors.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McGinn et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“On the other hand, electrical methods exhibit good sensitivity in the parts per million (ppm) range and offer flexibility in sensor design (McGinn et al. 2020).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McGinn et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“AI-assisted design systems efficiently handle these tasks, leading to more effective and efficient design outcomes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Haripriya et al. 2023 source
• Not checked yetcites Lekha and Suchetha 2021 source
• Not checked yetcites Lotsch et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“Subsequently, the GA rapidly identified the optimal solution with high sensitivity, zero detuning of plasmonic resonance and molecular vibration, and high enhancement factor from multi-design parameter problems (Fig. 8a-ii).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Li, D. et al. 2021a
• Not checked yetcites Li, D. et al. 2021b

In the paper

“Overall, the advances in artificial intelligence techniques offer the promising potential to enhance VOC sensors through rapid sensor design and automated data processing, thus enabling them to effectively address the challenges of the future.”

In the paper

“Besides, physical knowledge can improve the algorithm’s performance and reduce the difficulty of optimization.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Khatib et al. 2022

In the paper

“The STAG comprises a sensing sleeve with 584 piezoresistive sensors, a knit glove, and readout electronics that utilize the ResNet-18 architecture to train the model and ultimately recognize 26 distinct objects.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sundaram et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“The tactile sensors can detect multiple stimuli simultaneously with negligible cross-coupling errors, offering more insightful features related to the objects and improving recognition precision during the ML process.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Li et al, 2020

In the paper

“As portrayed in Fig. 9b, Li et al. develop a flexible quadruple tactile sensor that enables a robotic hand to perceive grasped objects of varying materials and shapes and further employs a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with three hidden layers to achieve automatic waste classification.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Li et al, 2020

In the paper

“The rapid development of sensor technology has been a driving force behind Industry 4.0 (Wang, T. et al.2018c; Zhou et al. 2015; Zhu et al. 2019).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang, T. et al.2018c
• Not checked yetcites Zhou et al. 2015
• Not checked yetcites Zhu et al. 2019

In the paper

“By harnessing advanced sensor technology and AI data analytics, wearable devices can offer real-time insights, facilitating smarter decision-making and enhancing efficiency across various applications (Han et al. 2018; Liu, H. et al 2020b; Wang, Y. et al., 2021).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Han et al. 2018 source
• Not checked yetcites Liu, H. et al 2020b
• Not checked yetcites Wang, Y. et al., 2021

In the paper

“These methods demonstrate that a substantially larger amount of information becomes available for examining interactions at a more profound level, thanks to the advancements in flexible electronic components and the support of DL techniques, thus facilitating the future design and development of next-generation wearable electronics and systems.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sundaram et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“In comparison to conventional and prevalent resistive and capacitive sensors, piezoelectric sensors and triboelectric sensors can generate self-produced voltage upon mechanical deformation, removing the need for external power sources.”

In the paper

“This innovative design allows for complex gesture recognition and control in both real and virtual spaces while minimizing the negative effects of humidity and sweat on performance.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wen, F. et al. 2020a
• Not checked yetcites Wen, F. et al. 2020b
• Not checked yetcites Wen, F. et al. 2020c

In the paper

“This shows an economical approach to enable communication between individuals who use sign language and those who do not, and it also highlights the potential use of TENG-based HMI in healthcare settings.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zhou, Z. et al. 2020b

In the paper

“The system maintains an overall precision above 98.63% and exhibits a quick response time (less than 1 second).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zhou, Z. et al. 2020b

In the paper

“This textile has a quicker recovery time from high-humidity environments, threefold boosted triboelectric performance, and better biomechanical energy scavenging compared to pristine textiles.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wen, F. et al. 2020a
• Not checked yetcites Wen, F. et al. 2020b
• Not checked yetcites Wen, F. et al. 2020c

In the paper

“The glove-based HMI, enhanced with machine learning, demonstrates a high recognition accuracy of 96.7%, outperforming non-superhydrophobic systems (92.1%).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wen, F. et al. 2020a
• Not checked yetcites Wen, F. et al. 2020b
• Not checked yetcites Wen, F. et al. 2020c

In the paper

“The deep learning algorithm initially identifies word components, followed by the reconstruction of the original sentences, achieving respective accuracies of 82.81% and 85.58%.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wen, F. et al. 2021 source

In the paper

“Multimodality offers numerous benefits, including improved accuracy, redundancy, complementary information, adaptability, robustness, enhanced functionality, and scalability (Sun et al. 2021; Shih et al., 2020).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sun et al. 2021
• Not checked yetcites Shih et al., 2020

In the paper

“This breakthrough in recognizing both existing and new sentences enhances the practicality of sign language recognition systems, marking a significant step towards minimizing communication obstacles between sign language users and non-signers.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wen, F. et al. 2021 source

In the paper

“These advantages make smart sensor systems an essential component of various fields, such as robotics, environmental monitoring, healthcare, and security, where reliable and comprehensive information is vital for effective decision-making and performance, allowing smart homes to make informed decisions and customized actions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sun et al. 2021
• Not checked yetcites Shih et al., 2020

In the paper

“Upon analyzing the datasets collected from a wide range of 15 participants, it was observed that standalone radar technology resulted in a decent average classification accuracy of 76.7%, while the pressure sensors alone clocked an accuracy of 69.0%.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Liang et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“This method of data fusion achieves a stellar recognition accuracy of 100%, while maintaining this accuracy under less than non-ideal conditions for the image sensor, such as noise, under-exposure, or over-exposure.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang, M. et al. 2020a
• Not checked yetcites Wang, M. et al. 2020b
• Not checked yetcites Wang, M. et al. 2020c

In the paper

“As shown in Fig. 11a, Zhang et al. developed smart socks based on TENG, which are designed not only to capture and repurpose waste energy generated by low-frequency body movements but also to transmit sensory data wirelessly (Zhang, Z. et al. 2020).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Zhang, Z. et al. 2020 source

In the paper

“However, a significant improvement was noticed when the HSVM algorithm was implemented, as it combines the outputs from both the pressure sensors and radar, pushing the classification accuracy rate to a commendable 92.5%.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Liang et al. 2019 source

In the paper

“This integration enables high-precision, multifunctional vibration recognition with resolutions of 0.01g for acceleration, 0.01 Hz for frequency, and 2° for tilting angle.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Huang et al. 2023 source

In the paper

“Contrasting with camera-based monitoring systems that often provoke privacy concerns, this smart floor monitoring system employs a digital twin of the individual in a virtual setting, displaying solely the position information and recognized identity, which is crucial for automation, healthcare, and security applications.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Shi, Q. et al. 2020b

In the paper

“Remarkably, the iCUPE, without requiring an external power supply, is competent at capturing vibrational signals in its environment, thereby yielding preliminary data points such as frequency and acceleration.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Huang et al. 2023 source

In the paper

“Built around a three-dimensional (3D) hexahedral modular arrangement, the iCUPE embodies a self-sustainable system with AIoT capabilities.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Huang et al. 2023 source

In the paper

“This network, coupled with a cloud server infrastructure, facilitates the systematic collection, storage, and analysis of data, enabling intelligent decision-making processes.”

In the paper

“In addition, AI-enabled sensors can facilitate real-time monitoring of vital signs, enabling rapid detection of abnormalities and timely intervention, thus potentially saving lives.”

In the paper

“The mechanical energy harvested powers a self-sustaining IoT system with GPS tracking, and environmental temperature and humidity sensing capabilities, ensuring comprehensive user monitoring.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Guo, X. et al. 2021b

In the paper

“If a fall occurs, the anomaly is detected immediately, allowing for a quick call for help.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Guo, X. et al. 2021b

In the paper

“Over the past few decades, there has been significant progress in the development of flexible sensors, which have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reliably monitoring vital biomedical and physiological data, as well as daily activities.”

In the paper

“By continuously monitoring physiological parameters and seamlessly integrating them with an individual's medical history, AI algorithms can generate personalized recommendations for disease prevention, early intervention, and chronic disease management.”

In the paper

“One of the key benefits of AI-enhanced sensor systems is the realization of personalized healthcare.”

In the paper

“Empowered by advanced therapeutic devices, such as drug delivery patches and neural interfaces, closed-loop sensing-therapy systems emerge as a promising platform to provide enhanced benefits to patients suffering from chronic diseases.”

In the paper

“Moreover, with the advent of advanced wireless communication technologies such as 5G and 6G, alongside the integration of IoT devices and AI technology, an interconnected network known as the AIoT becomes feasible.”

In the paper

“Meanwhile, notable advancements in the fields of flexible electronics and MEMS/ NEMS have fostered the progress of implantable devices for sensing, neural signal recording/modulation, and actuation.”

In the paper

“The deep learning model captures the user's live motion status at home and mirrors it in the virtual environment.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Guo, X. et al. 2021b

In the paper

“Analyzing the P-TENG output through a 1D-CNN deep learning structure, the stick identifies five distinct movements (rising, sitting, walking, ascending, and descending stairs), evaluates three separate statuses, and recognizes ten different users.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Guo, X. et al. 2021b

In the paper

“Concurrently, the emergence of energy harvesters and self-powered sensors has presented promising alternatives and supplementary approaches in establishing a bodyNET framework.”