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Iron Formation: The Sedimentary Product of a Complex Interplay among Mantle, Tectonic, Oceanic, and Biospheric Processes
Abstract
Iron formations are economically important sedimentary rocks that are most common in Precambrian sedi-mentary successions. Although many aspects of their origin remain unresolved, it is widely accepted that sec-ular changes in the style of their deposition are linked to environmental and geochemical evolution of Earth. Two types of Precambrian iron formations have been recognized with respect to their depositional setting. Al-goma-type iron formations are interlayered with or stratigraphically linked to submarine-emplaced volcanic rocks in greenstone belts and, in some cases, with volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. In contrast, larger Superior-type iron formations are developed in passive-margin sedimentary rock successions and gener-ally lack direct relationships with volcanic rocks. The early distinction made between these two iron-formation types, although mimimized by later studies, remains a valid first approximation. Texturally, iron formations were also divided into two groups. Banded iron formation (BIF) is dominant in Archean to earliest Paleopro-terozoic successions, whereas granular iron formation (GIF) is much more common in Paleoproterozoic suc-cessions. Secular changes in the style of iron-formation deposition, identified more than 20 years ago, have
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“Superior-type IFs can be very laterally extensive, with original aerial extents estimated in some cases to be over 100,000 km 2 (Isley, 1995; Bekker et al., 2010).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“The sulfide-facies IF described by James (1954) are now believed to be pyritic carbonaceous shales and ferruginous slates, and therefore do not represent a chemical precipitate (Bekker et al., 2010).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“(ii) most IF precursor sediments were deposited in offshore environments with limited siliciclastic input and low sedimentation rates”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“there is nearly unanimous agreement that (i) the size of the DIC reservoir was significantly larger in the Archaean than in the modern ocean”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“although IF sedimentation was likely highly pulsed and variable (Bekker et al., 2010; Haugaard et al., 2016a), slow net accumulation rates were probably linked to a low siliciclastic flux that allowed for accumulation of pure chemical sediments”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“(iii) proportionally more Fe(III) existed than organic carbon buried with IF precursor sediments relative to typical modern continental margin sediments”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“This observation is unlikely to reflect preservational bias because slightly younger 1.84, 1.79, and 1.78 Ga Cu-rich VMS deposits that similarly formed in arc settings contain abundant hematite and magnetite exhalites, jasper, and IF”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Large sedimentary iron deposits that formed during this time gap (1.85-0.75 Ga) are indeed absent, but several small IFs and Fe-rich lithologies in sedimentary rock-dominated successions are known”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Most deposits before 2.4 Ga comprise BIF; those ca. 2.3-0.8 Ga are predominantly GIF; Neoproterozoic Rapitan-type iron formation (~0.715 Ga) are associated with glacial deposits.”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Most deposits before 2.4 Ga comprise BIF; those ca. 2.3-0.8 Ga are predominantly GIF; Neoproterozoic Rapitan-type iron formation (~0.715 Ga) are associated with glacial deposits.”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Most deposits before 2.4 Ga comprise BIF; those ca. 2.3-0.8 Ga are predominantly GIF; Neoproterozoic Rapitan-type iron formation (~0.715 Ga) are associated with glacial deposits.”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Deposition of IF appears tied to periods of enhanced magmatic and hydrothermal activity (associated with large igneous province emplacement; Isley and Abbot, 1999) that delivered large amounts of ferrous iron to anoxic deep oceans (Bekker et al., 2010;2014).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“BIF dominate the Archean and are more important in terms of total IF tonnage (Bekker et al., 2010).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“Dissolved Fe concentrations in the Archean and Paleoproterozoic oceans would have had to have been high in order to permit the formation of extensive IF via Fe(II) oxidation by anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis (Bekker et al., 2010).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Bekker et al., 2010
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The rise of oxygen in Earth's early ocean and atmosphere
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bekker, A., Slack, J. F., Planavsky, N., Krapez, B., Hofmann, A., Konhauser, K. O., & Rouxel, O. J.
- Venue
- Economic Geology
- Publisher
- Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
- Published
- 2010-05-01
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 467-508
- ISSN
- 0361-0128 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2168225982
- Semantic Scholar
- 2221663277a66ffb05c10389897649a9320dce31
- Cited by
- 1,013
- References
- 354
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 29.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Economic Geology (publishedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- iron-formation, banded iron formations, greenstone belts, volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, Archean, Paleoproterozoic, mantle processes, tectonic setting, oceanic processes, biosphere
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