The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 11 of the 36 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development
Open accessAbstract
Several hundred microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been cloned from a wide range of organisms across phylogeny. Despite the high degree of conservation of miRNAs, their functions in general, and in mammals particularly, are just beginning to be defined. Here we show that an oligonucleotide DNA array can be successfully used for the simultaneous analysis of miRNA expression profiles from tissues or cells. From a subset of miRNAs expressed in the brain we designed an oligonucleotide array spotted with probes specific for 44 mature miRNAs. These arrays demonstrated precise regulation of miRNA expression at mammalian brain developmental epochs. About 20% of the probed miRNAs changed significantly in their expression during normal brain development, and two of them, miR-9 and miR-131, were dysregulated in presenilin-1 null mice exhibiting severe brain developmental defects. Transcripts with regulated expression patterns on the arrays were validated by Northern blots. Additionally, a bioinformatic analysis of developmentally regulated miRNAs suggested potential mRNA targets. The arrays also revealed miRNAs distributed to translating polyribosomes in primary neurons where they are likely to modulate translation. Therefore, oligonucleotide arrays provide a new tool for studying miRNA expression in a variety of biological and pathobiological settings. Creating clusters of coexpressed miRNAs will contribute to understanding their regulation, functions, and discovery of mRNA targets.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
An oligonucleotide array for 44 mature microRNAs revealed that miRNA expression is extensively and precisely regulated across rat brain development, with about 20% of probed miRNAs changing significantly. The array also detected dysregulation of miR-9 and miR-131 in presenilin-1 null mice and differential miRNA association with translating polyribosomes in primary neurons.
Key findings
- Nine candidate miRNAs were differentially expressed during rat forebrain development with more than a twofold change (p < 0.05); Northern blots validated all nine. Examples include miR-131 increasing 4.2-fold from E12 to E13 and 4.7-fold from E13 to E21, miR-124a increasing more than 13-fold from E12 to E21, and miR-128 increasing 12-fold from E12 to adult.
- In E17.5 PS1-deficient mouse forebrains, miR-9 and miR-131 were reduced more than twofold compared with PS1(+/-) littermates; the difference was less evident at E13.5 and enhanced over development. No differences in other miRNAs were detected in PS1-deficient mice.
- miRNAs cosedimented with translating polyribosomes in primary cerebrocortical neurons; miR-9 was more associated with polyribosomes than miR-131 (20%–25% of miR-9 versus 8%–9% of miR-131).
- Bioinformatic analysis suggested putative mRNA targets, including calcineurin A beta for miR-131 (19 nt of 21 in human, 18 nt of 21 in rodent complementarity), Id2 for miR-9 (20 nt of 23), and SMBP2 and Otx1 for miR-103.
Methods
- A nylon-membrane oligonucleotide array was spotted with antisense probes for 44 mature miRNAs (54–72 nt tri-mers at 7 µM), plus mismatch controls. Low-molecular-weight RNA (<70 nt) from rat forebrain at E12, E13, E21, P5, and adult stages, PS1 mouse forebrains, and cultured primary cerebrocortical neurons was labeled and hybridized.
- Hybridization signals were quantified by phosphorimaging; typically three independent RNA samples per developmental time point were used, with duplicate or triplicate hybridizations, normalization, and two-tailed t-tests for developmental comparisons. Northern blots validated regulated miRNAs.
- For polyribosome studies, cytosolic lysates from primary neurons were fractionated on 15%–45% sucrose gradients into mRNP, ribosomal subunit/free ribosome, polyribosome, and RNA granule fractions; RNA from fractions was analyzed by array and Northern blot. Bioinformatic FASTA/BLAST searches identified mRNAs with complementarity to regulated miRNAs.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section.
- Evident from the text: the array covered only 44 selected miRNAs, so it could not survey all vertebrate miRNAs; putative mRNA targets were identified bioinformatically and were not experimentally validated.
- The erratum revises miRNA nomenclature and notes that miR-271 does not fulfill stringent miRNA criteria and was deleted from the array list; some PS1 array data are described as “data not shown.”
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Claims the paper makes
42 Own result · 16 Own method · 15 Own interpretation · 11 No full text of the sources · 5 Sources not found · 4 Supported · 4 Partly supported · 4 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Because the Notch receptors are key substrates of the complex, PS1-deficient mice show lethal developmental defects in the CNS similar to those observed in mice deficient in Notch 1 (Shen et al. 1997).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression in Presenilin-1 knockout mice
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Shen et al. 1997 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports that PS1-deficient mice die shortly after birth and have CNS developmental abnormalities. The Discussion compares their skeletal defects—not their CNS defects—with those of Notch1-deficient mice, and says death is likely due to ribcage deformities rather than CNS hemorrhages. It also leaves PS1’s interaction with Notch signaling unresolved; this paper does not establish the sentence’s substrate-based explanation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The small RNA referred to as miR-271 does not fulfill the stringent criteria for miRNA suggested by Ambros et al. (2003).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Additional information
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Ambros et al. (2003) source
The paper (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) uses a secondary-structure criterion to distinguish miRNAs from other small RNAs and describes hairpin features that fail it. The sentence cites Ambros et al. for the criteria; its assessment of miR-271 is the citing authors’ application of them, not a finding attributed to the source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“two of them, miR-9 and miR-131, were dysregulated in presenilin-1 null mice exhibiting severe brain developmental defects.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MiR-128 signal enhanced later in corticogenesis with an overall 12-fold increase between E12 and adult.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These experiments demonstrated that expression of the developmentally regulated pair, miR-9 and miR-131, was reduced in the forebrains of E17.5 PS1-deficient mice compared to their PS1(+/-) littermate forebrains (data not shown).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression in Presenilin-1 knockout mice
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Combining this candidate strategy with a search of the NCBI databases revealed several messages with a high degree of complementarity to developmentally regulated neuronal miRNAs (Fig. 6).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Putative mRNA targets for developmentally regulated miRNAs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We show here that specific miRNA expressions are precisely regulated during brain development and dysregulated in mice that lack presenilin.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About 20% of the probed miRNAs changed significantly in their expression during normal brain development, and two of them, miR-9 and miR-131, were dysregulated in presenilin-1 null mice exhibiting severe brain developmental defects.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, a bioinformatic analysis of developmentally regulated miRNAs suggested potential mRNA targets.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relatively, the miR-9 signal was stronger in polysomes than the miR-131 signal (Fig. 5A,B).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression in Presenilin-1 knockout mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 41
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“This protein is part of a large ribonucleoprotein complex that contains numerous miRNAs (Mourelatos et al. 2002).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Mourelatos et al. 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s opening passage distinguishes the SMN complex from a separate, miRNA-containing complex formed by Gemin3, Gemin4, and eIF2C2. The ∼15S section identifies those proteins and miRNAs in the large RNP, not SMN; it describes SMN complexes as larger particles that sediment separately. The source therefore does not place SMN in the miRNA-containing complex. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Inactivation of C. elegans Dicer (dcr-1) causes heterochronic phenotypes similar to let-7 and lin-4 mutations (Grishok et al. 2001).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Grishok et al. 2001 source
The Abstract states that inactivation of dcr-1 causes heterochronic phenotypes similar to lin-4 and let-7 mutations. The section “dcr-1(RNAi) and alg-1/alg-2(RNAi) Cause Retarded Heterochronic Defects” likewise describes the defects caused by dcr-1 RNAi as reminiscent of those mutations. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In Arabidopsis, suppression of RNA silencing, which shares a common pathway with miRNA processing, results in developmental defects (Kasschau et al. 2003).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Kasschau et al. 2003 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion report that Arabidopsis plants expressing the RNA-silencing suppressor P1/HC-Pro developed severe abnormalities. They also show interference with miRNA-guided activity, but locate it downstream of miRNA processing; the claim’s description of a common pathway with miRNA processing is therefore more specific than the paper establishes. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In Drosophila, bantam miRNA stimulates cell proliferation and tissue growth (Brennecke et al. 2003).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Brennecke et al. 2003 source
The Abstract states that Drosophila bantam encodes a microRNA that promotes tissue growth and stimulates cell proliferation. The Discussion’s ‘Control of Tissue Growth by a microRNA’ section further explains that bantam-induced growth results from increased cell proliferation. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The enzyme responsible for this cleavage is Dicer (Hutvagner et al. 2001;Ketting et al. 2001).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hutvagner et al. 2001 source
- Supportedcites Ketting et al. 2001 source
In “dcr-1 is involved in developmental timing” (Fig. 3d–e; page not provided), the paper reports that Dicer processed a let-7 hairpin precursor into mature RNA in vitro. It also reports accumulation of the precursor and reduced mature let-7 in dcr-1 mutants, supporting Dicer’s role in this cleavage. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Many miRNAs have been isolated from mammalian embryonic neurons and mature brain, and some of them are neuronalspecific (Lagos-Quintana et al. 2002;Dostie et al. 2003).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Lagos-Quintana et al. 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports cloning miRNAs from adult mouse cortex, cerebellum, and midbrain, and describes several as predominantly brain-specific (Abstract; page not given in our copy). It does not establish that they are specific to neurons rather than other brain cells, and its samples came from adult mice, not embryonic neurons. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites Dostie et al. 2003 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Identification and characterization of miRNAs section reports many miRNAs from mouse and human neuronal cell lines and identifies miR-124a as neuronal-specific. It does not report isolating miRNAs from mature brain, and it says the neuronal specificity of its novel miRNAs is uncertain. The source therefore supports the broad neuronal-cell finding, but not the full description of the sampled tissues or specificity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mutation of this protein causes mouse neuromuscular degeneration (Cox et al. 1998), a disease similar to human spinal muscular atrophy and linked to miRNA-containing complex (see above).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Putative mRNA targets for developmentally regulated miRNAs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Cox et al. 1998 source
The Abstract identifies Smbp2 as the mutated gene in mice with neuromuscular degeneration, and the Discussion reports mutations in two independent nmd alleles. The Cox et al. citation is attached to the mutation claim; the later miRNA-complex clause points to material 'see above,' not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition, many tiny noncoding RNA molecules that are not processed from a miRNA-like hairpin precursor and are not phylogenetically conserved have been recently cloned from C. elegans and likely to express in vertebrates as well (Ambros et al. 2003).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Putative mRNA targets for developmentally regulated miRNAs
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Ambros et al. 2003 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results passage in our copy (labeled Abstract; page unavailable) reports 33 C. elegans tncRNAs that are apparently not processed from miRNA-like hairpins and are not phylogenetically conserved. It does not say that tncRNAs are likely to be expressed in vertebrates; its discussion of vertebrate homologs concerns miRNAs instead. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MiR-19b signal was strong in E12 and E13, but nearly undetectable in the adult.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two different precursors of ∼65 nt, pre-mir9/131-ch1 and pre-mir9/131-ch15, but not pre-mir9/131-ch5, are detected with probes specific for the loop regions (Fig. 3C).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some miRNAs were overrepresented in polysomes, whereas others are underrepresented.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression in Presenilin-1 knockout mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The difference in miR-9 and miR-131 expression between PS1(+/-) and PS1(-/-) brains was less evident at E13.5 and enhanced over development from E13.5 to E17.5.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression in Presenilin-1 knockout mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two of these miRNAs, miR-9 and miR-131, are brain-enriched transcripts (Fig. 3A) processed from both arms of the stem of a ∼65 nt common precursor (Fig. 3B).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although miR-9 and miR-131 expression patterns demonstrate their maximal level at E21, both precursors are more abundant at E14-E15, suggesting developmental regulation of their maturation.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After E21, the miR-131 signal decreased, and therefore in adults it appeared just 3.4-fold higher than at E12.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At all three loci the sequences of miR-9 and miR-131 are perfectly conserved, whereas their joining sequences are just moderately conserved at two loci (chromosomes 1 and 5), and differ strongly at a chromosome 15 locus (Fig. 3B).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expression patterns fell into four categories: (1) postnatal expression, for example, miR-128; (2) prenatal expression, for example, miR-19b; (3) peak expression at E21, for example, miR-9, miR-125b, miR-131, miR-178; (4) increasing during the embryonic period followed by stable expression in the postnatal period, for example, miR-124a and miR-266; (5) gradually increasing expression, for exam”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, a stronger signal was observed in the mRNPs; however, the proportion of specific miRNAs in polysomes versus mRNPs differed widely.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression in Presenilin-1 knockout mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MiR-124a signal increased more than 13-fold from E12 to E21, after which it remained stable.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the average increase in the miR-131 signal from E12 to E13 was 4.2-fold, and 4.7 from E13 to E21.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“tRNAs here comigrate with a synthetic marker of 65 nt.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Identification of mRNAs with complementarity sites to regulated neuronal miRNAs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A sequence within DNA helicase SMBP2 transcript is nearly complementary to miR-103.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Putative mRNA targets for developmentally regulated miRNAs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to miR-124a, its precursor is detected in lanes 4 and 5, but not in a lane 6.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Identification of mRNAs with complementarity sites to regulated neuronal miRNAs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MiR-9 and miR-131 are disregulated in PS1 null mice.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Identification of mRNAs with complementarity sites to regulated neuronal miRNAs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: PS1(+/-) heterozygous mice are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type animals.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this molecule is expressed in brain as detected by Northern blot analysis, it may represent a different class of non-coding RNA and, therefore, was deleted from the list of miRNAs included on the array.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, we were able to detect several highly expressed pre-miRNA, as well as two tRNAs, which were spotted as controls.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Oligonucleotide array for miRNA
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“possibly indicating a difference in their stability or processing.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Two C. elegans miRNAs, lin-4 and let-7, control developmental timing by forming imperfect base pairing with elements within the 3Ј UTR of target mRNAs and attenuating their translation (Lee et al. 1993;Wightman et al. 1993;Olsen and Ambros 1999;Reinhart et al. 2000;Slack et al. 2000).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many miRNAs, often with highly conserved sequences, are present in the genomes of Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, mice, and humans (Lagos-Quintana et al. 2001, 2002;Lau et al. 2001;Lee and Ambros 2001;Mourelatos et al. 2002;Dostie et al. 2003).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In plants, miRNAs have greater complementarity to their mRNA targets, and are likely to trigger the degradation of their targets similarly to the action of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs; Llave et al. 2002;Rhoades et al. 2002).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Llave et al. 2002 source
- Not matchedcites Rhoades et al. 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, miR-9 is also down-regulated during development of the fly, the organism from which it was initially cloned (Lagos-Quintana et al. 2001).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lagos-Quintana et al. 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The failure of miR-9 and miR-131 to up-regulate in PS1(-/-) embryonic brain development may be due to impaired Notch signaling.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression in Presenilin-1 knockout mice
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Premature neuronal differentiation in the PS1(-/-) brain is associated with aberrant neuronal migration and disorganization of the laminar architecture of the developing cerebral hemisphere (Handler et al. 2000).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression in Presenilin-1 knockout mice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Handler et al. 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, these precursors expression can be independently regulated during brain development, and it is possible that only one member of the pair is expressed from each locus.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“miRNA expression is regulated as a function of time course in neuronal cultures and several miRNAs have been observed in association with polyribosomes in primary neurons (J.Kim, A.M. Krichevsky, Y. Grad, G.D. Hayes, K.S. Kosik, G.M. Church, and G. Ruvkun, in prep.).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites J.Kim, A.M. Krichevsky, Y. Grad, G.D. Hayes, K.S. Kosik, G.M. Church, and G. Ruvkun, in prep.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Here, the lack of PS1 leads to premature differentiation of neural progenitor cells, while neural proliferation and apoptotic cell death during neurogenesis are unaltered (Handler et al. 2000).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression in Presenilin-1 knockout mice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Handler et al. 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Drosophila homolog of this protein associates with Dicer and with miRNAs and colocalizes with translating ribosomes (Caudy et al. 2002).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Caudy et al. 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Some miRNAs are organized in the genome as clusters sometimes separated by intervals as short as a few nucleotides (Lagos-Quintana et al. 2001;Lau et al. 2001).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In C. elegans both lin-4 miRNA and its target lin-14 mRNA associate with polyribosomes and lin-4 inhibits the translation of lin-14 mRNA after initiation of its translation (Ambros 2000).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression in Presenilin-1 knockout mice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ambros 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Heterochronic RNAs in C. elegans control cell cycle progression and a particular sequence of cell divisions that is necessary for the generation of a specific cell type (Ambros 2000).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression in Presenilin-1 knockout mice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ambros 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Samples with abnormally low incorporation were excluded from the analysis.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Oligonucleotide array for miRNA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The estimated number of the total miRNAs in vertebrates is ∼250 molecules (Lim et al. 2003).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Putative mRNA targets for developmentally regulated miRNAs
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lim et al. 2003 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similar to the majority of the predicted plant targets (Rhoades et al. 2002), the mentioned mRNAs encode either transcription factors or, like calcineurin, may affect transcription indirectly.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Putative mRNA targets for developmentally regulated miRNAs
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rhoades et al. 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expression ratios are shown only where the ratio exceeds twofold and the corresponding p-value is equal or below 0.05.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Identification of mRNAs with complementarity sites to regulated neuronal miRNAs
plainn = 33 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Calcineurin A, and particularly its  isoform expression in developing brain is regulated posttranscriptionally, most likely at the translational level (Polli et al. 1991).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Putative mRNA targets for developmentally regulated miRNAs
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Polli et al. 1991 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hybridization signals that failed to exceed the average background value by more than three standard deviations were excluded from analysis.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Oligonucleotide array for miRNA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“mRNP and polysomal RNAs were isolated from three independent fractionation experiments, and each LMW RNA sample was hybridized in triplicate to the array membranes as shown in A.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Identification of mRNAs with complementarity sites to regulated neuronal miRNAs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The bars represent an average of three completely independent experiments.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Identification of mRNAs with complementarity sites to regulated neuronal miRNAs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The standard deviation between triplicate samples was distributed as follows: <0.6 for all probes, <0.3 for 80% of probes, and <0.2 for 50% of probes.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Oligonucleotide array for miRNA
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Typically, an experiment included three independent RNA samples for each developmental time point.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Oligonucleotide array for miRNA
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and may represent another putative target for miR-103.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Putative mRNA targets for developmentally regulated miRNAs
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, miR-131 is alternatively known in the Rfam database as miR-9*, as it appears to be expressed from the opposite strand of the miR-9 precursor.”
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
“Similarly, miR-131 is alternatively named miR-9*, as it is expressed from the opposite strand of the miR-9 precursor.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rfam
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Additional information · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Upon normalization, the remaining data was averaged among duplicate arrays, and the resulting three data sets each corresponding to an RNA sample were considered independent measurements for the purposes of the two-tailed, two-sample t-test when comparing different developmental stages.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Oligonucleotide array for miRNA
plainn = 3 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“miRNAs miR-322-miR-351 have been recently cloned from rat neurons by Kim et al. (2003).”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kim et al. (2003)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To ensure accuracy of the hybridizations, each RNA sample was hybridized with two or three membranes.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Oligonucleotide array for miRNA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Otx1, murine homolog of the Drosophila transcription factor orthodenticle, is necessary for normal corticogenesis (Simeone et al. 2002), and may represent another putative target for miR-103.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Putative mRNA targets for developmentally regulated miRNAs
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Simeone et al. 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“5S rRNA was detected by ethidium bromide staining of the gels prior to transfer to verify equal loading of total RNA.”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > Identification of mRNAs with complementarity sites to regulated neuronal miRNAs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
No function has been demonstrated for miRNA in mammals yet.
“However, no function has been demonstrated for miRNA in mammals yet.”
The paper relies on this without support.
PS1(+/-) heterozygous mice are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type animals.
“PS1(+/-) heterozygous are phenotypically undistinguishable from wild-type animals.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In human and rodents, there are three copies of mir-9 and only two are functional (Krichevsky et al., 2003).”
From Identification of Dynamically Regulated MicroRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes (2008) · cites this paper as Krichevsky et al., 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As a positive control, we showed that neuronal miR-124 increased the differentiation of stem cells toward neuronal cell fate, in agreement with previous observations (Krichevsky et al., 2003).”
From Comprehensive expression analyses of neural cell-type-specific miRNAs identify new determinants of the specification and maintenance of neuronal phenotypes (2013) · cites this paper as Krichevsky et al., 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous studies had instead compared the miRNA expression in whole brain tissue with the expression in other tissues of the same organism (Sempere et al., 2004;Wienholds et al., 2005) or assessed differences in miRNA expression during different stages of development of individual neural cell types (Krichevsky et al., 2003;Smirnova et al., 2005;Zhao et al., 2010).”
From Comprehensive expression analyses of neural cell-type-specific miRNAs identify new determinants of the specification and maintenance of neuronal phenotypes (2013) · cites this paper as Krichevsky et al., 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While confirming that miR-124 is a potent determinant of neuronal identity (Krichevsky et al., 2003;Visvanathan et al., 2007)”
From Comprehensive expression analyses of neural cell-type-specific miRNAs identify new determinants of the specification and maintenance of neuronal phenotypes (2013) · cites this paper as Krichevsky et al., 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“provide the field with the complete atlas of miRNAs expression in proliferating neural stem cells, neurogenic progenitors and newborn neurons during corticogenesis.”
From MicroRNA profiling of mouse cortical progenitors and neurons reveals miR-486-5p as a regulator of neurogenesis (2020) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The lack of a comprehensive catalog of miRNAs expression in specific populations of neural progenitor cells is due to many factors including technical limitation in the coverage of single-cell small RNA sequencing (25) and that essentially all previous high-throughput miRNA studies on neurogenesis used either microarrays or total”
From MicroRNA profiling of mouse cortical progenitors and neurons reveals miR-486-5p as a regulator of neurogenesis (2020) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“our dataset included essentially all (96%) of these previously known cortical miRNAs and further doubled this list by including additional 421 pre-miRNAs.”
From MicroRNA profiling of mouse cortical progenitors and neurons reveals miR-486-5p as a regulator of neurogenesis (2020) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“During development, many miRNAs are expressed in neurons or show distinct expression patterns within the developing central nervous system (CNS), implying their importance in brain development and function (Krichevsky et al. 2003;Miska et al. 2004;Sempere et al. 2004;Smirnova et al. 2005;Wienholds et al. 2005).”
From MicroRNA expression in the adult mouse central nervous system (2008) · cites this paper as Krichevsky et al. 2003
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We observed that the same series of miRNAs was upregulated in EC cells upon RA-treatment.”
From Expression profiling of mammalian microRNAs uncovers a subset of brain-expressed microRNAs with possible roles in murine and human neuronal differentiation (2004) · cites this paper as [17]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“the targeting of which has been shown previously to mediate miR-124-dependent proneuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (Krichevsky et al., 2003;Fig. 7 E, G).”
From Comprehensive expression analyses of neural cell-type-specific miRNAs identify new determinants of the specification and maintenance of neuronal phenotypes (2013) · cites this paper as Krichevsky et al., 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Remarkably, however, a comprehensive catalog of cortical miRNAs cell-specifically expressed in progenitor types and neurons is still missing.”
From MicroRNA profiling of mouse cortical progenitors and neurons reveals miR-486-5p as a regulator of neurogenesis (2020) · cites this paper as [30]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
“The expression patterns fell into four categories:”
§ A microRNA array reveals extensive regulation of microRNAs during brain development > miRNA expression during corticogenesis
“(5) gradually increasing expression, for example, miR-103.”
Citations
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MicroRNA‐124 Regulates Neuronal Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Targeting Sp1 mRNA
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MicroRNAs as Cancer Players: Potential Clinical and Biological Effects
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MicroRNAs and Alzheimer′s Disease Mouse Models: Current Insights and Future Research Avenues
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microRNAs Sculpt Neuronal Communication in a Tight Balance That Is Lost in Neurological Disease
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MicroRNAs Regulate Osteogenesis and Chondrogenesis of Mouse Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
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MicroRNAs in the Onset of Schizophrenia
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miR‐204 downregulates EphB2 in aging mouse hippocampal neurons
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Cloning and characterization of microRNAs from Brassica napus
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miR-342-5p Decreases Ankyrin G Levels in Alzheimer’s Disease Transgenic Mouse Models
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MicroRNAs regulate neuronal plasticity and are involved in pain mechanisms
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Hayes, A. M., Qian, S., Yu, L., & Boris‐Lawrie, K. (2011) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-36 · Cited by 55
Effect of Regulatory Network of Exosomes and microRNAs on Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Metadata
- Authors
- KRICHEVSKY, A. M., KING, K. S., DONAHUE, C. P., KHRAPKO, K., & KOSIK, K. S.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- KOSIK, KENNETH S.
- Venue
- RNA
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2003-09-16
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1274-1281
- ISSN
- 1355-8382 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9001
- PMC
- PMC1370491
- OpenAlex
- W2171833185
- Cited by
- 1,040
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 15.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- RNA (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG018388, R01AG019787)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES011343)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › MicroRNA in disease regulation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- miRNA expression profiling, brain development, oligonucleotide microarrays, miR-9, presenilin 1, mRNA targets, translational regulation, primary neurons
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Membrane Proteins, Blotting, Northern, DNA Primers, Mice, Knockout, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Gene Expression Profiling, MicroRNAs, Mice, Rats, Presenilin-1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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