Childhood Obesity: Immune Response and Nutritional Approaches
Open accessAbstract
Childhood obesity is characterized by a low-grade inflammation status depending on the multicellular release of cytokines, adipokines, and reactive oxygen species. In particular, the imbalance between anti-inflammatory T regulatory cells and inflammatory T helper 17 cells seems to sustain such a phlogistic condition. Alterations of gut microbiota since childhood also contribute to the maintenance of inflammation. Therefore, besides preventive measures and caloric restrictions, dietary intake of natural products endowed with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities may represent a valid interventional approach for preventing and/or attenuating the pathological consequences of obesity. In this regard, the use of prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and melatonin in human clinical trials will be described.
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Ageing and obesity are both associated with chronic low grade inflammation, immune impairment, and intestinal dysbiosis.
“ageing and obesity are both associated with chronic low grade inflammation, immune impairment, and intestinal dysbiosis.”
From Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial‐Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly <i>Spirulina</i> (2017) · cites this paper as [141]
Obesity is associated with systemic inflammation and impaired immunity.
“Obesity is associated with systemic inflammation and impaired immunity.”
From The influence of obesity on the effects of spirulina supplementation in the human metabolic response of Korean elderly (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
In obese individuals, visceral adipose tissue is the major source of proinflammatory cytokines.
“In obese individuals, visceral adipose tissue is the major source of proinflammatory cytokines [30].”
From The influence of obesity on the effects of spirulina supplementation in the human metabolic response of Korean elderly (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
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Heilbronn, L. K., & Campbell, L. V. (2008) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161208784246153 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Holt, E. M., Steffen, L. M., Moran, A., Basu, S., Steinberger, J., Ross, J. A., Hong, C.-P., & Sinaiko, A. R. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.11.036 · Cited by 496 · cited 1× · see citing works
“general recommendations associated to other recent dietary guidelines (55, 56) are primarily based on low intakes of saturated and trans fat, cholesterol, added sugar and salt, energy intake, and PA according to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) model (57, 58).”
Obesidad infantil y juvenil en España. Resultados del Estudio enKid (1998-2000)
Serra‐Majem, L., Barba, L. R., Bartrina, J. A., Pérez‐Rodrigo, C., Saavedra, P., & Quintana, L. P. (2003) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(03)74077-9 · Cited by 492 · cited 4× · see citing works
“With regard to the etiology of childhood obesity (10), the prenatal period should be considered as a critical period for its development.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Influence of Smoking Cessation on the Prevalence of Overweight in the United States
Flegal, K. M., Troiano, R. P., Pamuk, E. R., Kuczmarski, R. J., & Campbell, S. M. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199511023331801 · Cited by 482 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Children born from diabetic mothers or mothers who smoked during pregnancy are more exposed to the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes (11).”
BackgroundPhysical fitness levels among European adolescents: the HELENA study
Ortega, F. B., Artero, E. G., Ruiz, J. R., España‐Romero, V., Jiménez‐Pavón, D., Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., Moreno, L. A., Μanios, Y., Béghin, L., Ottevaere, C., et al. (2009) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.062679 · Cited by 479 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, in the HELENA project (93), it has been demonstrated that more physically active and leaner children undergo higher energy intake than that observed in less active adolescents with more fat-mass.”
BackgroundLauer, R. M., Lee, J., & Clarke, W. R. (1988) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.82.3.309 · Cited by 475 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition,Lauer and associates (14) described some factors affecting the relationship between childhood and adult cholesterol levels with special reference to early development of atherosclerosis in children.”
BackgroundStowe, D. F., & Camara, A. K. S. (2009) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2008.2331 · Cited by 471 · cited 1× · see citing works
“On the other hand, obesity can induce oxidative stress in adipocytes via production of ROS by mitochondria which can be increased in response to a high-fat diet (79, 80).”
BackgroundKusminski, C. M., Holland, W. L., Sun, K., Park, J., Spurgin, S. B., Lin, Y., Askew, G. R., Simcox, J., McClain, D. A., Li, C., et al. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2899 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Ailhaud, G. P., Massiéra, F., WEILL, P., Legrand, P., Alessandri, J. M. J. M., & Guesnet, P. (2006) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2006.01.003 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Recommendations for Prevention of Childhood Obesity
Davis, M. M., Gance‐Cleveland, B., Hassink, S. G., Johnson, R. M., Paradis, G., & Resnicow, K. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2329e · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Jiménez‐Pavón, D., Kelly, J., & Reilly, J. J. (2010) · International Journal of Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.3109/17477160903067601 · Cited by 442 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous studies have demonstrated the role of PA in the prevention of obesity (91, 92).”
BackgroundThe impact of obesity on the immune response to infection
Milner, J. J., & Beck, M. A. (2012) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665112000158 · Cited by 439 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, obese individuals were more susceptible to the H1N1 influenza during the 2009 pandemia (18).”
BackgroundLee, H., Lee, Y. J., Choi, H., Ko, E. H., & Kim, J. W. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m808742200 · Cited by 428 · cited 1× · see citing works
“From a pathogenic point of view, evidence has been provided that hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress leads to the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes via transcription factors such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (75).”
BackgroundJagannathan‐Bogdan, M., McDonnell, M. E., Shin, H., Rehman, Q., Hastürk, H., Apovian, C. M., & Nikolajczyk, B. S. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002615 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Huh, J. Y., Park, Y. J., Ham, M., & Kim, J. B. (2014) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.14348/molcells.2014.0074 · Cited by 416 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It is worthwhile mentioning that, in obese mice, neutrophils and mast cells also play an inflammatory role, while the number of eosinophils is decreased (28).”
BackgroundRigoulet, M., Yoboue, E. D., & Devin, A. (2011) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3363 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
IL-17 regulates adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, and obesity
Zúñiga, L. A., Shen, W.-J., Joyce-Shaikh, B., Pyatnova, E. A., Richards, A. G., Thom, C., Andrade, S. M., Cua, D. J., Kraemer, F. B., & Butcher, E. C. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001269 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Obesity predisposes to Th17 bias
Winer, S., Paltser, G., Chan, Y., Tsui, H., Engleman, E. G., Winer, D. A., & Dosch, H. ‐. (2009) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200838893 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Luoto, R., Laitinen, K., Nermes, M., & Isolauri, E. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509993898 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Weight Gain in Humans
Angelakis, E., Armougom, F., Million, M., & Raoult, D. (2011) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.11.142 · Cited by 357 · cited 1× · see citing works
“PROBIOTICS Various strains of bacteria have been found in the gut of obese and lean humans and, according to recent data, it seems that just smaller modifications of intestinal commensals may account for weight gain (138).”
ResultTan, D. ‐., Manchester, L. C., Fuentes‐Broto, L., Paredes, S. D., & Reiter, R. J. (2010) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00756.x · Cited by 343 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Evidence has been provided that melatonin can promote weight loss in rodents via browning of white adipose tissue (183) and this may represent a new approach to treat human obesity (184).”
BackgroundObjectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in European Adolescents: The HELENA Study
Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., Martínez‐Gómez, D., Labayen, I., Moreno, L. A., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Μanios, Y., González‐Gross, M., Mauro, B., Molnár, D., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr068 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Global strategy for the diagnosis and management of asthma in children 5 years and younger
Pedersen, S., Hurd, S. S., Lemanske, R. F., Becker, A. B., Zar, H. J., Sly, P. D., Soto‐Quiroz, M., Wong, G., & Bateman, E. D. (2010) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.21321 · Cited by 325 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For each group, BMI was calculated and asthma was defined following the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Guidelines (118).”
MethodLuoto, R., Kalliomäki, M. A., Laitinen, K., & Isolauri, E. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.50 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Modulation of immune development and function by intestinal microbiota
Kabat, A. M., Srinivasan, N., & Maloy, K. J. (2014) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2014.07.010 · Cited by 312 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The role of IL-22, in this context is to amplify the release of other AMPs in the gut (121).”
BackgroundInfluentialLaitinen, K., Poussa, T. A., Isolauri, E., & the Nutrition, A. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508111461 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
The French paradox: lessons for other countries
Ferrières, J. (2003) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heart.90.1.107 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Koziróg, M., Poliwczak, A. R., Duchnowicz, P., Koter-Michalak, M., Sikora, J., & Broncel, M. (2011) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00835.x · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Procaccini, C., Jirillo, E., & Matarese, G. (2012) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.012 · Cited by 299 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Leptin is a plasma protein involved in the regulation of food intake (110) and is able to exert pro-inflammatory effects on dendritic cells (DCs), NK cells, T cells, B cells, and Treg cells (111).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMassiéra, F., Saint-Marc, P., Seydoux, J., Murata, T., Kobayashi, T., Narumiya, S., Guesnet, P., Amri, E., Négrel, R., & Ailhaud, G. P. (2003) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m200346-jlr200 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Casas, R. M., Sacanella, E., & Estruch, R. (2014) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530314666140922153350 · Cited by 291 · cited 1× · see citing works
“general recommendations associated to other recent dietary guidelines (55, 56) are primarily based on low intakes of saturated and trans fat, cholesterol, added sugar and salt, energy intake, and PA according to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) model (57, 58).”
Increased activity of interleukin-23/interleukin-17 proinflammatory axis in obese women
Šumarac-Dumanović, M., Stevanović, D., Ljubić, A., Jorga, J. B., Simic, M., Stamenkovic-Pejkovic, D., Starcevic, V. P., Trajković, V., & Micić, D. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.216 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Flachs, P., Rossmeisl, M., Bryhn, M., & Kopecký, J. (2008) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20070456 · Cited by 284 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In terms of early interventions at the level of maternal inflammation, studies in transgenic Fat-1 mice have documented that increase in n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio diminished fetal-placental lipid exposure, thus limiting adverse metabolic effects in adult offsprings (162).”
BackgroundRegulation of adipocyte differentiation and function by polyunsaturated fatty acids
Madsen, L., Petersen, R. K., & Kristiansen, K. (2005) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.03.001 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Wang, H., Storlien, L. H., & Huang, X. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00230.2001 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Indications, Methods, Evidence, and Future Directions
Borody, T. J., Paramsothy, S., & Agrawal, G. (2013) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-013-0337-1 · Cited by 275 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Just recently, fecal microbiota transplantation has been applied to patients with inflammatory bowel disease and obese patients (142).”
BackgroundCollison, K. S., Zaidi, M. Z., Subhani, S., Al-Rubeaan, K. A., Shoukri, M. M., & Al-Mohanna, F. A. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-234 · Cited by 273 · cited 16× · see citing works
“In the other group characterized by reduction in BMI and increase in PA, IL-10 salivary levels were higher than those detected in the case of IL-17.”
BackgroundInfluentialDeng, W., Tang, S.-T., Tseng, H.-P., & Wu, K. K. (2006) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-09-3691 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Carbonylation of Adipose Proteins in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Grimsrud, P. A., Picklo, M. J., Griffin, T. J., & Bernlohr, D. (2007) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m600120-mcp200 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Freedman, D. S., Dietz, W. H., Tang, R., Mensah, G. A., Bond, M. G., Urbina, E. M., Srinivasan, S., & Berenson, G. S. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802515 · Cited by 244 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Data reported by Freedman and associates (13) demonstrated that childhood obesity is associated to the risk of cardiovascular events in adult life.”
BackgroundReiter, R. J., Tan, D., Korkmaz, A., & Ma, S. (2011) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2011.586365 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Vitamin D Receptor Negatively Regulates Bacterial-Stimulated NF-κB Activity in Intestine
Wu, S., Liao, A. P., Xia, Y., Li, Y. C., Li, J., Sartor, R. B., & Sun, J. (2010) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.090998 · Cited by 240 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Excessive or low calorie intake by the mother during Abbreviations: AGEs, advanced glycation end products; AMP, antimicrobial peptide; BMI, body mass index; DCs, dendritic cells; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor; IFN, interferon;…”
BackgroundCasas, R. M., Sacanella, E., Urpí-Sardà, M., Chiva‐Blanch, G., Ros, E., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Covas, M., Lamuela-Raventós, R. M., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Fiol, M., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100084 · Cited by 239 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In this last regard, in a very recent review, Casas and associates (200) have stressed out the immune protective effect of MedDiet, which may act on various immune biomarkers, such as molecules involved in the stability of atheromatous plaque.”
BackgroundThe Adipose Tissue Phenotype of Hormone‐Sensitive Lipase Deficiency in Mice
Wang, S. P., Laurin, N., Himms‐Hagen, J., Rudnicki, M. A., Levy, E. H., Robert, M., Pan, L., Oligny, L. L., & Mitchell, G. A. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.15 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status, infant feeding practices and early childhood obesity†
Gibbs, B. G., & Forste, R. (2013) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00155.x · Cited by 226 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, breast-milk-fed children have less risk to become obese than infant formula-fed children (125).”
BackgroundMediterranean Diet and Health: Food Effects on Gut Microbiota and Disease Control
CHIERICO, F. D., Vernocchi, P., Dallapiccola, B., & Putignani, L. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms150711678 · Cited by 207 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Advancing data suggest that dietary anti-oxidants may influence both metabolic and inflammatory markers linked to low-grade systemic inflammation (45, 46).”
BackgroundDaubioul, C., Horsmans, Y., Lambert, P., Danse, E. M., & Delzenne, N. M. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602127 · Cited by 202 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), administration of oligofructose reduced serum aminotransferases and insulin levels (136).”
BackgroundVieira‐Potter, V. J., Valentine, R. J., Wilund, K. R., Antao, N. N., Baynard, T., & Woods, J. A. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00054.2009 · Cited by 194 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In a large prospective survey involving about 22,000 Greek adults, adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet and death was associated to approximately 2/9 increment in the MedDiet score with a 25% reduction in total mortality (60).”
BackgroundKushi, L. H., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2002) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00994-9 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Melatonin induces browning of inguinal white adipose tissue in Zucker diabetic fatty rats
Jiménez‐Aranda, A., Fernández‐Vázquez, G., Campos, D., Tassi, M., Velasco‐Perez, L., Tan, D. X., Reiter, R. J., & Agil, A. (2013) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12089 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Role of fatty acids in adipocyte growth and development1,2
Azain, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/2004.823916x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
The impact of moderate wine consumption on health
Artero, A., Artero, A., Tarín, J. J., & Cano, A. (2014) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.09.007 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Hug, C., & Lodish, H. F. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1106933 · Cited by 187 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Visfatin, known as a pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor, is able to exert insulin-mimetic effect (114, 115).”
BackgroundTHE ISOPROSTANES: THEIR QUANTIFICATION AS AN INDEX OF OXIDANT STRESS STATUS IN VIVO†
Morrow, J. D. (2000) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1081/dmr-100102340 · Cited by 187 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In humans, studies by Keaney and associates (72) have clearly demonstrated the association between oxidative stress and obesity by monitoring urinary isoprostanes, which are a reliable index of oxidative stress in vivo (73).”
BackgroundIL-17 in obesity and adipogenesis
Ahmed, M., & Gaffen, S. L. (2010) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.10.005 · Cited by 186 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Despite these controversial results in mice, there is evidence that obesity is associated to autoimmune diseases in both mice and humans likely via a Th17-dependent mechanism (39).”
BackgroundToward a unifying hypothesis of metabolic syndrome
Bremer, A. A., Mietus-Snyder, M., & Lustig, R. H. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2912 · Cited by 186 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Metabolic (high levels of triacylglycerols, low levels of high density lipoproteincholesterol) and clinical modifications (high blood pressure and defective glucose metabolism) are part of the MetS, which represents one of the major complications of childhood obesity (15).”
BackgroundAirway inflammation in obese and nonobese patients with difficult‐to‐treat asthma
van Veen, I. H., Brinke, A. T., Sterk, P. J., Rabe, K. F., & Bel, E. H. (2008) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01597.x · Cited by 184 · cited 1× · see citing works
“IMMUNE PROFILE IN CHILDHOOD ASTHMA AND OBESITY Evidence has been provided that a correlation exists between obesity and asthma in children (106, 107), which is often independent from allergic sensitization, in accordance with same observation in adults (108).”
ResultKelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., & Mackey, B. E. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.2.324 · Cited by 179 · cited 1× · see citing works
“n-3 PUFAs and their derivatives, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are able to reduce plasma triglyceride levels and body weight (156, 157).”
BackgroundSystemic inflammation and insulin sensitivity in obese IFN-γ knockout mice
O’Rourke, R. W., White, A. E., Metcalf, M. D., Winters, B. R., Diggs, B. S., Zhu, X., & Marks, D. L. (2012) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.01.018 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Mielgo‐Ayuso, J., Barrenechea, L., Alcorta, P., Larrarte, E., Margareto, J., & Labayen, I. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513003784 · Cited by 171 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In obese women administration of green tea (EGCG) did not affect body weight, fat-mass, energy, homeostasis, cardiometabolic risk factor, and liver function (174).”
BackgroundSarı, İ., Baltacı, Y., Bağcı, C., Davutoğlu, V., Erel, Ö., Çelık, H., Özer, O., Aksoy, N., & Aksoy, M. F. (2009) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.05.023 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Szopa, M., & Dembinska-Kiec, A. (2005) · Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The immune system's involvement in obesity-driven type 2 diabetes
Shu, C. J., Benoist, C. O., & Mathis, D. J. (2012) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2012.12.001 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Insulin Inhibits IL-10–Mediated Regulatory T Cell Function: Implications for Obesity
Han, J. M., Patterson, S. J., Speck, M., Ehses, J. A., & Levings, M. K. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302181 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Decline of the Mediterranean diet at a time of economic crisis. Results from the Moli-sani study
Bonaccio, M., Castelnuovo, A. F. D., Bonanni, A., Costanzo, S., Lucia, F. D., Persichillo, M., Zito, F., Donati, M. B., de Gaetano, G., & Iacoviello, L. (2014) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.02.014 · Cited by 156 · cited 1× · see citing works
“general recommendations associated to other recent dietary guidelines (55, 56) are primarily based on low intakes of saturated and trans fat, cholesterol, added sugar and salt, energy intake, and PA according to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) model (57, 58).”
Erbel, C., Akhavanpoor, M., Okuyucu, D., Wangler, S., Dietz, A., Zhao, L., Stellos, K., Little, K. M., Lasitschka, F., Doesch, A. O., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1400181 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Does obesity produce a distinct asthma phenotype?
Lugogo, N. L., Kraft, M., & Dixon, A. E. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00845.2009 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Adiposity, asthma, and airway inflammation
McLachlan, C. R., Poulton, R., Car, G., Cowan, J. O., Filsell, S., Greene, J. M., Taylor, D. R., Welch, D., Williamson, A., Sears, M. R., et al. (2006) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.10.029 · Cited by 148 · cited 2× · see citing works
“childhood asthma and obesity outcome (193)”
BackgroundKnoops, K. T. B., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., Kromhout, D., Perrin, A.-E., Moreiras-Varela, O., Menotti, A., & van Staveren, W. A. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.12.1433 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Historic perspective: Prebiotics, probiotics, and other alternatives to antibiotics ,
Hume, M. E. (2011) · Poultry Science · doi:10.3382/ps.2010-01030 · Cited by 140 · cited 1× · see citing works
“confer a health benefit to the host (195).”
BackgroundMitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Risk of Atherosclerosis
Hulsmans, M., Dooren, E. V., & Holvoet, P. (2012) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-012-0237-0 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Codoñer‐Franch, P., Tavárez-Alonso, S., Murria-Estal, R., Megías-Vericat, J., Tortajada‐Girbés, M., & Alonso‐Iglesias, E. (2011) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.12.035 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Correlation of intestinal microbiota with overweight and obesity in Kazakh school children
Xu, P., Li, M., Zhang, J., & Zhang, T. (2012) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/1471-2180-12-283 · Cited by 120 · cited 1× · see citing works
“With special reference to pediatric obesity, the ratio between Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes seems to play a role in weight gain (144).”
BackgroundObesity reduces the bioavailability of nitric oxide in juveniles
Gruber, H.-J., Mayer, C., Mangge, H., Fauler, G., Grandits, N., & Wilders-Truschnig, M. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803795 · Cited by 119 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, other studies have found no modifications of NO levels in obese children (105).”
BackgroundDietary cocoa ameliorates obesity-related inflammation in high fat-fed mice
Gu, Y., Yu, S., & Lambert, J. D. (2013) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0510-1 · Cited by 114 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Just recently, evidence has been provided that cocoa power supplementation ameliorated the proinflammatory profile in high fat-fed obese mice (172).”
BackgroundFekete, K., Marosvölgyi, T., Jakobik, V., & Décsi, T. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230i · Cited by 108 · cited 1× · see citing works
“FATTY ACIDS Fatty acids exert important biological functions in the body as a substrate for energy and the formation of membranes, also acting as regulators of genetic expression (153).”
BackgroundLamont, K. T., Somers, S., Lacerda, L., Opie, L. H., & Lecour, S. (2011) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00853.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Obesity in the United States – Dysbiosis from Exposure to Low-Dose Antibiotics?
Riley, L. W., Raphael, E., & Faerstein, E. (2013) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00069 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Holscher, H. D., Faust, K., Czerkies, L. A., Litov, R. E., Ziegler, E. E., Lessin, H. R., Hatch, T. F., Sun, S. S., & Tappenden, K. A. (2012) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607111430087 · Cited by 101 · cited 2× · see citing works
“in infants (135) and decrease in serum aminotransferases and insulin”
BackgroundA prospective study of weight change and systemic inflammation over 9 y
Fogarty, A., Glancy, C., Jones, S. G., Lewis, S., McKeever, T. M., & Britton, J. R. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.1.30 · Cited by 98 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The findings related to the increase in salivary NO concentration in overweight/obese children (89) are in accordance with a series of reports (97–100) in which various other biomarkers were monitored for assessing the inflammatory profile in obesity (101).”
ResultTh17 and Non-Classic Th1 Cells in Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Cosmi, L., Liotta, F., Maggi, E., Romagnani, S., & Annunziato, F. (2014) · International Archives of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1159/000363502 · Cited by 96 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Th17 cells release multiple molecules of IL-17 (A–F) (49) and IL-17F was also found to be co-expressed in Th17 cells, thus contributing to host defenses, inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune functions of Th17 cells (50).”
BackgroundFranco, J. G., Lisboa, P. C., Lima, N. S., Amaral, T. A. S., Peixoto‐Silva, N., Resende, Â. C., OLIVEIRA, E. B. D., Passos, M. C. F., & de Moura, E. G. (2012) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.06.019 · Cited by 89 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Experimentally, administration of resveratrol from red grapes to obese rats reduced visceral obesity and triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein plasma concentration, thus decreasing the risk of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and steatosis (169).”
BackgroundMagrone, T., & Jirillo, E. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161213804805793 · Cited by 89 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, increase in segmented filamentous bacteria induce release of serum amyloid A by epithelial cells which acting upon DCs leads to differentiation and induction of Th17 cells endowed with inflammatory activities (122, 123).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFunctional foods and nutraceuticals as therapeutic tools for the treatment of diet-related diseases
Magrone, T., de Heredia, F. P., Jirillo, E., Morabito, G., Marcos, A., & Serafini, M. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2012-0307 · Cited by 88 · cited 1× · see citing works
“CONCLUSION Nowadays, obesity is an epidemic in western and westernized societies, thus representing one of the major consequences of food-related disease (196).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLuteolin inhibits adipogenic differentiation by regulating PPARγ activation
Park, H., Kim, S., Kim, Y. S., Ryu, S. Y., Hwang, J., Yang, H. J., Kim, G., Kwon, D. Y., & Kim, M. (2009) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.38 · Cited by 85 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, flavonoids hampered both transcription factors and differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes (170).”
BackgroundLoffredo, L., Martino, F., Carnevale, R., Pignatelli, P., Catasca, E., Perri, L., Calabrese, C. M., Palumbo, M. M., Baratta, F., Ben, M. D., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.05.042 · Cited by 80 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Quite interestingly, NOX-2 (the catalytic core of NADPH oxidase) has been found to be over-expressed in hypercholesterolemic and obese children (82).”
BackgroundProinflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines and adiponkines in students with central obesity
Elwakkad, A., Hassan, N. E., Sibaii, H., & El-Zayat, S. R. (2013) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2012.11.010 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Visfatin and its role in obesity development
Stastny, J., Vašků, J. B., & Vašků, A. (2012) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2012.08.011 · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Visfatin, known as a pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor, is able to exert insulin-mimetic effect (114, 115).”
BackgroundBidulescu, A., Liu, J., Hickson, D. A., Hairston, K. G., Fox, E. R., Arnett, D. K., Sumner, A. E., Taylor, H. A., & Gibbons, G. H. (2013) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2261-13-9 · Cited by 75 · cited 10× · see citing works
“They secrete in large amounts TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), as well as nitric oxide (NO) (24).”
BackgroundInfluentialNovel phytonutrient contributors to antioxidant protection against cardiovascular disease
Riccioni, G., Speranza, L., Pesce, M., Cusenza, S., D’Orazio, N., & Glade, M. J. (2012) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.11.028 · Cited by 71 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In general terms, consumption of natural oxidants contained in polyphenols with the diet may afford protection against cardiovascular disease acting upon lipid profile, endothelial function, and inflammatory mediators (177, 178).”
BackgroundPathophysiology of impaired pulsatile insulin release
Bergsten, P. (2000) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/1520-7560(200005/06)16:3 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Pereira, S. S., Teixeira, L. G., Aguilar, E. C., Oliveira, M. C., Savassi-Rocha, A. L., Pelaez, J. M. N., Capettini, L. D. S. A., Diniz, M. T. C., Ferreira, A. V. M., & Alvarez-Leite, J. I. (2013) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.11.023 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Essential Role of CD11a in CD8 + T-Cell Accumulation and Activation in Adipose Tissue
Jiang, E., Perrard, X. D., Yang, D., Khan, I. M., Perrard, J. L., Smith, C. W., Ballantyne, C. M., & Wu, H. (2013) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.113.302077 · Cited by 69 · cited 2× · see citing works
“their infiltration of CD8+ into VAT (43)”
BackgroundHuang, W., Bansode, R. R., Mehta, M., & Mehta, K. D. (2008) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.22815 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In fact, PKC deficiency increases fatty acid oxidation and reduces fat storage or its loss protects obese mice against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance (77, 78).”
BackgroundMetabolic Syndrome, its Pathophysiology and the Role of Melatonin
Srinivasan, V., Ohta, Y., Espino, J., Pariente, J. A., Rodríguez, A. B., Mohamed, M., & Zakaria, R. (2012) · Recent Patents on Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery · doi:10.2174/187221413804660953 · Cited by 65 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In view of its beneficial activities, melatonin has successfully been used in rats with MetS diminishing insulin resistance, release of TNF-α and IL-6 from adipocytes, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein plasma levels and body weight (182).”
BackgroundPeluso, I., Raguzzini, A., Villaño, D., Cesqui, E., Toti, E., Catasta, G., & Serafini, M. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212798919020 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, polyphenols, which activate gut Treg cells (197).”
BackgroundAntioxidants and glucose metabolism disorders
Bisbal, C., Lambert, K., & Avignon, A. (2010) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32833a5559 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mesquita, D. N., Barbieri, M. A., Goldani, H. A. S., Cardoso, V. C., Goldani, M. Z., Kac, G., da Sílva, A. A. M., & Bettiol, H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066827 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, children delivered by caesarian section exhibit higher risk to become obese in adolescence when compared to children born by vaginal delivery (124).”
BackgroundProtein kinase C isoforms play differential roles in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation
FLEMING, I., MacKenzie, S. J., Vernon, R. G., Anderson, N. G., Houslay, M. D., & Kilgour, E. (1998) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3330719 · Cited by 56 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Another molecule, protein kinase C (PKC), is involved in the adipocyte differentiation (76).”
BackgroundEffect of lactulose on establishment of a rat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model
Fan, J. (2005) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i32.5053 · Cited by 55 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In rats with steatohepatitis induced by a high-fat diet, lactulose treatment reduced liver inflammation and endotoxemia (134).”
BackgroundSedentary behavior in a cohort of 8- to 10-year-old children at elevated risk of obesity
Herman, K. M., Sabiston, C. M., Mathieu, M.-E., Tremblay, A., & Paradis, G. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.12.029 · Cited by 55 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The progressive increase in body weight results from a daily cumulative effect of even a small caloric excess, which may be related to the reduction of PA (94).”
BackgroundBalancing Mitochondrial Redox Signaling: A Key Point in Metabolic Regulation
Leloup, C., Casteilla, L., Carrière, A., Galinier, A., Bénani, A., Carneiro, L., & Pénicaud, L. (2010) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3424 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Enhanced production of IL-17A during zymosan-induced peritonitis in obese mice
Pini, M., & Fantuzzi, G. (2009) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0309188 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Protein Kinase Cβ Deficiency Increases Fatty Acid Oxidation and Reduces Fat Storage
Bansode, R. R., Huang, W., Roy, S. K., Mehta, M., & Mehta, K. D. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m707268200 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In fact, PKC deficiency increases fatty acid oxidation and reduces fat storage or its loss protects obese mice against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance (77, 78).”
BackgroundGenetic susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome in childhood.
Aguilera, C. M., Olza, J., & Gil, Á. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2013.28.sup5.6917 · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“On the other hand, genetic, epigenetic, environmental factors, and inappropriate life styles (imbalanced diets and sedentary life) greatly contribute to the development of obesity and related diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) (9).”
BackgroundAntioxidant and inflammatory response following high-fat meal consumption in overweight subjects
Miglio, C., Peluso, I., Raguzzini, A., Villaño, D., Cesqui, E., Catasta, G., Toti, E., & Serafini, M. (2012) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0420-7 · Cited by 51 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There is experimental evidence that a combination of diet and exercise reduces adipose tissue derived-inflammation and macrophage involvement (61, 62).”
BackgroundEndogenous Secretory RAGE in Obese Women: Association with Platelet Activation and Oxidative Stress
Vazzana, N., Guagnano, M. T., Cuccurullo, C., Ferrante, E., Lattanzio, S., Liani, R., Romano, M., & Davı̀, G. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1473 · Cited by 49 · cited 5× · see citing works
“presence of a deficit of soluble RAGEs (87, 88)”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Obesity Phenotype in Children with Asthma
Jensen, M. E., Collins, C. E., Gibson, P. G., & Wood, L. G. (2011) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2011.01.009 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“IMMUNE PROFILE IN CHILDHOOD ASTHMA AND OBESITY Evidence has been provided that a correlation exists between obesity and asthma in children (106, 107), which is often independent from allergic sensitization, in accordance with same observation in adults (108).”
ResultThe influence of leptin on Th1/Th2 balance in obese children with asthma
Youssef, D. M., Elbehidy, R. M., Shokry, D. M., & Elbehidy, E. M. (2013) · Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia · doi:10.1590/s1806-37132013000500006 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In conclusion, one can hypothesize that increased levels of leptin may account for the enhancement of Th1 responses (119), while adiponectin reduction may be responsible for a diminished release of IL-10 by Treg cells (120), thus worsening the pro-inflammatory status.”
BackgroundEffects of dark chocolate in a population of normal weight obese women: a pilot study.
Renzo, L. D., Rizzo, M., Sarlo, F., Colica, C., Iacopino, L., Domino, E., Sergi, D., & LORENZO, A. D. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cao, A., Yao, S., Stefka, A. T., Liu, Z., Qin, H., Liu, H., Evans‐Marin, H., Elson, C. O., Nagler‐Anderson, C., & Cong, Y. (2014) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.3a0114-056rr · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kelishadi, R., Farajian, S., Safavi, S. M., Mirlohi, M., & Hashemipour, M. (2013) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2013.07.003 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In a recent clinical trial, Kelishadi and associates (152) have administered overweight children with a synbiotic (ProtexinLondon, England) composed by a combination of viable Lactobacilli of human origin and fructo-oligosaccharides, as prebiotics.”
BackgroundThe role of dietary fatty acids for early human adipose tissue growth
Hauner, H., Brunner, S., & Amann‐Gassner, U. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.040733 · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, as stated in a recent review by Hauner and associates (163), results on the prevention of childhood obesity obtained through modification of fatty composition during pregnancy and lactation are still contradictory and inconsistent.”
BackgroundMejía-Barradas, C. M., Del-Rio-Navarro, B. E., Domínguez‐López, A., Campos‐Rodríguez, R., Martínez–Godínez, M. D. L. Á., Rojas-Hernández, S., Lara‐Padilla, E., Abarca‐Rojano, E., & Miliar-García, Á. (2013) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-013-9941-y · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Jirillo, E., Jirillo, F., & Magrone, T. (2012) · International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research · doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000112 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Synbiotics are a mixture of pro- and prebiotics which, when ingested, are able to modulate gut microbiota and intestinal immunity (151).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe interplay between regulatory T cells and metabolism in immune regulation
Zeng, H., & Chi, H. (2013) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.4161/onci.26586 · Cited by 38 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Th17 cells release multiple molecules of IL-17 (A–F) (49) and IL-17F was also found to be co-expressed in Th17 cells, thus contributing to host defenses, inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune functions of Th17 cells (50).”
BackgroundObesity and Oxidative Stress: Potential Roles of Melatonin as Antioxidant and Metabolic Regulator
Bonnefont‐Rousselot, D. (2014) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530314666140604151452 · Cited by 38 · cited 6× · see citing works
“presence of a deficit of soluble RAGEs (87, 88)”
BackgroundInfluentialNon-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children: Focus on Nutritional Interventions
Yang, M., Gong, S., Ye, S. Q., Lyman, B., Geng, L., Chen, P., & Li, D. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6114691 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Of note, in western countries NASH is very common in obese children (137).”
BackgroundNitric oxide and clustering of metabolic syndrome components in pediatrics
Ghasemi, A., Zahediasl, S., & Azizi, F. (2009) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-009-9382-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Choi, J. W. (2004) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2004.04.024 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Marzulli, G., Magrone, T., Vonghia, L., Kaneko, M., Takimoto, H., Kumazawa, Y., & Jirillo, E. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161282006140220120640 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The in vitro demonstration that polyphenols from fermented grape marc differentiate and activate peripheral human Treg cells further supports the anti-inflammatory role of these natural compounds (171).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVitale, E., Jirillo, E., & Magrone, T. (2014) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530314666140307095630 · Cited by 26 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Data previously discussed (89) as well as other epidemiological studies confirm the inverse relationship between PA and BMI (95, 96).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationElevated nitric oxide metabolites are associated with obesity in women.
Ghasemi, A., Zahediasl, S., & Azizi, F. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Metabolic profile response to administration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in high-fat-fed mice
Moreno, M. F., Laquila, R. D., Okuda, M. H., Lira, F. S., de Souza, G. I. D. M. H., de Souza, C. T., Telles, M. M., Ribeiro, E. B., do Nascimento, C. M. O., & Oyama, L. M. (2014) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-6-84 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Same results have been obtained with the administration of epigallocatechin-3gallate (EGCG) in high fat-fed mice (173).”
BackgroundChildhood obesity-an insight into preventive strategies
Kar, S. S., Dube, R., & Kar, S. S. (2014) · Avicenna Journal of Medicine · doi:10.4103/2231-0770.140653 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Weight Loss and Melatonin Reduce Obesity-Induced Oxidative Damage in Rat Testis
Atılgan, D., Parlaktaş, B. S., Uluocak, N., Erdemır, F., Kılıç, Ş., Erkorkmaz, Ü., Özyurt, H., & Markoç, F. (2013) · Advances in Urology · doi:10.1155/2013/836121 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In another study, evidence has been provided that malondialdehyde (another biomarker of lipid peroxidation), carbonylated proteins, and SOD activity were increased in testicular tissue and serum of obese rats (71).”
BackgroundObesity and children with special healthcare needs
Abeysekara, P. M., Turchi, R. M., & O’Neil, M. E. (2014) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000124 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Advancing data suggest that dietary anti-oxidants may influence both metabolic and inflammatory markers linked to low-grade systemic inflammation (45, 46).”
BackgroundAusten, M. (2020) · Journal of Obesity & Eating Disorders · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Characterization of the Immune Inflammatory Profile in Obese Asthmatic Children
Magrone, T., Simone, M., Altamura, M., & Munno, I. (2014) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530314666140526095211 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“On these bases, Magrone and associates (117) have investigated the immunological mechanisms involved in asthma and obesity in terms of cytokine and adipokine release.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCaliff, K. J., González, A., Knight, R. D., & Caporaso, J. G. (2014) · doi:10.1128/microbe.9.410.1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Magrone, T., Kumazawa, Y., & Jirillo, E. (2013) · Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398456-2.00035-9 · Cited by 12 · cited 6× · see citing works
“In conclusion, more appropriate diets (e.g., MedDiet) or supplements containing natural products (polyphenols, n-3 PUFA, vitamins, synbiotics) are highly recommended to prevent or attenuate the noxious effects of obesity.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLi, G., Zhang, Y., Mbuagbaw, L. C. E., Holbrook, A. M., Levine, M., & Thabane, L. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004971 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Also, results by Li and associates (175) demonstrated that green tea supplementation did not influence blood pressure among overweight and obese adults.”
Background
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Cortellini, A., Bersanelli, M., Buti, S., Cannita, K., Santini, D., Perrone, F., Giusti, R., Tiseo, M., Michiara, M., Di Marino, P., et al. (2019) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/s40425-019-0527-y · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Morales, F., la Paz, S. M., León, M. J., & Rivero‐Pino, F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010001 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
“Overall, in the case of obese children needing to improve their health status, the dietary considerations include limiting the number of sugar-sweetened drinks and meals that include portions of fruits and vegetables consumed, avoiding fast food and promoting small serving sizes [80].”
BackgroundGut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies
Distrutti, E., Monaldi, L., Ricci, P., & Fiorucci, S. (2016) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2219 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Finamore, A., Palmery, M., Bensehaila, S., & Peluso, I. (2017) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2017/3247528 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“In this context, ageing [140], obesity [141, 142], and metabolic syndrome [142] are associated not only to chronic low grade inflammation, but also to immune impairment (recurrent infection and low vaccine efficacy).”
BackgroundThe influence of diet on anti-cancer immune responsiveness
Soldati, L., Renzo, L. D., Jirillo, E., Ascierto, P. A., Marincola, F. M., & LORENZO, A. D. (2018) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1448-0 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
“Overall, obesity, a diet-related disease, represents a systemic inflammatory condition characterized by an excessive production of IL-17 and IL-21, which, in turn, are strong inducers of Th17 cells [12, 13].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCOVID-19 and obesity in childhood and adolescence: a clinical review
Nogueira‐de‐Almeida, C. A., Ciampo, L. A. D., Ferraz, I. S., Ciampo, I. R. L. D., Contini, A. A., & Ued, F. D. V. (2020) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2020.07.001 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Biological, environmental, and social influences on childhood obesity
Campbell, M. K. (2015) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2015.208 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“A pathway from stress to obesity could include inflammatory mechanisms (85) including arousal of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis leading to increased cortisol levels and subsequent metabolic disruption and increased hunger (84,86–88).”
BackgroundGreen tea polyphenols and their potential role in health and disease
Afzal, M., Safer, A.-M., & Menon, M. (2015) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-015-0236-1 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Brueckl, W. M., Ficker, J. H., & Zeitler, G. (2020) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-020-07690-8 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Magrone, T., Magrone, M., Russo, M. A., & Jirillo, E. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9010035 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Obesity can be defined as a low grade chronic inflammation maintained by the visceral adipose tissue, as a continuous source of inflammatory mediators [119,120].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDeshpande, R. P., Sharma, S., & Watabe, K. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12102983 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“The PD-1 expression was mostly seen in the Tregs of wild type mice.”
BackgroundMelatonin reduces obesity and restores adipokine patterns and metabolism in obese ( ob/ob ) mice
Favero, G., Stacchiotti, A., Castrezzati, S., Bonomini, F., Albanese, M., Rezzani, R., & Rodella, L. F. (2015) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2015.07.001 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“[39] Magrone T, Jirillo E.”
BackgroundAssociation of Childhood Obesity and the Immune System: A Systematic Review of Reviews
Kelishadi, R., Roufarshbaf, M., Soheili, S., Payghambarzadeh, F., & Masjedi, M. (2017) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2016.0176 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“16 Table 1 shows important characteristics of included systematic reviews.”
InfluentialCena, H., Fiechtner, L. G., Vincenti, A., Magenes, V. C., Giuseppe, R. D., Manuelli, M. C., Zuccotti, G., & Calcaterra, V. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124255 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Calcaterra, V., Regalbuto, C., Porri, D., Pelizzo, G., Mazzon, E., Vinci, F., Zuccotti, G., Fabiano, V., & Cena, H. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10091324 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Improvement of Colonic Immune Function with Soy Isoflavones in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats
Luo, Q., Cheng, D., Huang, C., Li, Y., Lao, C., Xia, Y., Liu, W., Gong, X., Hu, D., Ли, Б., et al. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24061139 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“In contrast, the level of IL-10 decreased in obese animals [16,26].”
BackgroundMontalbano, G., Mania, M., Abbate, F., Navarra, M., Guerrera, M. C., Laurà, R., Vega, J. A., Levanti, M. B., & Germanà, A. (2018) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-018-1653-x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
COVID‐19 and obesity in childhood and adolescence: a clinical review
Nogueira‐de‐Almeida, C. A., Ciampo, L. A. D., Ferraz, I. S., Ciampo, I. R. L. D., Contini, A. A., & Ued, F. D. V. (2020) · Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) · doi:10.1016/j.jpedp.2020.07.003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Redox Mechanisms in Migraine: Novel Therapeutics and Dietary Interventions
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“Obesity now affects not only many adults but also the pediatric population (220).”
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Predictors of laboratory-positive COVID-19 in children and teenagers
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Pediatric Obesity-Related Asthma: The Role of Nutrition and Nutrients in Prevention and Treatment
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“In obese individuals, visceral adipose tissue is the major source of proinflammatory cytokines [30].”
BackgroundMagrone, T., Jirillo, E., Spagnoletta, A., Magrone, M., Russo, M. A., Fontana, S., la Forgia, F. M., Donvito, I., Campanella, A., Silvestris, F., et al. (2017) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2017/9210862 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Introduction Obesity is aworldwide epidemic in continuous growth,which is associated to high mortality and morbidity [1, 2].”
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“Discussion Childhood obesity has been associated with chronic lowgrade systemic inflammation as well as a dysregulated immune response due to alterations caused by adaptive and innate immunity [59, 60].”
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“In particular, it has been reported an increased number of CD4+ cells and a diminished amount of Treg [87].”
BackgroundInfluentialEarly Life Weight Gain and Development of Childhood Asthma in a Prospective Birth Cohort
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Dietary Approaches to Attain Fish Health with Special Reference to their Immune System
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Self-citationLow-Grade Inflammation and Role of Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Childhood Obesity
Polak-Szczybyło, E. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20031682 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Both obesity and asthma have shown disturbed levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin and visfatin [30].”
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“eu/mjms/index inflammation status [18], [19].”
Childhood obesity: an overview of laboratory medicine, exercise and microbiome
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“During adipose tissue expansion the imbalance between the relations of Th1:Treg and Th1:Th2 cells are responsible for a shift of macrophages to M1 macrophage phenotype; this contributes to start and perpetuate adipose tissue inflammation [89, 94].”
BackgroundADIPOQ and LEP variants on asthma and atopy: Genetic association modified by overweight
Coelho, R. S., Melo, A. P. C., Silva, H. D. S., Silva, R. D. C. R., Matos, S. M. A., Barreto, M. L., Alcântara‐Neves, N. M., Figueiredo, C. A., & Costa, R. D. S. (2021) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2021.145540 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Intergenerational effects of nutrition on immunity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
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“In cases where the T-cell response is increased, this situation could present an increased risk of developing auto-immune diseases (Ma et al., 2008; Manzel et al., 2014) and allergies (Good & Lorenz, 1992; Ho, 2010), and promote inflammation (Magrone & Jirillo, 2015; Cohen, Danzaki & MacIver, 2017).”
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“44 (767 to 2,284) TB FFM (g) T0 33,863 (31,503; 38,621)* 27,377 (25,583; 29,181) 3,3061 (26,239; 38,181) 34,556 (32,560; 39,073) T3 50,793 (40,825; 58,969)*† 40,153 (35,644; 45,167)† 47,274 (36,979; 67,257)† 52,553 (43,601; 58,969)† Slo 5,623 (4,489 to 6,756) 4,904 (3,958 to 5,850) 6,253 (3,502 to 9,004) 5,441 (3,888…”
High‐Fat Diet from Weaning until Early Adulthood Impairs T Cell Development in the Thymus
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Importance of diet in children and adolescents with obesity and asthma
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“…oils, seeds, nuts, green vegetables Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [46, 47] Flavonoids Cabbage, salad, tomatoes, grapes, apples Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [26] In both obesity and asthma, impaired levels of adiponectin, visfatin, leptin, and resistin are observed [55].”
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Self-citationZaki, M. E., El-Bassyouni, H. T., Tosson, A. M. S., Youness, E. R., & Hussein, J. (2017) · Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) · doi:10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.04.007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Pediatric endocrinopathies related to COVID-19: an update
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“Macrophages derived from visceral adipose tissue secrete large amounts of inflammatory cytokines, including nitric oxide IL-12, IL-1b, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [72].”
Exploitation of Old Wheat Properties for Prevention of Human Disease
Jirillo, E., Carone, T., & Toffanin, R. (2017) · Natural Product Communications · doi:10.1177/1934578x1701200605 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Prevention of metabolic disease should start earlier in life since childhood obesity is dramatically increasing [58].”
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Lean body mass but not body fat mass is related with leukocyte telomere length in children
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“Childhood obesity is an early risk factor for both morbidity and mortality in adulthood and has been suggested to lead to oxidative stress that can result in shortened telomeres [8].”
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Aroclor 1254 inhibits anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization through an AhR-dependent mechanism
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Prebiotics and Probiotics in Aging Population
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“The current metabolic environment, driven by chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in adults, may impair memory B and T ‐ cell responses or antibody persistence [41, 46].”
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“In lean individuals, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is characterized by the presence of high levels of FoxP3 + regulatory T lymphocytes (FoxP3+ Tregs) and the expression of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 (10).”
BackgroundComparison of Ophthalmic Findings Between Obese and Healthy Children
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Childhood Obesity: Etiology and Management
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“This treatment also reduces tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Magrone and Jirillo, 2015).”
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“In addition, the inverse relationship between obesity resulting from imbalance in the irregular diet and immunity makes obese people more sensitive to infections, which makes them less responsive to vaccines [18].”
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“diseases leading to high morbidity and mortality [4,5].”
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Association of adiponectin gene polymorphism and cytokines levels in obese patients with COVID-19
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“Childhood obesity should therefore be viewed not merely as an energy imbalance caused by overnutrition but as an immuno-metabolic disorder in which immune activation, metabolic dysregulation, and maladaptive neuroendocrine responses are inter-twined (56, 62, 64).”
- Authors
- Magrone, T., & Jirillo, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Jirillo, Emilio
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-02-24
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 76-76
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4338791
- OpenAlex
- W1989401283
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 209
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- childhood obesity, low-grade inflammation, cytokines, adipokines, reactive oxygen species, regulatory T cells, Th17 cells, gut microbiota, prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, melatonin, natural antioxidants, dietary intervention
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