Plasticity of executive functioning in young and older adults: Immediate training gains, transfer, and long-term maintenance.
Abstract
The authors investigated immediate training gains, transfer effects, and 18-month maintenance after 5 weeks of computer-based training in updating of information in working memory in young and older subjects. Trained young and older adults improved significantly more than controls on the criterion task (letter memory), and these gains were maintained 18 months later. Transfer effects were in general limited and restricted to the young participants, who showed transfer to an untrained task that required updating (3-back). The findings demonstrate substantial and durable plasticity of executive functioning across adulthood and old age, although there appear to be age-related constraints in the ability to generalize the acquired updating skill.
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Using the running memory paradigm as a training task, studies demonstrated nearest transfer effects on other WMU tasks such as the n-back task, and far transfer to episodic memory tasks.
“using the running memory paradigm as a training task, different authors demonstrated nearest transfer effects on other WMU tasks, such as the n-back task [25–28], and far transfer to episodic memory tasks [27].”
From Nearest transfer effects of working memory training: A comparison of two programs focused on working memory updating (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
Using the running memory paradigm as a training task, studies found no near transfer to WM span tasks, nor far transfer to selective attention, perceptual speed, fluid intelligence, verbal fluency, or other episodic memory measures.
“They found no near transfer to WM span tasks [27], however, nor any far transfer to selective attention [26], perceptual speed, fluid intelligence, verbal fluency, or other episodic memory measures [27].”
From Nearest transfer effects of working memory training: A comparison of two programs focused on working memory updating (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
Our results reflect those of other studies reporting no transfer effects to complex WM tasks.
“Our results reflect those of other studies reporting no transfer effects to complex WM tasks [8, 9, 11, 27].”
From Nearest transfer effects of working memory training: A comparison of two programs focused on working memory updating (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
A lack of transfer effects from WMU training to fluid intelligence has been reported in a number of studies, and some meta-analyses have addressed this issue.
“A lack of transfer effects from WMU training to fluid intelligence has been reported in a number of studies too (e.g., [14–17, 27]), and some meta-analyses have addressed this issue.”
From Nearest transfer effects of working memory training: A comparison of two programs focused on working memory updating (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
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Nordvall, O., Jonsson, B., & Neely, A. S. (2017) · Psychology, Crime & Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2016.1239725 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationLange, S., & Süß, H. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3126 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The asymmetry of working memory training transfer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Fu, J., Zhou, Y., Yuan, M., & Cai, Y. (2026) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-026-02994-5
“Moreover, citation tracking was conducted via Google Scholar on two foundational studies (Dahlin et al., 2008a; Jaeggi et al., 2008).”
- Authors
- Dahlin, E., Nyberg, L., Bäckman, L., & Neely, A. S.
- Affiliations
- Umeå University (SE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Psychology and Aging
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 720-730
- ISSN
- 0882-7974 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1498
- OpenAlex
- W2109645124
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 19.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology and Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Joint Committee for Nordic Research Councils in the Humanities and the Social Sciences
- Swedish Research Council and Swedish Brain Power
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- executive function, working memory updating, cognitive training, transfer of training, long-term maintenance, age differences, cognitive plasticity, older adults, computer-based training, 3-back task
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Association Learning, Attention, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Practice, Psychological, Reaction Time, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Serial Learning, Verbal Learning, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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