Disruption of maternal parenting circuitry by addictive process: rewiring of reward and stress systems
Open accessAbstract
Addiction represents a complex interaction between the reward and stress neural circuits, with increasing drug use reflecting a shift from positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement mechanisms in sustaining drug dependence. Preclinical studies have indicated the involvement of regions within the extended amygdala as subserving this transition, especially under stressful conditions. In the addictive situation, the reward system serves to maintain habitual behaviors that are associated with the relief of negative affect, at the cost of attenuating the salience of other rewards. Therefore, addiction reflects the dysregulation between core reward systems, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and nucleus accumbens (NAc), as well as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and extended amygdala of the stress system. Here, we consider the consequences of changes in neural function during or following addiction on parenting, an inherently rewarding process that may be disrupted by addiction. Specifically, we outline the preclinical and human studies that support the dysregulation of reward and stress systems by addiction and the contribution of these systems to parenting. Increasing evidence suggests an important role for the hypothalamus, PFC, VTA, and NAc in parenting, with these same regions being those dysregulated in addiction. Moreover, in addicted adults, we propose that parenting cues trigger stress reactivity rather than reward salience, and this may heighten negative affect states, eliciting both addictive behaviors and the potential for child neglect and abuse.
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Parenting supports and decreased parenting stress positively impact parental recovery from SUDs.
“Parenting supports and decreased parenting stress positively impact parental recovery from SUDs (Rutherford et al., 2011; Suchman et al., 2013)”
From Home‐based family recovery supports: Feasibility, acceptability, and adoption of training home visitors in “Mothering from the Inside Out” (2025) · cites this paper as Rutherford et al., 2011
The Conclusion (page unavailable) suggests that therapies targeting stress regulation may help mothers maintain abstinence, and the section “Parenting Cues as Stressful Cues in Addiction” links parenting stress to craving and relapse. It does not establish that parenting supports or reduced parenting stress positively impact recovery; those are presented as therapeutic possibilities rather than demonstrated outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMothers with addictions may be less able to respond appropriately to their children's cues, finding them less intrinsically rewarding or salient and more stress-provoking.
“Unlike many mothers who find engaging with their own children to be a uniquely rewarding experience, mothers with addictions may be less able to respond appropriately to their children’s cues, finding them less intrinsically rewarding or salient and more stress-provoking (Rutherford et al., 2011).”
From The maternal brain and its plasticity in humans (2016) · cites this paper as Rutherford et al., 2011
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Rutherford, H. J. V., Williams, S. K., Moy, S., Mayes, L. C., & Johns, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rutherford, Helena J. V.
- Williams, Sarah K.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 37-37
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3133875
- OpenAlex
- W2101025385
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 174
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P01DA022446)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- maternal care, addiction, reward systems, stress system, extended amygdala, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, stress reactivity, negative reinforcement, child neglect, child abuse, neural circuits
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