What are infant siblings teaching us about autism in infancy?
Open accessAbstract
International research to understand infant patterns of development in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has recently focused on a research paradigm involving prospective longitudinal studies of infant siblings of children with autism. Such designs use a comparison group of infant siblings without any familial risks (the low‐risk group) to gather longitudinal information about developmental skills across the first 3 years of life, followed by clinical diagnosis of ASD at 36 months. This review focuses on five topics: presence of ASD in the infant sibling groups, patterns and characteristics of motor development, patterns and characteristics of social and emotional development, patterns and characteristics of intentional communication, both verbal and nonverbal, and patterns that mark the onset of behaviors pathognomonic for ASD. Symptoms in all these areas typically begin to be detected during the age period of 12–24 months in infants who will develop autism. Onset of the symptoms occurs at varying ages and in varying patterns, but the pattern of frank loss of skills and marked regression reported from previous retrospective studies in 20–30% of children is seldom reported in these infant sibling prospective studies. Two surprises involve the very early onset of repetitive and unusual sensory behaviors, and the lack of predictive symptoms at the age of 6 months. Contrary to current views that autism is a disorder that profoundly affects social development from the earliest months of life, the data from these studies presents a picture of autism as a disorder involving symptoms across multiple domains with a gradual onset that changes both ongoing developmental rate and established behavioral patterns across the first 2–3 years of life.
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Prospective studies of infant siblings have not identified behavioural differences at 6 months in infants ultimately diagnosed with ASD.
“To date, prospective studies of infant siblings have not identified behavioural differences at 6 months in infants who are ultimately diagnosed with ASD (Rogers, 2009; Ozonoff et al ., 2010; Landa et al ., 2012).”
From Early brain enlargement and elevated extra-axial fluid in infants who develop autism spectrum disorder (2013) · cites this paper as Rogers, 2009
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“These infants are termed ‘‘high-risk’’ for ASD because they have an increased predisposition to develop ASD, estimated to be around fifteen to twenty times higher than infants with no family history of ASD [10,11].”
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- Authors
- Rogers, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rogers, Sally J.
- ORCID
- Rogers, Sally J.
- Venue
- Autism Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 125-137
- ISSN
- 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-3806
- PMC
- PMC2791538
- OpenAlex
- W1989346891
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 17.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Autism Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068398, MH068398, R01MH081757)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, infant siblings, motor development, social-emotional development, intentional communication, regression analysis, infant development, prospective longitudinal study
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Autistic Disorder, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Phenotype, Psychomotor Disorders, Risk Factors, Visual Perception, Age of Onset, Stereotypic Movement Disorder, Siblings
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