Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Recent reports estimate the prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions in the UK to be 1%. Aims: To use different methods to estimate the prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions, including previously undiagnosed cases, in Cambridgeshire. Method: We carried out a survey of autism-spectrum conditions using the Special Educational Needs (SEN) register. A diagnosis survey was distributed to participating schools to be handed out to parents of all children aged 5–9 years. The mainstream primary school population was screened for unknown cases. Results: The prevalence estimates generated from the SEN register and diagnosis survey were 94 per 10 000 and 99 per 10 000 respectively. A total of 11 children received a research diagnosis of an autism-spectrum condition following screening and assessment. The ratio of known:unknown cases is about 3:2 (following statistical weighting procedures). Taken together, we estimate the prevalence to be 157 per 10 000, including previously undiagnosed cases. Conclusions: This study has implications for planning diagnostic, social and health services.
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The prevalence of ASD worldwide has increased in recent decades.
“The prevalence of ASD worldwide has increased in recent decades [71, 78, 92].”
From The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
The opening prevalence discussion (page not provided) says estimates for autism-spectrum conditions rose over four decades. It attributes much of the rise to changes in detection, methodology and diagnostic criteria, and cautions that studies cannot be directly compared; it does not establish that actual ASD prevalence increased worldwide. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredASD is diagnosed three to four times more frequently in males than in females.
“Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed three to four times more frequently in males than in females.1, 2, 3”
From The female protective effect against autism spectrum disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
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“These increases may be due to improved recognition and diagnosis of ASD, broadened diagnostic criteria and increased awareness and acceptance of ASD by health-care professionals and parents.(54,314,315) The 2008 prevalence of ASD diagnoses in 6- to 12-year-olds in our cohort (0.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
- Authors
- Baron-Cohen, S., Scott, F. J., Allison, C., Williams, J., Bolton, P., Matthews, F. E., & Brayne, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 194
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 500-509
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2161063401
- Cited by
- 918
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 73
- FWCI
- 28.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- King's College London
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, prevalence, undiagnosed cases, school-based screening, elementary school students, Cambridgeshire
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, England, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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