Neurobiology of Feeding and Energy Expenditure

Gao, Qian; Horvath, Tamas L.

doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094324

Cited by 346Regulation of Appetite and ObesityHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Neurobiology of Feeding and Energy Expenditure

Gao, Qian, Horvath, Tamas L.·2007·Annual Review of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094324

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Abstract

Significant advancements have been made in the past century regarding the neuronal control of feeding behavior and energy expenditure. The effects and mechanisms of action of various peripheral metabolic signals on the brain have become clearer. Molecular and genetic tools for visualizing and manipulating individual components of brain homeostatic systems in combination with neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, behavioral, and pharmacological techniques have begun to elucidate the molecular and neuronal mechanisms of complex feeding behavior and energy expenditure. This review highlights some of these advancements that have led to the current understanding of the brain's involvement in the acute and chronic regulation of energy homeostasis.

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Increasing body weight above healthy lean levels results in changes in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and hormones such as leptin, ghrelin, NPY, orexin, hypocretin, and GLP-1, which regulate appetite and energy homeostasis.
“Increasing body weight above healthy lean levels results in changes in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and hormones, such as leptin, ghrelin, NPY, orexin and hypocretin, [GLP-1] which, in turn, regulate appetite and energy homeostasis”
From Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity (2018) · cites this paper as Gao & Horvath, 2007
Specific hypothalamic nuclei sense nutrients and modify energy intake and expenditure to maintain a balance, and are responsible for regulating food intake.
“Specific hypothalamic nuclei, which sense nutrients and modify energy intake and expenditure to maintain a balance, are responsible for regulating this intake ([48](#B48)).”
From Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [48]
AgRP neurons are involved in feeding and food reward processing.
“These neurons are well known to be involved in feeding and food reward processing [18, 19].”
From Chronic unpredictable stress induces depression-related behaviors by suppressing AgRP neuron activity (2021) · cites this paper as [19]

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The tempted brain eats: Pleasure and desire circuits in obesity and eating disorders
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Plays a Central Role in Development of Leptin Resistance
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Synaptic input organization of the melanocortin system predicts diet-induced hypothalamic reactive gliosis and obesity
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Leptin Acts via Leptin Receptor-Expressing Lateral Hypothalamic Neurons to Modulate the Mesolimbic Dopamine System and Suppress Feeding
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Leptin reverses weight loss–induced changes in regional neural activity responses to visual food stimuli
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Tanycytic VEGF-A Boosts Blood-Hypothalamus Barrier Plasticity and Access of Metabolic Signals to the Arcuate Nucleus in Response to Fasting
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Anhedonia requires MC4R-mediated synaptic adaptations in nucleus accumbens
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Leptin Action via Neurotensin Neurons Controls Orexin, the Mesolimbic Dopamine System and Energy Balance
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Leptin signaling in astrocytes regulates hypothalamic neuronal circuits and feeding
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Toll-like receptors: linking inflammation to metabolism
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Hypothalamic Survival Circuits: Blueprints for Purposive Behaviors
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Selective Insulin and Leptin Resistance in Metabolic Disorders
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The Orexigenic Effect of Ghrelin Is Mediated through Central Activation of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System
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Evaluating the Power of Food Scale in obese subjects and a general sample of individuals: development and measurement properties
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The Versatile Tanycyte: A Hypothalamic Integrator of Reproduction and Energy Metabolism
Prévot, V., Dehouck, B., Sharif, A., Ciofi, P., Giacobini, P., & Clasadonte, J. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2017-00235 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Peroxisome proliferation–associated control of reactive oxygen species sets melanocortin tone and feeding in diet-induced obesity
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Central Nesfatin-1 Reduces Dark-Phase Food Intake and Gastric Emptying in Rats: Differential Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor2 Receptor
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Brain–gut–microbiome interactions in obesity and food addiction
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Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in obesity
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Insulin Excites Anorexigenic Proopiomelanocortin Neurons via Activation of Canonical Transient Receptor Potential Channels
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Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in glucose and lipid metabolism
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Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity
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Neural Correlates of Stress- and Food Cue–Induced Food Craving in Obesity
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Octopamine mediates starvation-induced hyperactivity in adult Drosophila
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Limitations in anti-obesity drug development: the critical role of hunger-promoting neurons
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Zebrafish in Endocrine Systems: Recent Advances and Implications for Human Disease
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Hunger neurons drive feeding through a sustained, positive reinforcement signal.
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TGF-b superfamily cytokine MIC-1/GDF15 is a physiological appetite and body weight regulator
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Nicotine Induces Negative Energy Balance Through Hypothalamic AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
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Loss of Autophagy in Pro-opiomelanocortin Neurons Perturbs Axon Growth and Causes Metabolic Dysregulation
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Hypothalamic Alterations in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Relation to Abnormal Energy Metabolism
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The role of estrogen receptors in the control of energy and glucose homeostasis
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Metabolic Consequences and Vulnerability to Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Mice under Chronic Social Stress
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Direct innervation of GnRH neurons by metabolic- & sexual odorant-sensing leptin receptor neurons in the hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus
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Regulation of starvation-induced hyperactivity by insulin and glucagon signaling in adult Drosophila
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Mechanisms of Ketogenic Diet Action
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Brain-Endocrine Interactions: A Microvascular Route in the Mediobasal Hypothalamus
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An Orexin Hotspot in Ventral Pallidum Amplifies Hedonic ‘Liking’ for Sweetness
Ho, C., & Berridge, K. C. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.62 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Glutamatergic Preoptic Area Neurons That Express Leptin Receptors Drive Temperature-Dependent Body Weight Homeostasis
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Neonatal ghrelin programs development of hypothalamic feeding circuits
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Eating beyond metabolic need: how environmental cues influence feeding behavior
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Serotonin and the regulation of mammalian energy balance
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Pathophysiology and Individualized Treatment of Hypothalamic Obesity Following Craniopharyngioma and Other Suprasellar Tumors: A Systematic Review
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Central dopaminergic circuitry controlling food intake and reward: implications for the regulation of obesity
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The effects of branched-chain amino acid interactions on growth performance, blood metabolites, enzyme kinetics and transcriptomics in weaned pigs
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From feeding one to feeding many: hormone‐induced changes in bodyweight homeostasis during pregnancy
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Neural Systems Controlling the Drive to Eat: Mind Versus Metabolism
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Authors: Gao, Q., & Horvath, T. L.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Section of Comparative Medicine and Departments of 2Neurobiology and 3Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;,
ORCID: Gao, Qian
Venue: Annual Review of Neuroscience
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2007-07-01
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 367-398
ISSN: 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
1545-4126
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094324
OpenAlex: W2124738442
Cited by: 346
References: 221
Citations by year: 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 2.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG022880, AG-022880)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 060711, DK074386, R01DK074386, R01DK060711)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: feeding behavior, energy expenditure, energy homeostasis
MeSH terms: Animals, Appetite Regulation, Energy Metabolism, Feeding Behavior, Hormones, Humans, Hypothalamus, Motivation, Neural Pathways, Leptin, Melanocortins

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Neurobiology of Feeding and Energy Expenditure

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