The DOI matches its Crossref record; 160 of the 161 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 92 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Adolescence: what do transmission, transition and translation have to do with it?
Open accessAbstract
Negotiating the transition from dependence on parents to relative independence is not a unique demand for today's youth but has a long evolutionary history (transmission) and is shared across mammalian species (translation). However, behavioral changes observed during this period are often described as delinquent. This review examines changes in explorative and emotive behaviors during the transition into and out of adolescence and the underlying neurobiological bases in the context of adaptive and maladaptive functions.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that adolescence is an evolutionarily conserved transition from parental dependence to independence, not simply a period of delinquency. It proposes that heightened limbic responses to motivational and emotional cues, combined with still-maturing prefrontal control, explain both adaptive exploration and increased vulnerability.
Key findings
- Human adolescent mortality rises by 200% despite better physical and reasoning abilities than children, largely from preventable causes such as accidents, suicide, and homicide.
- Reward sensitivity and sensation-seeking follow a curvilinear pattern, peaking around ages 13–17 or 10–15 depending on the measure, while impulsivity declines linearly with age; in one study of over 900 individuals aged 10–30, sensation-seeking peaked between 10 and 15 and impulsivity decreased with age.
- Adolescents show exaggerated ventral striatal responses to reward cues in several imaging studies, but some studies report diminished striatal activity, and amygdala responses to threat are initially elevated in adolescents relative to children and adults.
- Animal and human work suggests pubertal hormones and chronological age separately influence brain and behavior, with dopamine-rich frontostriatal circuits undergoing marked changes during adolescence.
Methods
- Narrative review synthesizing human behavioral, human neuroimaging, and comparative animal studies rather than presenting new primary data.
- Organizes evidence around Tinbergen-style questions: causes/control of adolescent behavior, developmental change, and adaptive function.
- Proposes a conceptual model in which hormonally sensitive limbic systems mature earlier than age-dependent prefrontal control systems, producing a temporary imbalance.
Limitations
- The paper states that disentangling age and pubertal effects is difficult because the two are strongly associated and puberty timing varies widely.
- It notes mixed imaging findings on ventral striatal activity in adolescents and unresolved controversy over whether dopamine systems are hypoactive or hypersensitive.
- It states that equating the appetitive quality of rewards across ages and species requires more investigation; the text also makes evident that this is a narrative review with many cited works still in press or in review, and the central model is conceptual rather than directly tested.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
60 Not checked yet · 20 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By examining the development of adolescent behavior through this lens, what may appear to be aberrant behavior at first glance may simply be adaptation of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms to the current environment.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus elevated ventral striatal activity would seem more consistent with the observed increase in risky behavior during this age (Figner et al., 2009).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Imaging Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Figner et al., 2009 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Using a similar gambling task, Cauffman and colleagues (Cauffman et al., 2010) have shown that this sensitivity to rewards and incentives actually peaks during adolescence, as demonstrated by a steady increase from late childhood to adolescence in tendency to play with more advantageous decks of cards, followed by a subsequent decline from late adolescence to adulthood. These findings illustrate a”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Behavioral Studies
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
In the paper
“and that testosterone level is positively associated with anticipation of reward in males (Forbes et al., 2010).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > What causes or controls adolescent behavior?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Forbes et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Measures of puberty such as Tanner staging and hormonal assays validly capture pubertal maturation.
In the paper
“In contrast to the argument of the environment being variable and the genome being relatively stable, the environment can be an extreme source of stability for nervous systems and behaviors (Finlay, 2007).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finlay, 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast to the pattern in the ventral striatum, orbital prefrontal regions related to optimizing gains in goal-oriented behavior, showed protracted development across these ages in a more linear fashion.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Imaging Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Galvan et al., 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest an important role of pubertal hormones in social and emotional processes during adolescence.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > What causes or controls adolescent behavior?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One potential example of an altered environmental experience is the prolongation of adolescence with the postponement of adulthood (Cline, 1941).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cline, 1941 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When an evolutionarily expected environment is altered, then evolutionarily conserved mechanisms may be maladaptive for the current environment leading to altered or aberrant behavior for that context.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“To date, these studies suggest that mid- to late puberty is positively associated with elevated physiological reactivity to emotional cues (Silk et al., 2009)”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > What causes or controls adolescent behavior?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Silk et al., 2009 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Measures of puberty such as Tanner staging and hormonal assays validly capture pubertal maturation.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
In the paper
“mortality increases 200% for them during this time (Dahl, 2001).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dahl, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adolescence is not special to humans. Rather, a variety of species must acquire the basic skills of transitioning from dependence to relative independence from parental care (Spear, 2010).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Spear, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This increase in deaths is not attributable to disease, but rather preventable forms of death including accidental fatalities, suicide and homicide (CDC, 2006) and related to difficulties in regulation of behavior and emotion (Steinberg, 2008).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Steinberg, 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In adolescents and adults, trials for which money was at stake speeded performance and facilitated accuracy, but this effect was larger in adolescents.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Imaging Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Geier et al., 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, this response was exaggerated in adolescents, relative to both children and adults, indicative of increased signal (Galvan et al., 2006) or more sustained activation (Delgado et al., 2000).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Imaging Studies
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
In the paper
“They showed that the often-conflated constructs of sensation-seeking and impulsivity developed along different timetables in over 900 individuals between the ages of 10 and 30. Specifically, differences in sensation-seeking across age followed a curvilinear pattern, with a peak between 10 and 15 years, and declining or remaining stable thereafter. In contrast, impulsivity followed a linear pattern”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Behavioral Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cauffman et al., 2010 source
plaincorrelationaln = 900- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We (Casey et al., 2008a; Casey et al., in press) and others ((Ernst et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2009; Geier and Luna, 2009; Steinberg, 2008) have suggested that adolescence is a period of functional activation of basic motivational and emotional systems at a time when prefrontal cortical systems involved rational decisions and actions are not fully mature.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > Introduction
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Figner and colleagues (Figner et al., 2009) showed that adolescents made disproportionately more risky gambles compared to adults but only in the “hot” condition.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Behavioral Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Figner et al., 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, animal and human studies suggest that both puberty and age influence changes in explorative and emotive behaviors in adolescents.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > What causes or controls adolescent behavior?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these studies suggest that during adolescence, motivational cues of potential reward are particularly salient and can lead to improved performance when provided as a reinforcer or rewarded outcome, but to riskier choices or suboptimal choices when provided as a cue.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Behavioral Studies
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Using a simulated driving task, Gardner and Steinberg (Gardner and Steinberg, 2005) showed that adolescents make riskier decisions in the presence of peers than when alone. The number of risky decisions decrease by young adulthood (Chassin et al., 2004; Steinberg, 2008).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Behavioral Studies
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
In the paper
“In adults, Christopoulos and colleagues (Christopoulos et al., 2009) have shown that a risky choice is more probable when striatal activity is higher, whereas increased prefrontal activity correlates with increased probability of a safe choice and with higher risk aversion.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Imaging Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Christopoulos et al., 2009 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Changes in explorative and emotive behaviors have been observed across species as the organism moves from parental dependence to independence during the transition into and out of adolescence.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus pubertal onset and chronological age appear to be two causal forces shaping adolescent development.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > What causes or controls adolescent behavior?
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, early puberty has been associated with poor outcomes in both sexes. These outcomes include earlier use of alcohol and illegal substances, earlier sexual behavior, higher risk for mental health problems and increased risk for delinquency (Bratberg et al., 2007; Deardorff et al., 2005; Waylen and Wolke, 2004)(Graber et al., 1997; Kaltiala-Heino et al., 2003).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > What causes or controls adolescent behavior?
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, there is evidence to suggest that motivational processes related to sensitivity to rewards and sensation-seeking behavior are distinct from impulsivity with very different developmental patterns (curvilinear versus a linear function, respectively).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Behavioral Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cauffman et al., 2010 source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 900- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sisk and colleagues showed that the presence or absence of testosterone during adolescence in male hamsters could program adult sexual behavior (Schulz et al., 2009), but preadolescent exposure did not.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > What causes or controls adolescent behavior?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schulz et al., 2009 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.
In the paper
“However, when it is advantageous to suppress a response to incentive-related cues, cognitive control suffers (Somerville et al., In review). This reduced control is especially evident during the period of adolescence, when suboptimal choices in sexual and drug related behaviors have been suggested to peak (Casey et al., 2008b; Eaton et al., 2008; Spear, 2000; Windle et al., 2008).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Behavioral Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Somerville et al., In review
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, dopamine is essential in learning to optimize gains and in detecting novelty or violations in the expected environment as shown by Schultz (Cromwell and Schultz, 2003; Fiorillo et al., 2003).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Imaging Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cromwell and Schultz, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Fiorillo et al., 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Collectively, the developmental imaging literature suggests that the prefrontal cortex, thought to support cognitive control (Astle and Scerif, 2009; Bitan et al., 2006; Bunge et al., 2002; Luna et al., 2010; Luna et al., 2001; Stevens et al., 2009; Tamm et al., 2002) undergoes protracted maturation (Giedd et al., 1999; Huttenlocher, 1990; Sowell et al., 2003) (Shaw et al., 2008) while striatal”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Imaging Studies
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
In the paper
“There was a positive association between ventral striatal activity to monetary reward and the likelihood of engaging in risky behavior, but no association between activity in this region and impulsivity measures.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Human Imaging Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Galvan et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“implicating an inverse association between these structures that governs affective output.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How is Adolescent Behavior Adaptive?
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nonhuman adolescents show age-typical ways of responding to their environment. These behaviors include increases in peer interactions, novelty seeking and elevations in consummatory behaviors (Spear 2000)”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Spear, 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Changes in behavior during adolescence appear to occur in parallel with the increase in pubertal hormones, resulting in more exploratory behavior and seeking sexual partners.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How is Adolescent Behavior Adaptive?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that initial emotional reactivity to potential threat, as indexed by elevated amygdala activity, is typical of, or normal for adolescence, but that failure of this response to subside over time with no impending threat is atypical or maladaptive and may be indicative of risk for anxiety.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How is Adolescent Behavior Adaptive?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
““development can no longer be viewed as a simple passage from the embryo to the mature organism directed by the information encoded in the genes, but rather a structured collaboration between the information in the organism and the environment” that occurs throughout development (Finlay, 2007, p.34) and evolution.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finlay, 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“resulting in less adaptive behavior for the current environment and greater risk for mental health problems (Graber et al., 1997; Kaltiala-Heino et al., 2003)”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How is Adolescent Behavior Adaptive?
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The brain differs in sensitivity to testosterone levels across development.
In the paper
“For example, using single-unit recordings in monkeys, Pasupathy & Miller (Pasupathy and Miller, 2005) showed that when flexibly learning a set of reward contingencies, very early activity in the striatum provides the foundation for reward-based associations, whereas later, more deliberative prefrontal mechanisms are engaged to maintain the behavioral outputs that can optimize the greatest gains”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pasupathy and Miller, 2005 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adaptive functions include increasing the probability of reproductive success among males across species, improving life circumstances, enabling procurement of additional resources, as well as exploring adult liberties and greater ability to face and surmount challenges (Belsky et al., 1991; Csikszentmihalyi and Larson, 1987; Daly and Wilson, 1987; Meschke and Silbereisen, 1997).”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > How does Behavior Change during Adolescence? > Comparative Studies
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.
In the paper
“the model does not suggest that the ventral striatum and amygdala are specific to approach and avoidant behavior given recent studies showing valence independence of these structures (Levita et al., 2009), but rather are systems that are important in detecting and learning about appetitive and emotive information in the environment for the development of adaptive behavior.”
§ Adolescence: What do Transmission, Transition, and Translation have to do with it? > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levita et al., 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.
“shared across mammalian species (translation)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
“Using an anti-saccade task with a promise of financial reward for accurate performance on some trials but not others, they showed that promise of a reward facilitated adolescent performance more than adults.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Measures of puberty such as Tanner staging and hormonal assays validly capture pubertal maturation.
“Sexual maturation is typically assessed by physical exam or Tanner staging by the individual or parent, but more and more hormonal measures are being assessed, which present challenges given the large fluctuations in early stages of puberty and during the menstrual cycle, yet, move the field forward beyond the use of age as a proxy for pubertal maturation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During adolescence, amygdala response is heightened relative to children and adults.
“During adolescence, when the amygdala response is heightened relative to that observed in children and adults (imbalance), more top down control is needed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The brain differs in sensitivity to testosterone levels across development.
“Consistent with this view, is how the brain differs in sensitivity to testosterone levels across development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The transition from parental dependence to relative independence has a long evolutionary history and is shared across mammalian species.
“Negotiating the transition from dependence on parents to relative independence is not a unique demand for today’s youth, but has a long evolutionary history and is shared across mammalian species.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In western civilization, the transition period has been prolonged for humans because parental independence is increasingly postponed in many individuals.
“This period of transition has been prolonged in western civilization for humans with the increasingly occurring postponement of parental independence in many individuals.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, we place as much emphasis on evolutionary-based expectations of the social environment as the environment itself, which we posit may underlie significant changes in the brain to enhance receptivity to environmental inputs and facilitate the capacity for meeting changing social pressures during this developmental window (Casey et al., 2010).”
From Beyond simple models of adolescence to an integrated circuit-based account: A commentary (2016) · cites this paper as Casey et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“However, environments that result in a mismatch between the expected and actual environment may prove particularly stressful (Finlay, 2007, Casey et al., 2010).”
From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Casey et al., 2010
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Self-citationA developmental examination of amygdala response to facial expressions
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Contributions of amygdala and striatal activity in emotion regulation.
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Prefrontostriatal Circuitry Regulates Effort-Related Decision Making
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The role of ventral frontostriatal circuitry in reward-based learning in humans.
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Self-citationSex 'n' drugs 'n' rock 'n' roll: the meaning and social consequences of pubertal timing
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The bivalent side of the nucleus accumbens
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Metadata
- Authors
- Casey, B. J., Duhoux, S., & Cohen, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Casey, B.J.
- ORCID
- Duhoux, Stéphanie
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 749-760
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3014527
- OpenAlex
- W2046318203
- Semantic Scholar
- 774fd6f843595a92cb8fd9700423cc2dda466259
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 161
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Weill Cornell Medical College
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50 MH62196, P50MH062196)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA018879)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- adolescence, transition to independence, parental dependence, mammalian development, exploratory behavior, emotional behavior, maladaptive behavior, behavior change
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Models, Psychological, Adolescent Development
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