The DOI matches its Crossref record; 145 of the 145 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 149 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases
Open accessAbstract
The term sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle mass that occurs with ageing. On the basis of study results showing that muscle mass is only moderately related to functional outcomes, international working groups have proposed that loss of muscle strength or physical function should also be included in the definition. Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age. Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability. In this Review, we address both age-related and disease-related muscle loss, with a focus on diabetes and obesity but including other disease states, and potential common mechanisms and treatments. Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.
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128 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 1 Supported so far
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In the paper
“Age-related muscle loss is a strong risk factor for disability, hospitalisation, and death in older adults.10,13”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“However, it has become clear that decreases in muscle strength exceed what is expected on the basis of the decline in muscle mass during ageing,18 especially after the age of 60–70 years.19”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Goodpaster, 2006, The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Baum, 2009, Comparison of skeletal muscle strength between cardiac patients and age-matched healthy controls, Int J Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Sarcopenia might affect up to half of people aged 80 years and older, but, without a standard definition, no real estimates of prevalence and incidence are possible.11,12”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] von Haehling, 2010, An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact, J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Volpato, 2013, Prevalence and clinical correlates of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older people: application of the EWGSOP definition and diagnostic algorithm, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
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In the paper
“the cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis (quadriceps) muscle decreases by up to 40% between the ages of 20 and 80 years.16”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lexell, 1995, Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
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In the paper
“Increased expression of these E3 enzymes in insulin resistant individuals contributes to muscle protein degradation, a mechanism not shared by age-related sarcopenia.47”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
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In the paper
“The progressive mismatch between mass and strength probably occurs because of a deterioration of muscle quality.20”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Moore, 2014, Difference in Muscle Quality over the Adult Life Span and Biological Correlates in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Low mitochondrial size correlates with low glucose disposal rate and insulin sensitivity.48,49”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
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In the paper
“As a result of skeletal muscle loss, the basal metabolic rate decreases by about 30% between the ages of 20 and 70 years.22”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Chau, 2008, Individualizing recommendations for weight management in the elderly, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
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In the paper
“Myofibre size in skeletal muscle is also reduced in people with type 2 diabetes.53”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
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In the paper
“Results of studies have also suggested that muscle strength might be more important than muscle mass as a determinant of functional limitations and mobility status in older age.13”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
The Epidemiology section (page unavailable) says reduced muscle mass is highly prevalent in older people and increases with age; Muscle Aging describes a substantial age-related decline in strength. Sarcopenia and Disability (page unavailable) links sarcopenia to disability and possible increased mortality, and reports that weakness predicts mortality more strongly than muscle mass. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
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In the paper
“The contribution of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, the prevalence of which also increase with ageing, to age-related muscle loss is unclear;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Ageing is accompanied by major changes in body composition that can negatively affect functional status in older adults, including a progressive decrease in muscle mass, strength, and quality, accompanied by an increase in fat mass.1,2”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Candow, 2005, Differences in size, strength, and power of upper and lower body muscle groups in young and older men, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Lauretani, 2003, Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
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In the paper
“Lean muscle mass generally contributes up to about 50% of total bodyweight in young adults, but decreases with age to be about 25% of total bodyweight by age 75–80 years.15”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Short, 2004, Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“No standardly used definition exists for assessment of sarcopenia, and consensus definitions based on critical analyses of large databases are being developed.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
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In the paper
“arguably, definitions of sarcopenia that have been developed cannot necessarily differentiate the effects of ageing on muscle loss independent of other age-associated disease conditions that are prevalent in older individuals.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Notwithstanding uncertainties, it has been estimated that a 10% reduction in age-related muscle loss would result in savings of US$1·1 billion per year in health-care costs in the USA.14”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Janssen, 2004, The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Nonetheless, skeletal muscle ATP production increases in response to exogenous insulin in people without diabetes, but this increment is reduced in individuals with diabetes and is related to impaired insulin response.52”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Stump, 2003, Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production, protein synthesis, and mRNA transcripts, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
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In the paper
“However, the causal link from adiposity to intramyocellular lipid deposition is unclear,”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
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In the paper
“In both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, accelerated loss of muscle mass and strength is recorded in individuals with diabetes, is greater with longer diabetes duration or higher HbA1c, and is attenuated by use of insulin sensitisers.36-38”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Park, 2009, Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Park, 2007, Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lee, 2011, Insulin sensitizers may attenuate lean mass loss in older men with diabetes, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator that has reduced gene expression in muscles of patients with type 2 diabetes,55 and might have a role in preventing muscle atrophy.53,56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Patti, 2003, Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“Insulin resistance results in decreased stimulation of protein synthesis pathways and increased activation of protein degradation pathways that might ultimately lead to muscle loss in type 2 diabetes (figure 1).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
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In the paper
“The global prevalence of diabetes is projected to rise exponentially during the next few decades, with the greatest burden in older individuals (aged >65 years).32,33”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Insulin is a powerful anabolic signal and substantially stimulates muscle protein synthesis in young people but not in older people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Fujita, 2009, Supraphysiological hyperinsulinaemia is necessary to stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults: evidence of a true age-related insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism, Diabetologia source
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In the paper
“Up to 70% of adults with diabetes have difficulty carrying out routine physical tasks, with lower extremity mobility limitations particularly evident, and diabetes is a potent risk factor for most geriatric syndromes.34”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Kalyani, 2010, Association of diabetes, comorbidities, and A1C with functional disability in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2006, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“In insulin resistance, insulin or IGF-1 signalling is suppressed, leading to downregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathway and decreased protein synthesis, as well as to forkhead box protein O1 phosphorylation. Phosphorylated forkhead box protein O1 stimulates expression of the E3 enzymes atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger-1 via increased activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
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In the paper
“However, loss of height and lean body mass and increasing fat mass that occur with ageing uncouple the relationship of BMI and obesity, and attenuate associations with mortality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Waters, 2011, Sarcopenia and obesity, Clin Geriatr Med source
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In the paper
“A systematic review noted that individuals treated with GH had a significant decrease in fat mass (−2·08 kg, 95% CI −1·35 to −2·80 kg) and a significant increase in lean body mass (+2·13 kg, 95% CI 1·32 to 2·94 kg).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Liu, 2007, Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly, Ann Intern Med source
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In the paper
“However, results of studies of body composition have shown that this adaptive mechanism might be impaired in older individuals who are obese. As a result, obese individuals might have relatively low muscle strength in view of their body size and have an increased risk of disability.62”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Alley, 2007, The changing relationship of obesity and disability, 1988–2004, JAMA source
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In the paper
“In men, total testosterone concentrations decrease by 1% per year and bioavailable testosterone by 2% per year from the age of 30 years.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Maggio, 2011, Gonadal status and physical performance in older men, Aging Male source
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In the paper
“Increased adiposity and circulating concentrations of free fatty acids inhibit GH production and decrease plasma concentrations of IGF-1.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
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In the paper
“Dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate is a precursor to testosterone, with concentrations that also decrease with ageing—in men aged 70–80 years, dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentrations are only about 20% of their peak concentrations at the age of 20 years.78”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Labrie, 1997, Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“This decrease in IGF-1 is associated with decreased muscle size and strength, decreased protein synthesis, and increased cell death,93 which in turn leads to increased visceral fat and decreased lean body mass.94”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
- Not checked yetcites [94] Nass, 2002, Impact of the GH-cortisol ratio on the age-dependent changes in body composition, Growth Horm IGF Res source
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In the paper
“GH treatment in adults with hypopituitarism and associated GH deficiency can improve body composition and increase lean body mass.95”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Salomon, 1989, The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency, N Engl J Med source
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In the paper
“Baumgartner and colleagues66 showed that both men and women older than 60 years with sarcopenic obesity had a significantly increased risk of having three or more physical disabilities compared with non-obese individuals after adjustment for age, and this association was stronger than with either sarcopenia or obesity alone.66”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Baumgartner, 2000, Body composition in healthy aging, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After 6 months of treatment, androgen-deprived older men have decreased appendicular skeletal muscle, decreased lean tissue, and increased body fat compared with untreated controls.79”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Boxer, 2005, The effect of 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy on muscle and fat mass in older men with localized prostate cancer, Aging Male source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sarcopenia and obesity can co-occur, and synergistically are associated with worse functional decline and outcomes than is either condition alone.70”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Stenholm, 2009, The effect of obesity combined with low muscle strength on decline in mobility in older persons: results from the InCHIANTI study, Int J Obes (Lond) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, testosterone replacement is not without potential risks, including increased respiratory disorders (eg, cough, shortness of breath, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation, sleep apnoea) and skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (eg, application site reactions, itching, erythema, foot ulcers, and increased hair growth).84”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Basaria, 2010, Adverse events associated with testosterone administration, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Findings from few studies suggest that obesity alone might contribute more to lower physical function than does sarcopenia alone, but this probably depends on the degree of muscle loss.71”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Bouchard, 2009, Sarcopenic/obesity and physical capacity in older men and women: data from the Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)-the Quebec longitudinal Study, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Generally, irrespective of definition, the prevalence increased with each decade of age and was lower in non-Hispanic black people than in white people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Batsis, 2013, Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004, J Am Geriatr Soc source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In healthy young and older individuals, bone and muscle tend to be correlated with bodyweight, probably because gravity and inertial forces during movement stimulate mechano-receptors in both bone and muscle that modulate the production of growth factors.61”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Russo, 2000, True osteoporosis and frailty-related osteopenia: two different clinical entities, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Age-related loss of muscle mass is typically offset by gains in fat mass. As a result, bodyweight in men and women might be quite stable in middle age, or slightly increased even though the relative amount of body fat actually increases in comparison with lean tissue—an important step in the development of sarcopenic obesity.65”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Newman, 2005, Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, Am J Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“With normalisation of thyroid concentrations, muscle mass and strength are re-established, but this can take up to 9 months to occur.98”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Resistance exercise stimulates protein synthesis and results in increased muscle mass and strength.121”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although decreased caloric intake and anorexia associated with cancer might contribute to muscle loss, this is not the only factor; aggressive caloric supplementation alone cannot reverse the skeletal muscle loss.116”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Muscaritoli, 2010, Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”, Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Vitamin D supplementation might also have wide-ranging beneficial effects in reducing falls and improving muscle strength, but evidence is inconclusive; large randomised controlled trials are addressing this hypothesis.102”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Vitamin D deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Kalyani, 2010, Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Osteoporosis is also associated with the loss of muscle function and mobility limitations, although the direction of this association is unclear.103”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Osteoporosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Ferrucci, 2013, Interaction between bone and muscle in older persons with mobility limitations, Curr Pharm Des
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Several factors are likely to contribute to muscle loss, including the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, reduced protein synthesis in myocytes, physical activity limitations, insulin resistance, and inadequate protein ingestion could occur.106”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] de Oliveira Nunes Teixeira, 2013, Muscle wasting in collagen-induced arthritis and disuse atrophy, Exp Biol Med (Maywood) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Patients with HIV have lower muscle strength than do healthy individuals; however, resistance exercise can safely increase the strength of older patients with HIV to equal that of counterparts.119”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Souza, 2011, Effect of progressive resistance exercise on strength evolution of elderly patients living with HIV compared to healthy controls, Clinics (Sao Paulo) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Tumour-induced inflammation can lead to increased production of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and other cytokines, which results in increased protein catabolism, decreased protein anabolism, insulin resistance, and lipolysis.115”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Dodson, 2011, Muscle wasting in cancer cachexia: clinical implications, diagnosis, and emerging treatment strategies, Annu Rev Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid treatment that has been used to treat muscle loss in diseases such as HIV, and also in patients with other catabolic disorders such as neuromuscular diseases, or in individuals who have had severe trauma, burn injury, or infections, with notable improvements in muscle function and faster recovery.120”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Porro, 2012, Five-year outcomes after oxandrolone administration in severely burned children: a randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy, J Am Coll Surg source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Glucocorticoids inhibit protein synthesis and stimulate protein degradation in skeletal muscles. IGF-1 is decreased and myostatin is increased.99”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypercortisolism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Schakman, 2008, Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, J Endocrinol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Resistance exercise is effective and safe to prevent muscle loss even in old (mean age 87 years) and frail individuals, potentially by also decreasing skeletal muscle apoptosis and improving mitochondrial function.123”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Fiatarone, 1994, Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people, N Engl J Med source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Muscle loss might also occur in other disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral arterial disease, COPD, congestive heart failure, advanced kidney disease, cirrhosis, cancer, and HIV, which we describe briefly here;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The increase in muscle strength occurs almost immediately, after a few days of exercise, and much before a noticeable increase in muscle mass, suggesting that the primary effect of exercise might not be on hypertrophy but rather on muscle quality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Muscle mass can be reduced by up to 20% and muscle strength by 40% in patients with severe thyrotoxicosis.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to the clear beneficial effects of exercise on muscle health”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“findings from several studies have shown the benefits of exercise (aerobic and resistance) for improvement of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes.130”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Boulé, 2001, Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In parallel, increased contractile activity promotes oxidative fibre type transformation, PGC-1α expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and muscle protein synthesis, and could lead to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress.56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moderate weight loss of about 5% in older women was found to improve insulin resistance, fat distribution, and muscle lipid infiltration, and preserve thigh muscle mass, with only a slight decrease in appendicular lean mass.136”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Mazzali, 2006, Interrelations between fat distribution, muscle lipid content, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: effect of moderate weight loss in older women, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In preliminary studies of older men and women with sarcopenia, oral supplementation with 16 g per day of essential aminoacids was associated with increased lean mass at 6 months and a further increase at 18 months, along with improved insulin sensitivity.135”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Solerte, 2008, Nutritional supplements with oral amino acid mixtures increases whole-body lean mass and insulin sensitivity in elderly subjects with sarcopenia, Am J Cardiol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hence, impaired insulin signaling is commonly observed in sarcopenic obesity [10,11].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Skeletal muscle is the largest insulin-sensitive tissue and has the largest requirement for postprandial glucose through insulin dependent mechanism.”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Hypogonadal status also contributes to sarcopenic obesity by increasing levels of TNF-α and IL-6, which leads to central obesity [11,47].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“In older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the prevalence of sarcopenia is 2–3 times higher than in non-diabetic peers.1”
From Semaglutide Therapy and Accelerated Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A 24-Month Retrospective Cohort Study (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
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Verma, M., Kapoor, N., Aditi, A., Sharma, P., Ghosh, N., Sidana, S., Kakkar, R., & Kalra, S. (2022) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-022-02216-z · Cited by 18
“These injuries are due to generalized weakness, primarily attributed to sarcopenia and obesity [5].”
BackgroundGlobal phosphoproteomic profiling of skeletal muscle in ovarian hormone-deficient mice
Peyton, M. P., Yang, T.-Y., Higgins, L., Markowski, T. W., Vue, C., Parker, L. L., & Lowe, D. A. (2022) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00104.2022 · Cited by 18
Myokines: Novel therapeutic targets for diabetic nephropathy
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“Furthermore, muscle mass loss has been positively associated with insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome [28].”
BackgroundAssociation of kidney function and albuminuria with frailty worsening and death in very old adults
Mielke, N., Schneider, A., Barghouth, M. H., Ebert, N., van der Giet, M., Huscher, D., Kuhlmann, M. K., & Schäeffner, E. (2023) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afad063 · Cited by 18
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“Physical inactivity, malnutrition, hormonal changes, inflammatory pathway activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, obesity, glycemia, and age-related diseases play a role in age-related loss of muscle (Kalyani et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPredictors and implications of accelerated cognitive aging
Levine, M. E., Harrati, A., & Crimmins, E. M. (2018) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2018.1552513 · Cited by 21
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Supplementation with Fermented Rice Bran Attenuates Muscle Atrophy in a Diabetic Rat Model
Rusbana, T. B., Agista, A. Z., Saputra, W. D., Ohsaki, Y., Watanabe, K., Ardiansyah, A., Budijanto, S., Koseki, T., Aso, H., Komai, M., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082409 · Cited by 18
“Diabetes mellitus directly leads to muscle atrophy via the activation of enzymes involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which could be induced by another pathway [18,35], and may contribute to muscle protein degradation by removing contractile proteins and organelles, resulting in the shrinkage of muscle mass an…”
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Xu, B., Liu, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, R., Tang, M., Huang, Y., Li, J., Xu, L., Hu, C., & Jia, W. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.149969 · Cited by 20
“a decline in the mass as well as function of skeletal muscle, further aggravating metabolic abnormalities (9, 10).”
Edwards, S. J., Carter, S., Nicholson, T., Allen, S., Morgan, P. T., Jones, S. W., Rendeiro, C., & Breen, L. (2022) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109150 · Cited by 18
Serra‐Prat, M., Sist, X., Saiz, A., Jurado, L., Domenich, R., Roces, A., & Papiol, M. (2016) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0684-3 · Cited by 18
“…to the development of pre-frailty and frailty by promoting pro-inflammatory processes, insulin resistance, fat infiltration of the skeletal muscle, poor physical activity and hormonal changes with catabolic and satiation effects (such as increased leptin or decreased adiponectin levels) (22).”
Association Between Low Relative Muscle Mass and the Risk of Colorectal Neoplasms
Jung, Y. S., Kim, N. H., Ryu, S., Park, J. H., Park, D. I., & Sohn, C. I. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000724 · Cited by 17
Alodhayani, A. A. (2021) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.010 · Cited by 17
Weight Change, Lifestyle, and Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
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Muhammad, T., & Maurya, P. (2022) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5776 · Cited by 18
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Automatic Segmentation of MRI Human Thigh Muscles
Shaubari, E. F. A., McPhee, J. S., Degens, H., & Yap, M. H. (2018) · International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Technology (ICBET) · doi:10.1145/3208955.3208958 · Cited by 17
“To date, it is still not clear what causes the age associated reductions in muscle mass and strength, but they are ascribed to an inherent ageing process [6], that is often modified by dietary deficiencies [7, 8] and/or disease [9].”
BackgroundYoshihara, T., Ozaki, H., Nakagata, T., Natsume, T., Kitada, T., Ishihara, Y., Sawada, S., Ishibashi, M., Kobayashi, H., Machida, S., et al. (2019) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2480-9 · Cited by 17
Ultrasound in the Modern Management of the Diabetic Foot Syndrome: A Multipurpose Versatile Toolkit
Pieruzzi, L., Napoli, V., Goretti, C., Adami, D., Iacopi, E., Cicorelli, A., & Piaggesi, A. (2020) · The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds · doi:10.1177/1534734620948351 · Cited by 17
Squecco, R., Tani, A., Chellini, F., Garella, R., Idrizaj, E., Rosa, I., Zecchi‐Orlandini, S., Manetti, M., & Sassoli, C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22073645 · Cited by 17
“Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that myopathies predisposing to muscle damage are complications related to some complex systemic disorders with an increasing incidence worldwide, such as diabetes [2,4,5].”
BackgroundFuture of muscle research in diabetes: a look into the crystal ball
Roden, M. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3629-1 · Cited by 17
Zengarini, E., Giacconi, R., Mancinelli, L., Riccardi, G. R., Castellani, D., Vetrano, D. L., Onder, G., Volpato, S., Ruggiero, C., Fabbietti, P., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8101693 · Cited by 18
“Systemic diseases (malignant or inflammatory), physical inactivity (sedentary lifestyle, disability, or disease-related immobility), neurological disorders, and malnutrition can contribute to sarcopenia development [11].”
BackgroundHan, S. J., Kim, S.-K., Fujimoto, W. Y., Kahn, S. E., Leonetti, D. L., & Boyko, E. J. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.10.003 · Cited by 17
“Muscle mass is correlated with body weight, probably because gravity and inertial forces during movement stimulate mechanoreceptors in muscle that modulate the production of growth factors in healthy individuals [13, 31].”
BackgroundDecoding the complexity: mechanistic insights into comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Selman, M., Buendia-Roldan, I., & Pardo, A. (2025) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.02418-2024 · Cited by 17
“Similarly, sarcopenia and obesity can coexist and, together, they are linked to greater functional decline and poorer outcomes than either condition on its own [119].”
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights from skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodeling
Wu, L., & Coletta, D. K. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00154.2024 · Cited by 17
The Vicious Cycle of Obesity and Low Back Pain: A Comprehensive Review
Ruiz‐Fernández, C., Schol, J., Ambrosio, L., & Sakai, D. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15126660 · Cited by 18
Combined Albumin-Bilirubin Grade and Skeletal Muscle Mass as a Predictor in Liver Cirrhosis
Nishikawa, H., Enomoto, H., Yoh, K., Iwata, Y., Sakai, Y., Kishino, K., Ikeda, N., Takashima, T., Aizawa, N., Takata, R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8060782 · Cited by 16
Han, Q., Hu, W., Sun, N., Chu, J., Chen, X., Li, T., He, Q., Feng, Z., & Shen, Y. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad084 · Cited by 17
Systematic Literature Review of Transformer Model Implementations in Detecting Depression
Nanggala, K., Elwirehardja, G. N., & Pardamean, B. (2023) · International Conference of Computer and Informatics Engineering (IC2IE) · doi:10.1109/ic2ie60547.2023.10331448 · Cited by 16
“…depression can be seen based on the symptoms experienced by the patient [4] and is associated with higher risks of various health problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity [5], [6] and can even affect their concentration, sleep quality, and decision-making abilities [7].”
BackgroundWoo, J. (2014) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000113 · Cited by 16
Boit, M. D., Tommasi, S., Elliot, D. J., Zinellu, A., Sotgia, S., Sibson, R., Meakin, J. R., Aspden, R. M., Carru, C., Mangoni, A. A., et al. (2017) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-017-0964-6 · Cited by 16
“A group of healthy older adults without a history of chronic disease was selected to minimize the confounding impact of medications and disease states on skeletal muscle homeostasis [13, 14].”
BackgroundMorrison, T., Jones, S., Causby, R. S., & Thoirs, K. A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199055 · Cited by 16
“This is increasingly likely with progressing diabetic chronicity and age or immobilisation [43].”
Sex-Specific Associations of Blood-Based Nutrient Profiling With Body Composition in the Elderly
Konz, T., Santoro, A., Goulet, L., Bazzocchi, A., Battista, G., Nicoletti, C., Kadi, F., Ostan, R., Goy, M., Monnard, C., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01935 · Cited by 16
“With increasing age, a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength occurs, and this muscle atrophy is prevalent in approximately half of the individuals over the age of 80 years (Kalyani et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBiomimetic strategies for fabricating musculoskeletal tissue scaffolds: a review
Zhou, Y., Sooriyaarachchi, D., Liu, D., & Tan, G. Z. (2021) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-020-06538-6 · Cited by 17
Pfeifer, L. O., Botton, C. E., Diefenthaeler, F., Umpierre, D., & Pinto, R. S. (2021) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11880-8 · Cited by 17
Receptor-Mediated Muscle Homeostasis as a Target for Sarcopenia Therapeutics
Yoon, J. H., & Kwon, K. (2021) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2021.1081 · Cited by 16
“Most age-related factors contribute to the development of sarcopenia, and senile disorders such as cancer, arthritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with a higher risk of the sarcopenic phenotype [16,17].”
BackgroundKashima, S., Inoue, K., & Matsumoto, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94441-9 · Cited by 18
Long non‐coding RNA analysis of muscular responses to testosterone deficiency in Huainan male pigs
Xing, B., Bai, X., Guo, H., Chen, J., Hua, L., Zhang, J., Ma, Q., Ren, Q., Wang, H., & Wang, J. (2017) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/asj.12777 · Cited by 15
Chung, S. J., Kim, Y. J., Yoo, H. S., Jung, J. H., Baik, K., Lee, H. S., Lee, Y. H., Hong, J., Sohn, Y. H., & Lee, P. H. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glab082 · Cited by 15
Estimating urine volume from the urine creatinine concentration
Dong, Y., Silver, S. M., & Sterns, R. H. (2021) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfab337 · Cited by 15
Hyperuricemia Associated with Low Skeletal Muscle in the Middle-Aged and Elderly Population in China
Chen, L., Wu, L., Li, Q., Hu, Y., Ma, H., Lin, H., & Gao, X. (2022) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-1785-3729 · Cited by 15
“Several endocrine illnesses, such as CKD, can hasten the loss of muscle mass and strength, resulting in physical impairment [37].”
BackgroundTay, W. L. W., Quek, R. Y. C., Kaur, B., Lim, J., & Henry, C. J. (2022) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/33478 · Cited by 16
“The effects of poor skeletal muscle mass (SMM) can be detrimental as they reduce the prognosis of many diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, chronic kidney disease, sepsis, and cancer [15-20].”
Pyroptosis and Insulin Resistance in Metabolic Organs
Wei, H., & Cui, D. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911638 · Cited by 17
“Hyperglycemia caused by diabetes can directly cause pyroptosis, and the NLRP3 inflammasome is closely related to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [47].”
BackgroundInfluentialUnderstanding the relationship between cancer associated cachexia and hypoxia-inducible factor-1
Muthamil, S., Kim, H. Y., Jang, H., Lyu, J., Shin, U. C., Go, Y., Park, S., Lee, H. G., & Park, J. H. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114802 · Cited by 16
The emerging global phenomenon of sarcopenic obesity: Role of functional foods; a conference report
Shao, A. E., Campbell, W. W., Chen, C. O., Mittendorfer, B., Rivas, D. A., & Griffiths, J. C. (2017) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.048 · Cited by 16
Jämsä, P., Oksala, N., Eskelinen, A. P., & Jämsen, E. (2017) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.07.050 · Cited by 15
van den Hoek, A. M., Zondag, G. C. M., Verschuren, L., de Ruiter, C., Attema, J., de Wit, E. C., Schwerk, A. M. K., Guigas, B., Lek, S., Rietman, A., et al. (2019) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2019.05.012 · Cited by 16
Kapitansky, O., & Gozes, I. (2019) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-019-00079-x · Cited by 15
Zhang, X., Jiao, J., Zhu, C., Guo, N., Liu, Y., Lv, D., Wang, H., Jin, J., Wen, X., Zhao, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.628628 · Cited by 15
The association between sarcopenia and endotoxin in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis
Sato, S., Namisaki, T., Murata, K., Fujimoto, Y., Takeda, S., Enomoto, M., Shibamoto, A., Ishida, K., Ogawa, H., Takagi, H., et al. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000027212 · Cited by 15
“This clinical feature is defined as sarcopenia that results from multiple interacting factors that contribute to changes in skeletal muscles, such as age-related factors, chronic inflammation, hormonal and metabolic disorders, and insufficient nutrition.([2]) Sarcopenia is categorized into primary sarcopenia, which is…”
BackgroundJhuo, C., Hsieh, S., Chen, W., & Tzen, J. T. C. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28020688 · Cited by 15
“Muscle atrophy leads to muscle weakness for physical performance and is commonly caused by an imbalance between protein degradation and protein synthesis, putatively resulted from many factors, such as muscle disuse, malnutrition, obesity, injury and cancer-associated cachexia [1,5,6].”
BackgroundThe Effects of Caffeine on the Long Bones and Testes in Immature and Young Adult Rats
Kwak, Y., Choi, H., & Roh, J. (2017) · Toxicological Research · doi:10.5487/tr.2017.33.2.157 · Cited by 15
“Significant age-related changes in body composition, including fat and LBM, affect caffeine metabolism (10).”
BackgroundBaig, M. H., Rashid, I., Srivastava, P., Ahmad, K., Jan, A. T., Rabbani, G., Choi, D., Barreto, G. E., Ashraf, G. M., Lee, E. J., et al. (2019) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-019-1478-5 · Cited by 16
Cao, X., Gu, Y., Fu, J., Quynh, V. T., Zhang, Q., Liu, L., Meng, G., Yao, Z., Wu, H., Bao, X., et al. (2019) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcz178 · Cited by 15
Li, J., Zhang, Y., Yu, F., Pan, Y., Zhang, Z., He, Y., Yang, H., & Zhou, P. (2023) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c03513 · Cited by 14
Raška, I., Rašková, M., Zikán, V., & Škrha, J. (2017) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933310 · Cited by 14
“In both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, accelerated loss of muscle mass and strength is recorded in individuals with diabetes, is greater with longer diabetes duration or higher HbA1c, and is attenuated by use of insulin sensitizers (Park et al. 2009, Lee et al. 2011, Kalyani et al. 2014).”
BackgroundElguezabal-Rodelo, R. G., Ochoa-Précoma, R., Vazquez-Marroquin, G., Porchia, L. M., Montes-Arana, I., Torres‐Rasgado, E., Méndez-Fernández, E., Pérez-Fuentes, R., & González-Mejía, M. E. (2020) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2020.07.026 · Cited by 15
Kwon, D., Kim, C., Woo, Y. K., & Hwang, J. (2021) · Preventive Nutrition and Food Science · doi:10.3746/pnf.2021.26.4.408 · Cited by 14
Body Composition in Outpatient Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Case-Control Study
Szkoda, L., Szopa, A., Kwiecień-Czerwieniec, I., Siwiec, A., & Domagalska–Szopa, M. (2023) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s393484 · Cited by 14
Liu, Y., Ma, L., Hu, L., Cui, L., Li, Y., Chen, N., Yang, K. Y., Zhang, Y., & Yan, Y. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.056 · Cited by 15
Chou, S. H.-H., Cook, N. R., Kotler, G., Kim, E.-J., Copeland, T., Lee, I.-M. M., Cawthon, P. M., Buring, J. E., Manson, J. E., & LeBoff, M. S. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae150 · Cited by 14
Wang, L., Guo, D., Huang, Y., Long, P., Zhang, X., Bai, L., Liu, J., Hu, X., Pang, R., & Gou, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1472413 · Cited by 15
Chien, S.-C., Chiu, H., Chiu, Y., Wang, R.-H., Dillera, K. P., Lee, K., Tsai, H., Tsai, Y.-S., Ou, H., & Cheng, P. (2025) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-025-08844-z · Cited by 14
Body Composition Outcomes of a Qigong Intervention Among Community-Dwelling Aging Adults
Chang, M.-Y., & Chen, H. (2016) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945916654907 · Cited by 14
“Therefore, BC changes associated with aging often occur in the absence of weight fluctuations (Kalyani et al., 2014; Sillanpää et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, X., Wu, X., Ma, Y., Zhu, C., Cao, J., Liu, G., Li, F., & Cheng, A. S. K. (2021) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s311692 · Cited by 14
Espinoza, S. E., Hazuda, H. P., Maruthur, N. M., Bray, G. A., Johnson, K., Synyer, X. P., Newman, A. B., Wing, R. R., Yanovski, S. Z., Gaussoin, S. A., et al. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glab312 · Cited by 14
“It has been well characterized that older adults with diabetes have greater loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength over time compared to those without diabetes, which likely contribute to increased risk for frailty (25-29).”
BackgroundCognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Malik, A., Ahmed, M., Mansoor, S., Ambreen, S., Usman, B., & Shehryar, M. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.22193 · Cited by 14
Huang, Y., Han, J., Gu, Q., Cai, Y., Li, J., Wang, S., Wang, S., Wang, R., & Liu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.990100 · Cited by 15
Paciente anciano con diabetes mellitus y fragilidad. ¿Asociación siempre presente?
Formiga, F., & Rodríguez‐Mañas, L. (2014) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2014.06.006 · Cited by 14
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Arcaro, C. A., Assis, R. P., Oliveira, J. O., Zanon, N. M., Paula-Gomes, S., Navegantes, L. C. C., Kettelhut, Í. D. C., Brunetti, I. L., & Baviera, A. M. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119563 · Cited by 13
Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Calf Muscles in Subjects With and Without Diabetes Mellitus
Edalati, M., Hastings, M. K., Sorensen, C. J., Zayed, M. A., Mueller, M. J., Hildebolt, C. F., & Zheng, J. (2018) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.26286 · Cited by 14
“Reduced skeletal muscle contractile capacity has been associated with diabetes, with the highest burden in older individuals.(3) Adults with diabetes produced lower maximal isometric contraction power and had greater muscle fatigue compared with age-matched healthy nondiabetic controls.”
BackgroundMyristic acid selectively augments β‐tubulin levels in C2C12 myotubes via diacylglycerol kinase δ
Sakai, H., Matsumoto, K., Urano, T., & Sakane, F. (2022) · FEBS Open Bio · doi:10.1002/2211-5463.13466 · Cited by 13
An integrated study of hormone-related sarcopenia for modeling and comparative transcriptome in rats
Shu, H., Huang, Y., Zhang, W., Ling, L., Hua, Y., & Xiong, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1073587 · Cited by 14
Jung, H. N., Kim, S., Jung, C. H., & Cho, Y. K. (2023) · Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.7570/jomes22061 · Cited by 13
Silver electroceutical technology to treat sarcopenia
Kim, M. Y., Shin, H. Y., Cho, S. C., Yang, S., Intisar, A., Woo, H. J., Choi, Y.-S., You, C., Kang, J., Lee, Y., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2300036120 · Cited by 13
“However, when ES was applied to aged mice, the CSA increased in all conditions, with the most significant improvement resulting from 500 Hz ES (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialPark, S., & Lee, H. S. (2023) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20230817-03 · Cited by 17
Li, Z., Tong, X., Ma, Y., Bao, T., & Yue, J. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077484 · Cited by 13
Guo, J., Wei, Y., Heiland, E. G., & Marseglia, A. (2024) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13542 · Cited by 13
Cho, C., & Lee, S. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25179274 · Cited by 17
“Consequently, the risk of decreased muscle mass and strength, along with increased body fat mass, has been increasingly recognized in recent years [57,58].”
BackgroundZou, M., & Shao, Z. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01467-w · Cited by 13
“Research shows that the pathogenesis of sarcopenia in patients with diabetes is intricate, influenced by many factors such as insulin resistance, systemic inflammatory responses, unhealthy lifestyle, malnutrition and dysfunction of gut microbiota [17–20].”
BackgroundBidirectional association between sarcopenia and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Meng, X., Wang, Z., & Lyu, L. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2025.105787 · Cited by 15
Cardoso, P., Santos, T. V., Ramon‐Krauel, M., Pais, S., & Sousa‐Coelho, A. L. D. (2025) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-025-07816-6 · Cited by 16
“Additionally, sarcopenia is associated with other diseases such as metabolic syndrome, liver failure, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and osteoporosis [19–24].”
Yoh, K., Nishikawa, H., Enomoto, H., Ishii, A., Iwata, Y., Miyamoto, Y., Ishii, N. K., Yuri, Y., Hasegawa, K., Nakano, C., et al. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9101135 · Cited by 13
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Yu, Z., Ruan, Q., D’Onofrio, G., & Greco, A. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.69639 · Cited by 15
Tucker, B. M., Hsu, F., Register, T. C., Xu, J., Smith, S. C., Murea, M., Bowden, D. W., Freedman, B. I., & Lenchik, L. (2019) · The Journal of Frailty & Aging · doi:10.14283/jfa.2019.5 · Cited by 13
“…endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, growth hormone deficiency, hyperthyroidism, hypercortisolism, and vitamin D deficiency), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, advanced kidney disease, cirrhosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and HIV infection (10).”
Cao, Y., Zhong, M., Zhang, Y., Zheng, Z., Liu, Y., Ni, X., Han, L., Song, M., Zhang, W., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s235335 · Cited by 14
Suga, H., & Hashimoto, H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208169 · Cited by 14
Kim, J.-H., Ha, M., Ha, S.-M., & Kim, D. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9040409 · Cited by 14
“Muscle mass becomes more difficult to maintain with aging [36], and the decrease in FFM and increase in body fat mass need particular attention [37,38].”
Contribution of Intramyocellular Lipids to Decreased Computed Tomography Muscle Density With Age
Brennan, N. A., Fishbein, K. W., Reiter, D. A., Ferrucci, L., & Spencer, R. G. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.632642 · Cited by 12
Self-citationNowicka, M., Górska, M., Edyko, K., Szklarek-Kubicka, M., Adam, K., Prylińska, M., Niewodniczy, M., Kostka, T., & Kurnatowska, I. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11092283 · Cited by 12
“Numerous chronic diseases, as well as aging (starting at approximately 50 years of age), accelerate the depletion of muscle mass and strength [46,47].”
BackgroundChen, I.-M., Yeh, P.-Y., Chang, T.-C., Hsieh, Y.-C., & Chin, C.-L. (2022) · Sensors and Materials · doi:10.18494/sam3787 · Cited by 13
d’Avila, J. C., Nabbout, T. G. M. E., Nabbout, H. G. M. E., Silva, A. D. S., Ramos, A. C. B., da Fonseca, E. R., Carlos, A. S., & Siqueira, R. D. A. (2024) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-4292-2023-0026 · Cited by 19
“Reduced skeletal muscle mass also contributes to insulin resistance, increases lipolysis, the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, and inhibits the growth hormone (GH)-insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis (60,61).”
BackgroundAssociations between dietary total antioxidant capacity and sarcopenia: a cross-sectional study
Aminianfar, A., Hashemi, R., Emami, F., Heshmat, R., Motlagh, A. D., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2024) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-024-00933-5 · Cited by 12
“Although the etiology is not clearly known, decreased levels of growth hormone, estrogen and testosterone and increased levels of cortisol, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress may play key role in its incidence [5, 8, 9].”
BackgroundKim, J. H., Kinugasa, Y., Yu, H. C., Murakami, G., Abe, S., & Cho, B. H. (2014) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-014-2038-0 · Cited by 12
Pre-sarcopenia is associated with renal hyperfiltration independent of obesity or insulin resistance
Han, E., Lee, Y., Lee, B., Kang, E. S., & Soo, B. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000007165 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Kalyani, R. R., Corriere, M., & Ferrucci, L.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 819-829
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4156923
- OpenAlex
- W2139789661
- Semantic Scholar
- 3c56fce30ecb0e77c93458bf0fbc85a0747736ea
- Cited by
- 1,102
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23-DK093583, T32-DK062707)
- Johns Hopkins Older Americans Independence Center (P30-AG021334)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, muscle mass loss, muscle strength, aging, diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic disease, physical disability, functional decline, sarcopenia treatment, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Endocrine System Diseases, Humans, Male, Obesity, Diabetes Complications, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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