Use it or lose it: how neurogenesis keeps the brain fit for learning
Open accessAbstract
The presence of new neurons in the adult hippocampus indicates that this structure incorporates new neurons into its circuitry and uses them for some function related to learning and/or related thought processes. Their generation depends on a variety of factors ranging from age to aerobic exercise to sexual behavior to alcohol consumption. However, most of the cells will die unless the animal engages in some kind of effortful learning experience when the cells are about one week of age. If learning does occur, the new cells become incorporated into brain circuits used for learning. In turn, some processes of learning and mental activity appear to depend on their presence. In this review, we discuss the now rather extensive literature showing that new neurons are kept alive by effortful learning, a process that involves concentration in the present moment of experience over some extended period of time. As these thought processes occur, endogenous patterns of rhythmic electrophysiological activity engage the new cells with cell networks that already exist in the hippocampus and at efferent locations. Concurrent and synchronous activity provides a mechanism whereby the new neurons become integrated with the other neurons. This integration allows the present experience to become integrated with memories from the recent past in order to learn and predict when events will occur in the near future. In this way, neurogenesis and learning interact to maintain a fit brain.
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Excessive dependence on AICs without concurrent cultivation of fundamental cognitive skills may lead to underutilization and subsequent loss of cognitive abilities.
“The concept draws parallels with the 'use it or lose it' brain development principle (Shors et al., 2012), positing that excessive dependence on AICs without concurrent cultivation of fundamental cognitive skills may lead to underutilization and subsequent loss of cognitive abilities.”
From From tools to threats: a reflection on the impact of artificial-intelligence chatbots on cognitive health (2024) · cites this paper as Shors et al., 2012
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Anderson, M. L., Sisti, H. M., Curlik, D. M., & Shors, T. J. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07486.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationCurlik, D. M., & Shors, T. J. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21597 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurogenesis, learning and associative strength
Waddell, J., & Shors, T. J. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06222.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationLeuner, B., Waddell, J., Gould, E., & Shors, T. J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2781-06.2006 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationThe origins of vocal learning: New sounds, new circuits, new cells
Nottebohm, F., & Liu, W. (2010) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.05.002 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Prozac during puberty: distinctive effects on neurogenesis as a function of age and sex
Hodes, G. E., Yang, L., Kooy, J., Santollo, J., & Shors, T. J. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.057 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation北村, 貴., Saitoh, Y., Murayama, A., Sugiyama, H., & Inokuchi, K. (2010) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/1756-6606-3-13 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Epp, J. R., Scott, N. A., & Galea, L. A. M. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.025 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Shors, T. J. (2009) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0309-46 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationHippocampal theta-band activity and trace eyeblink conditioning in rabbits.
Nokia, M. S., Penttonen, M., Korhonen, T., & Wikgren, J. (2009) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0015334 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationWaddell, J., Anderson, M. L., & Shors, T. J. (2010) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.09.012 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [72]Overstreet Wadiche L Bromberg DA Bensen AL Westbrook GL GABAergic signaling to newborn neurons in dentate gyrus Journal of Neurophysiolology 2005 94 4528 32 16033936
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The computational nature of memory modification
Gershman, S. J., Monfils, M.-H., Norman, K. A., & Niv, Y. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.23763 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Alderman, B. L., Olson, R. L., Brush, C. J., & Shors, T. J. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.225 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuronal Circuitry Mechanisms Regulating Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis
Song, J., Olsen, R. H. J., Sun, J., Ming, G.-L., & Song, H. (2016) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a018937 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Dergaa, I., Ben Saad, H., Glenn, J. M., Amamou, B., Ben Aissa, M., Guelmami, N., Fekih-Romdhane, F., & Chamari, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1259845 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Beck, B., & Pourié, G. (2013) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12045 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Shors, T. J., Olson, R. L., Bates, M. E., Selby, E. A., & Alderman, B. L. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.08.012 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Shors, T. J., Anderson, M. L., Curlik, D. M., & Nokia, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shors, T.J.
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 227
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 450-458
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3191246
- OpenAlex
- W2068118065
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (IOB-0444364, IOS-0914386)
- Jenny ja Antti Wihurin Rahasto
- National Institutes of Health (ARRA-3R01MH059970-10S1, MH-59970)
- Academy of Finland
- Emil Aaltosen Säätiö
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- adult neurogenesis, hippocampus, neuronal survival, synaptic integration, rhythmic neural activity, memory consolidation, prediction, brain fitness, physical activity, alcohol consumption, sexual behavior
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Learning, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Neurons, Neurogenesis
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