Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genes associated with observed parenting
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Both oxytocin and serotonin modulate affiliative responses to partners and offspring. Animal studies suggest a crucial role of oxytocin in mammalian parturition and lactation but also in parenting and social interactions with offspring. The serotonergic system may also be important through its influence on mood and the release of oxytocin. We examined the role of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) genes in explaining differences in sensitive parenting in a community sample of 159 Caucasian, middle-class mothers with their 2-year-old toddlers at risk for externalizing behavior problems, taking into account maternal educational level, maternal depression and the quality of the marital relationship. Independent genetic effects of 5-HTTLPR SCL6A4 and OXTR rs53576 on observed maternal sensitivity were found. Controlling for differences in maternal education, depression and marital discord, parents with the possibly less efficient variants of the serotonergic (5-HTT ss) and oxytonergic (AA/AG) system genes showed lower levels of sensitive responsiveness to their toddlers. Two-way and three-way interactions with marital discord or depression were not significant. This first study on the role of both OXTR and 5-HTT genes in human parenting points to molecular genetic differences that may be implicated in the production of oxytocin explaining differences in sensitive parenting.
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Homozygous carriers of the minor allele (A) of rs53576 have been shown to exhibit lower interpersonal sensitivity.
“Homozygous carriers of the minor allele (A; hitherto referred to as ‘risk allele’) of rs53576 have been shown to exhibit lower interpersonal sensitivity59–62.”
From Voluntary upregulation of heart rate variability through biofeedback is improved by mental contemplative training (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
The Results report lower observed maternal sensitivity for mothers with rs53576 AA or AG genotypes than for those with GG. The methods state that AA and AG were combined, so the study does not establish a separate effect for homozygous AA carriers. The Discussion presents broader interpersonal sensitivity as a possibility, not a measured finding. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAA-carriers exhibit lower interpersonal sensitivity.
“Previous studies have shown that AA-carriers exhibit lower interpersonal sensitivity59–62.”
From Voluntary upregulation of heart rate variability through biofeedback is improved by mental contemplative training (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
The Results report that mothers with OXTR AA or AG genotypes were less sensitive to their toddlers than mothers with the GG genotype. The study measured maternal sensitivity during parent–toddler tasks, not interpersonal sensitivity generally; the Discussion presents that broader possibility as a hypothesis requiring further research. The AA and AG genotypes were also combined in the analysis. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRisk alleles on the OXTR gene implicated in autism and depression are associated with reduced maternal and paternal touch, lower maternal sensitivity, and decreased infant social gaze during interactions with mother and father.
“risk alleles on the OXTR gene implicated in autism and depression were associated with reduced maternal and paternal touch, lower maternal sensitivity, and decreased infant social gaze during interactions with mother and father (9,16).”
From Oxytocin administration to parent enhances infant physiological and behavioral readiness for social engagement (2012) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H.
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-02-11
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 128-134
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC2555463
- OpenAlex
- W2113140454
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 35.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- oxytocin receptor gene, serotonin transporter gene, 5-HTTLPR, OXTR rs53576, maternal sensitivity, parenting, externalizing problems, toddlers, maternal depression, marital conflict, gene-environment interaction, affiliative behavior, oxytocin
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Child, Child, Preschool, Cooperative Behavior, Empathy, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Behavior, Mother-Child Relations, Polymorphism, Genetic, Social Behavior, Parenting, Receptors, Oxytocin, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
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