CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 462Coffee research and impactsNutritional Studies and DietMetabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Coffee Consumption and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Open access
Salazar-Martinez, Eduardo, Willett, Walter C., Ascherio, Alberto, Manson, JoAnn E., Leitzmann, Michael F., Stampfer, Meir J., Hu, Frank B.·2004·Annals of Internal Medicine
DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-140-1-200401060-00005
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In small, short-term studies, acute administration of caffeine decreases insulin sensitivity and impairs glucose tolerance. OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term relationship between consumption of coffee and other caffeinated beverages and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. PARTICIPANTS: The authors followed 41 934 men from 1986 to 1998 and 84 276 women from 1980 to 1998. These participants did not have diabetes, cancer, or cardiovascular disease at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: Coffee consumption was assessed every 2 to 4 years through validated questionnaires. RESULTS: The authors documented 1333 new cases of type 2 diabetes in men and 4085 new cases in women. The authors found an inverse association between coffee intake and type 2 diabetes after adjustment for age, body mass index, and other risk factors. The multivariate relative risks for diabetes according to regular coffee consumption categories (0, <1, 1 to 3, 4 to 5, or > or =6 cups per day) in men were 1.00, 0.98, 0.93, 0.71, and 0.46 (95% CI, 0.26 to 0.82; P = 0.007 for trend), respectively. The corresponding multivariate relative risks in women were 1.00, 1.16, 0.99, 0.70, and 0.71 (CI, 0.56 to 0.89; P < 0.001 for trend), respectively. For decaffeinated coffee, the multivariate relative risks comparing persons who drank 4 cups or more per day with nondrinkers were 0.74 (CI, 0.48 to 1.12) for men and 0.85 (CI, 0.61 to 1.17) for women. Total caffeine intake from coffee and other sources was associated with a statistically significantly lower risk for diabetes in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that long-term coffee consumption is associated with a statistically significantly lower risk for type 2 diabetes.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.7326/0003-4819-140-1-200401060-00005

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 33 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Bracco D, 1995, Am J Physiol, 269, 671
  2. Astrup A, 1992, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 16, 269

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Salazar-Martinez, E., Willett, W. C., Ascherio, A., Manson, J. E., Leitzmann, M. F., Stampfer, M. J., & Hu, F. B.
Affiliations
  • From Harvard School of Public Health, Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Mexican Institute of Social Security, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
ORCID
Venue
Annals of Internal Medicine
Publisher
American College of Physicians
Published
2004-01-06
Volume
140
Issue
1
Pages
1-8
ISSN
  • 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
  • 1539-3704
DOI
10.7326/0003-4819-140-1-200401060-00005
OpenAlex
W2084085461
Cited by
462
References
33
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 27
FWCI
26.33
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA-11181, R01AA011181)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL035464, HL35464)
  • National Cancer Institute (CA-87969, CA-55075, P01CA087969)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, DK58845)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Keywords
coffee consumption, type 2 diabetes, caffeine consumption, decaffeinated coffee, caffeinated beverages, insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, diabetes risk, Nurses' Health Study, Health Professionals Follow-up Study
MeSH terms
Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Caffeine, Coffee, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Incidence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review