The DOI matches its Crossref record; 145 of the 145 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 149 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases
Open accessAbstract
The term sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle mass that occurs with ageing. On the basis of study results showing that muscle mass is only moderately related to functional outcomes, international working groups have proposed that loss of muscle strength or physical function should also be included in the definition. Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age. Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability. In this Review, we address both age-related and disease-related muscle loss, with a focus on diabetes and obesity but including other disease states, and potential common mechanisms and treatments. Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.
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128 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 1 Supported so far
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In the paper
“Age-related muscle loss is a strong risk factor for disability, hospitalisation, and death in older adults.10,13”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“However, it has become clear that decreases in muscle strength exceed what is expected on the basis of the decline in muscle mass during ageing,18 especially after the age of 60–70 years.19”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Goodpaster, 2006, The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Baum, 2009, Comparison of skeletal muscle strength between cardiac patients and age-matched healthy controls, Int J Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Sarcopenia might affect up to half of people aged 80 years and older, but, without a standard definition, no real estimates of prevalence and incidence are possible.11,12”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] von Haehling, 2010, An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact, J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Volpato, 2013, Prevalence and clinical correlates of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older people: application of the EWGSOP definition and diagnostic algorithm, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
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In the paper
“the cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis (quadriceps) muscle decreases by up to 40% between the ages of 20 and 80 years.16”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lexell, 1995, Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
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In the paper
“Increased expression of these E3 enzymes in insulin resistant individuals contributes to muscle protein degradation, a mechanism not shared by age-related sarcopenia.47”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
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In the paper
“The progressive mismatch between mass and strength probably occurs because of a deterioration of muscle quality.20”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Moore, 2014, Difference in Muscle Quality over the Adult Life Span and Biological Correlates in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Low mitochondrial size correlates with low glucose disposal rate and insulin sensitivity.48,49”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
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In the paper
“As a result of skeletal muscle loss, the basal metabolic rate decreases by about 30% between the ages of 20 and 70 years.22”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Chau, 2008, Individualizing recommendations for weight management in the elderly, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
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In the paper
“Myofibre size in skeletal muscle is also reduced in people with type 2 diabetes.53”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
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In the paper
“Results of studies have also suggested that muscle strength might be more important than muscle mass as a determinant of functional limitations and mobility status in older age.13”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
The Epidemiology section (page unavailable) says reduced muscle mass is highly prevalent in older people and increases with age; Muscle Aging describes a substantial age-related decline in strength. Sarcopenia and Disability (page unavailable) links sarcopenia to disability and possible increased mortality, and reports that weakness predicts mortality more strongly than muscle mass. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
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In the paper
“The contribution of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, the prevalence of which also increase with ageing, to age-related muscle loss is unclear;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Ageing is accompanied by major changes in body composition that can negatively affect functional status in older adults, including a progressive decrease in muscle mass, strength, and quality, accompanied by an increase in fat mass.1,2”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Candow, 2005, Differences in size, strength, and power of upper and lower body muscle groups in young and older men, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Lauretani, 2003, Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
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In the paper
“Lean muscle mass generally contributes up to about 50% of total bodyweight in young adults, but decreases with age to be about 25% of total bodyweight by age 75–80 years.15”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Short, 2004, Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“No standardly used definition exists for assessment of sarcopenia, and consensus definitions based on critical analyses of large databases are being developed.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
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In the paper
“arguably, definitions of sarcopenia that have been developed cannot necessarily differentiate the effects of ageing on muscle loss independent of other age-associated disease conditions that are prevalent in older individuals.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Notwithstanding uncertainties, it has been estimated that a 10% reduction in age-related muscle loss would result in savings of US$1·1 billion per year in health-care costs in the USA.14”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Janssen, 2004, The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Nonetheless, skeletal muscle ATP production increases in response to exogenous insulin in people without diabetes, but this increment is reduced in individuals with diabetes and is related to impaired insulin response.52”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Stump, 2003, Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production, protein synthesis, and mRNA transcripts, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
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In the paper
“However, the causal link from adiposity to intramyocellular lipid deposition is unclear,”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
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In the paper
“In both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, accelerated loss of muscle mass and strength is recorded in individuals with diabetes, is greater with longer diabetes duration or higher HbA1c, and is attenuated by use of insulin sensitisers.36-38”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Park, 2009, Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Park, 2007, Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lee, 2011, Insulin sensitizers may attenuate lean mass loss in older men with diabetes, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator that has reduced gene expression in muscles of patients with type 2 diabetes,55 and might have a role in preventing muscle atrophy.53,56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Patti, 2003, Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“Insulin resistance results in decreased stimulation of protein synthesis pathways and increased activation of protein degradation pathways that might ultimately lead to muscle loss in type 2 diabetes (figure 1).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
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In the paper
“The global prevalence of diabetes is projected to rise exponentially during the next few decades, with the greatest burden in older individuals (aged >65 years).32,33”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Insulin is a powerful anabolic signal and substantially stimulates muscle protein synthesis in young people but not in older people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Fujita, 2009, Supraphysiological hyperinsulinaemia is necessary to stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults: evidence of a true age-related insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism, Diabetologia source
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In the paper
“Up to 70% of adults with diabetes have difficulty carrying out routine physical tasks, with lower extremity mobility limitations particularly evident, and diabetes is a potent risk factor for most geriatric syndromes.34”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Kalyani, 2010, Association of diabetes, comorbidities, and A1C with functional disability in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2006, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“In insulin resistance, insulin or IGF-1 signalling is suppressed, leading to downregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathway and decreased protein synthesis, as well as to forkhead box protein O1 phosphorylation. Phosphorylated forkhead box protein O1 stimulates expression of the E3 enzymes atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger-1 via increased activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
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In the paper
“However, loss of height and lean body mass and increasing fat mass that occur with ageing uncouple the relationship of BMI and obesity, and attenuate associations with mortality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Waters, 2011, Sarcopenia and obesity, Clin Geriatr Med source
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In the paper
“A systematic review noted that individuals treated with GH had a significant decrease in fat mass (−2·08 kg, 95% CI −1·35 to −2·80 kg) and a significant increase in lean body mass (+2·13 kg, 95% CI 1·32 to 2·94 kg).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Liu, 2007, Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly, Ann Intern Med source
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In the paper
“However, results of studies of body composition have shown that this adaptive mechanism might be impaired in older individuals who are obese. As a result, obese individuals might have relatively low muscle strength in view of their body size and have an increased risk of disability.62”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Alley, 2007, The changing relationship of obesity and disability, 1988–2004, JAMA source
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In the paper
“In men, total testosterone concentrations decrease by 1% per year and bioavailable testosterone by 2% per year from the age of 30 years.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Maggio, 2011, Gonadal status and physical performance in older men, Aging Male source
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In the paper
“Increased adiposity and circulating concentrations of free fatty acids inhibit GH production and decrease plasma concentrations of IGF-1.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
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In the paper
“Dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate is a precursor to testosterone, with concentrations that also decrease with ageing—in men aged 70–80 years, dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentrations are only about 20% of their peak concentrations at the age of 20 years.78”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Labrie, 1997, Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“This decrease in IGF-1 is associated with decreased muscle size and strength, decreased protein synthesis, and increased cell death,93 which in turn leads to increased visceral fat and decreased lean body mass.94”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
- Not checked yetcites [94] Nass, 2002, Impact of the GH-cortisol ratio on the age-dependent changes in body composition, Growth Horm IGF Res source
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In the paper
“GH treatment in adults with hypopituitarism and associated GH deficiency can improve body composition and increase lean body mass.95”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Salomon, 1989, The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency, N Engl J Med source
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In the paper
“Baumgartner and colleagues66 showed that both men and women older than 60 years with sarcopenic obesity had a significantly increased risk of having three or more physical disabilities compared with non-obese individuals after adjustment for age, and this association was stronger than with either sarcopenia or obesity alone.66”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Baumgartner, 2000, Body composition in healthy aging, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After 6 months of treatment, androgen-deprived older men have decreased appendicular skeletal muscle, decreased lean tissue, and increased body fat compared with untreated controls.79”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Boxer, 2005, The effect of 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy on muscle and fat mass in older men with localized prostate cancer, Aging Male source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sarcopenia and obesity can co-occur, and synergistically are associated with worse functional decline and outcomes than is either condition alone.70”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Stenholm, 2009, The effect of obesity combined with low muscle strength on decline in mobility in older persons: results from the InCHIANTI study, Int J Obes (Lond) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, testosterone replacement is not without potential risks, including increased respiratory disorders (eg, cough, shortness of breath, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation, sleep apnoea) and skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (eg, application site reactions, itching, erythema, foot ulcers, and increased hair growth).84”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Basaria, 2010, Adverse events associated with testosterone administration, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Findings from few studies suggest that obesity alone might contribute more to lower physical function than does sarcopenia alone, but this probably depends on the degree of muscle loss.71”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Bouchard, 2009, Sarcopenic/obesity and physical capacity in older men and women: data from the Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)-the Quebec longitudinal Study, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Generally, irrespective of definition, the prevalence increased with each decade of age and was lower in non-Hispanic black people than in white people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Batsis, 2013, Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004, J Am Geriatr Soc source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In healthy young and older individuals, bone and muscle tend to be correlated with bodyweight, probably because gravity and inertial forces during movement stimulate mechano-receptors in both bone and muscle that modulate the production of growth factors.61”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Russo, 2000, True osteoporosis and frailty-related osteopenia: two different clinical entities, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Age-related loss of muscle mass is typically offset by gains in fat mass. As a result, bodyweight in men and women might be quite stable in middle age, or slightly increased even though the relative amount of body fat actually increases in comparison with lean tissue—an important step in the development of sarcopenic obesity.65”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Newman, 2005, Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, Am J Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“With normalisation of thyroid concentrations, muscle mass and strength are re-established, but this can take up to 9 months to occur.98”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Resistance exercise stimulates protein synthesis and results in increased muscle mass and strength.121”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although decreased caloric intake and anorexia associated with cancer might contribute to muscle loss, this is not the only factor; aggressive caloric supplementation alone cannot reverse the skeletal muscle loss.116”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Muscaritoli, 2010, Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”, Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Vitamin D supplementation might also have wide-ranging beneficial effects in reducing falls and improving muscle strength, but evidence is inconclusive; large randomised controlled trials are addressing this hypothesis.102”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Vitamin D deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Kalyani, 2010, Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Osteoporosis is also associated with the loss of muscle function and mobility limitations, although the direction of this association is unclear.103”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Osteoporosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Ferrucci, 2013, Interaction between bone and muscle in older persons with mobility limitations, Curr Pharm Des
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Several factors are likely to contribute to muscle loss, including the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, reduced protein synthesis in myocytes, physical activity limitations, insulin resistance, and inadequate protein ingestion could occur.106”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] de Oliveira Nunes Teixeira, 2013, Muscle wasting in collagen-induced arthritis and disuse atrophy, Exp Biol Med (Maywood) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Patients with HIV have lower muscle strength than do healthy individuals; however, resistance exercise can safely increase the strength of older patients with HIV to equal that of counterparts.119”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Souza, 2011, Effect of progressive resistance exercise on strength evolution of elderly patients living with HIV compared to healthy controls, Clinics (Sao Paulo) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Tumour-induced inflammation can lead to increased production of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and other cytokines, which results in increased protein catabolism, decreased protein anabolism, insulin resistance, and lipolysis.115”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Dodson, 2011, Muscle wasting in cancer cachexia: clinical implications, diagnosis, and emerging treatment strategies, Annu Rev Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid treatment that has been used to treat muscle loss in diseases such as HIV, and also in patients with other catabolic disorders such as neuromuscular diseases, or in individuals who have had severe trauma, burn injury, or infections, with notable improvements in muscle function and faster recovery.120”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Porro, 2012, Five-year outcomes after oxandrolone administration in severely burned children: a randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy, J Am Coll Surg source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Glucocorticoids inhibit protein synthesis and stimulate protein degradation in skeletal muscles. IGF-1 is decreased and myostatin is increased.99”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypercortisolism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Schakman, 2008, Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, J Endocrinol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Resistance exercise is effective and safe to prevent muscle loss even in old (mean age 87 years) and frail individuals, potentially by also decreasing skeletal muscle apoptosis and improving mitochondrial function.123”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Fiatarone, 1994, Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people, N Engl J Med source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Muscle loss might also occur in other disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral arterial disease, COPD, congestive heart failure, advanced kidney disease, cirrhosis, cancer, and HIV, which we describe briefly here;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The increase in muscle strength occurs almost immediately, after a few days of exercise, and much before a noticeable increase in muscle mass, suggesting that the primary effect of exercise might not be on hypertrophy but rather on muscle quality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Muscle mass can be reduced by up to 20% and muscle strength by 40% in patients with severe thyrotoxicosis.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to the clear beneficial effects of exercise on muscle health”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“findings from several studies have shown the benefits of exercise (aerobic and resistance) for improvement of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes.130”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Boulé, 2001, Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In parallel, increased contractile activity promotes oxidative fibre type transformation, PGC-1α expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and muscle protein synthesis, and could lead to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress.56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moderate weight loss of about 5% in older women was found to improve insulin resistance, fat distribution, and muscle lipid infiltration, and preserve thigh muscle mass, with only a slight decrease in appendicular lean mass.136”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Mazzali, 2006, Interrelations between fat distribution, muscle lipid content, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: effect of moderate weight loss in older women, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In preliminary studies of older men and women with sarcopenia, oral supplementation with 16 g per day of essential aminoacids was associated with increased lean mass at 6 months and a further increase at 18 months, along with improved insulin sensitivity.135”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Solerte, 2008, Nutritional supplements with oral amino acid mixtures increases whole-body lean mass and insulin sensitivity in elderly subjects with sarcopenia, Am J Cardiol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hence, impaired insulin signaling is commonly observed in sarcopenic obesity [10,11].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Skeletal muscle is the largest insulin-sensitive tissue and has the largest requirement for postprandial glucose through insulin dependent mechanism.”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Hypogonadal status also contributes to sarcopenic obesity by increasing levels of TNF-α and IL-6, which leads to central obesity [11,47].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“In older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the prevalence of sarcopenia is 2–3 times higher than in non-diabetic peers.1”
From Semaglutide Therapy and Accelerated Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A 24-Month Retrospective Cohort Study (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
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Xu, H., Xiang, Q., Zhan, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, S., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2023-0476 · Cited by 6
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“On the other hand, lower muscle mass is related to insulin resistance [56], which can cause the exacerbation of diastolic dysfunction [54].”
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Nutritional and Functional Status in Newly Hospitalized Older Patients Who are Not Underweight
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“Age-associated reduction in function of muscle and many organs together with acute illnesses or exacerbation of chronic diseases could lead to further decline of functional efficiency.(2) Moreover, the functional limitations with age are also determined by external factors, such as social support, financial support, a…”
BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus is more commonly well controlled in younger men compared to older men
Koçak, M. Z., Aktaş, G., Duman, T. T., Tel, B. M. A., Bilgin, S., Kurtkulağı, Ö., & Şavlı, H. (2019) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685538.2019.1621833 · Cited by 5
“Insulin like growth factor, which has important role in protein synthesis is skeletal muscle, is reduced in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus [19].”
BackgroundZhou, W., Ma, X., Pan, L., Wang, Y., & Zhou, C. (2020) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-20-1715 · Cited by 5
“While conventional ultrasound can accurately evaluate changes in muscle morphology and structure, during the early stages of aging and chronic diseases (such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatic diseases, and organ failure), before any observable change in muscle morphology (16,17), the decrease in hemoglobin level, the re…”
BackgroundCarrero, J. J., Cabezas‐Rodríguez, I., Qureshi, A. R., Floege, J., Ketteler, M., London, G. M., Locatelli, F., Memmos, D., Goldsmith, D. J. A., Ferreira, A., et al. (2018) · Nefrología · doi:10.1016/j.nefro.2018.02.009 · Cited by 5
Zhai, Y.-J., Li, F., Lin, C.-Y., Wu, F., Qiu, H.-N., Li, J., & Lin, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1513035 · Cited by 4
Tao, L., Yang, Q., Zeng, X., Hao, Y., Mu, J., Yan, Z., & Tang, Y. (2025) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2025.113004 · Cited by 4
Chen, T., Chou, C., & Lin, K. M.-C. (2026) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-025-08260-1 · Cited by 4
“…for genotyping: (LucG-Lox-mHSP60 allele: 5 ′ - CATGGTCCTGCTGGAGTTCGTG-3 ′ /5 ′ -GAACCCTTAATATAACTTCGTATAAGTA TGC-3 ′ ; CRE allele: 5 ′ -CATGGTCCTGCTGGAGTTCGTG-3 ′ /5 ′ -CCTGGTCGAAAT- CAG TGCGTTC-3 ′ ; and Recombinant allele: 5 ′ -CTGCTAACCATGTTCATGCC- 3 ′ /5 ′ -GGACTG TGGGTAGTCGAAGCATTTC-3 ′ ).”
Lee, K.-H., Hwang, S. Y., Heo, J. H., Kang, J. G., Kim, M., Won, C. W., Choi, K. M., & Roh, E. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38133-2 · Cited by 4
Salman, M., Alam, A., Khan, S., Ashraf, H., Zafar, L., Parvez, A., & Faraz, A. (2026) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_111_25 · Cited by 5
“[11] Diabetes‑related complications, particularly peripheral neuropathy and nephropathy, further restrict mobility, with nearly three‑quarters of affected individuals in this study exhibiting sarcopenic obesity.”
Androgen action on myogenesis throughout the lifespan; comparison with neurogenesis
Barsky, S. T., & Monks, D. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101101 · Cited by 6
Abudurezake, A., Kakehi, S., Umemura, F., Kaga, H., Someya, Y., Tabata, H., Yoshizawa, Y., Naito, H., Tajima, T., Ito, N., et al. (2024) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103095 · Cited by 5
Gao, C., Liu, J., Wang, D., Liu, M., & Qiu, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91787-2 · Cited by 4
“Combined with mitochondrial dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia and systemic inflammation driven by elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, the balance between anabolism and catabolism in skeletal muscle is disrupted 23,24 .”
Effect of olive oil consumption on diabetes risk: a dose-response meta-analysis
Du, Y., & Zhou, H. (2025) · Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-025-00866-7 · Cited by 5
“About 35 million people suffer from retinopathy due to diabetes, of which about 2.7 million have become blind [3].”
InfluentialYu, X., Jiang, S., Chen, Z., Ren, K., Li, S., Luo, Y., Chen, D., Zhao, Q., & Huang, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1595517 · Cited by 4
Dutta, I. N., Nadeem, S. A., Comellas, A. P., Hoffman, E. A., & Saha, P. K. (2022) · SPIE Medical Imaging: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1117/12.2613073 · Cited by 4
“48 Also, we found a significant difference in the PMA of men and women which agrees with the findings of Diaz et al. 7 Further investigation is needed to study the association between PMA and different demographic and lifestyle factors.”
ResultYamaguchi, Y., Greiner, C., Lee, S., Ryuno, H., Yen, H., Lin, C., Lee, T., & Lee, P. (2022) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12878 · Cited by 4
Lee, S. Y., Beom, J., Choi, J. H., Jang, H. C., Kim, E. Y., Kim, K., Kim, M., Shim, G. Y., Won, C. W., & Lim, J. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070252 · Cited by 5
“3 Recently, it was reported that sarcopenia is closely related to MetS, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.”
BackgroundYoo, A., Seo, H., Hahm, J., Jung, C. H., Ahn, J., & Ha, T. Y. (2023) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2023.105980 · Cited by 4
Ran, C.-Q., Su, Y., Li, J., Wu, K. C., Liu, Z., Yang, Y., Zhang, M., Yuan, G., Yu, X., & He, W. (2024) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2387302 · Cited by 4
“…insulin resistance, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, which ultimately alter myocardial structure and function leading to lVDD occurrence [48–50]. in Korean adults, it has been reported that low skeletal muscle mass was involved in the development of lVDD [14,51]. sMi positively…”
BackgroundPark, D. Y., Lim, B., & Lee, O. (2024) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2024.0177 · Cited by 4
“29,30 Consequently, decreased muscle mass and strength may increase IR 29 through hepatic fat accumulation and heightened in fl ammatory responses, potentially contributing to NAFLD.”
Kim, S. Y., & Kim, H. J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16223950 · Cited by 4
Abad-González, Á. L., Martín, S. V., Argente, M., Civera, M., García-Malpartida, K., Juan, C. S., Artero, A., Palmas-Candia, F. X., Perelló-Camacho, E., Salom, C., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17030499 · Cited by 6
Sinclair, A. J., Sinclair, H., Bellary, S., & Rodríguez‐Mañas, L. (2016) · Cardiovascular Endocrinology · doi:10.1097/xce.0000000000000075 · Cited by 4
Plantarflexor passive-elastic properties related to BMI and walking performance in older women
LaRoche, D. P. (2017) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.01.007 · Cited by 4
“With sarcopenic obesity, the lower muscle mass and cross-sectional area than expected for body size in OW would not only decrease capacity for active force generation, but would also impair the ability to harness passive-elastic energy [22, 23].”
BackgroundTsai, S., Chen, C., Wu, P., Chen, C.-M., & Chen, W. (2017) · The Journal of Knee Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1603337 · Cited by 4
Overfeeding and Substrate Availability, But Not Age or BMI, Alter Human Satellite Cell Function
Fausnacht, D. W., McMillan, R. P., Boutagy, N. E., Lupi, R. A., Harvey, M. M., Davy, B. M., Davy, K. P., Rhoads, R. P., & Hulver, M. W. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082215 · Cited by 4
“Loss of muscle mass is also a common consequence of other age-related chronic diseases including, obesity, cancer, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart disease [9,10].”
BackgroundChange in BMI affects the risk of falling in postmenopausal osteopenic and osteoporotic women
Nikolaou, D. A., Rizou, S., Nikolaou, V. S., Babis, G. C., & Chronopoulos, E. (2021) · Journal of Frailty Sarcopenia and Falls · doi:10.22540/jfsf-06-086 · Cited by 4
Liu, J., Song, X., Zheng, S., Ding, H., Wang, H., Sun, X., & Ren, X. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000027126 · Cited by 4
Sense of mastery among older adults and its relation to invalidating childhood experiences
Talmon, A., Cohen, N., Raif, Y., & Ginzburg, K. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1993130 · Cited by 6
Miao, S., Lin, T., Chen, F., Wang, L., Zheng, X., & Tang, K. (2021) · Clinical Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.crad.2021.10.024 · Cited by 4
Chen, C.-A., Lai, M., Huang, H., & Wu, C.-E. R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137869 · Cited by 6
“reported that the most obvious problems caused by a lack of muscle mass are the lack of muscular endurance and physical strength, leading to older adults becoming prone to falls and thus worsening their risk of fracture or death [15].”
BackgroundPhysical Activity Intervention Effects on Waist-to-Hip Ratio in African American Men Living With HIV
Kelly, T.-A., Kim, S., Jemmott, L. S., Icard, L. D., & Jemmott, J. B. (2022) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883221130664 · Cited by 4
Kumfu, S., & Poncumhak, P. (2022) · Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.4235/agmr.22.0072 · Cited by 4
Use of neutrosophic statistics to analyze the measured data of diabetes
Afzal, U., & Aslam, M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99456-9.00006-4 · Cited by 4
Program Studi Magister Ilmu Gizi, D. I. G., Leoni, A. P., Amelia, W. R., Program Studi Magister Ilmu Gizi, D. I. G., Laksmi, P. W., Divisi Geriatri, D. I. P. D., Syauqy, A., & Program Studi Magister Ilmu Gizi, D. I. G. (2023) · Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia · doi:10.7454/jpdi.v10i1.1104 · Cited by 4
An anthropological perspective on hand grip strength as a marker of health, disease and fitness
AYDIK, M. F., & Ertuğrul, B. (2023) · Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17218/hititsbd.1240719 · Cited by 4
“Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass while dynapedia is the loss of strength with aging (Kalyani et al., 2014).”
Gilmore, N. J., Loh, K. P., Liposits, G. I., Arora, S. P., Vertino, P. M., & Janelsins, M. C. (2023) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2023.101655 · Cited by 4
Zhang, N., Qu, X., Zhou, H., & Kang, L. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.62300 · Cited by 4
Maxforce: The new option in strength, health levels and life expectancy measurement
Perez-Turpin, J. A., Gomis-Gomis, M. J., Pérez-Suárez, P., & Llorca, C. S. (2019) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.14198/jhse.2019.144.13 · Cited by 4
“Aging, inactivity and most chronic diseases accelerate the loss of muscle mass and strength increasing the risk of disability, hospitalization and premature death (Kalyani et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCoussa, A., Bassil, M. S., Gougeon, R., Marliss, E. B., & Morais, J. A. (2020) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14026 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, diabetes has been associated with sarcopenia greater than that occurring with ageing.(44) In addition, “high-protein” diets do not all improve glycaemic control, despite lowering HOMA-IR, although they do reduce some cardiovascular risk factors.”
BackgroundSarcopenia of Iliopsoas and Abdominal Muscles and Coexistence with Osteoporosis - Case Presentation
Moga, T. D., Moga, I., Venter, A. C., & Cavalu, S. D. (2021) · Pharmacophore · doi:10.51847/1jltzmi3kw · Cited by 4
Daly, R. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32417-3_6 · Cited by 4
Sarcopenia in Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Issues to Be sResolved
Song, M., Xia, L., Liu, Q., Sun, M., Wang, F., & Yang, C. (2018) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1435-3_19 · Cited by 4
Glukosestoffwechsel im fortgeschrittenen Lebensalter
Laurentius, T., Freitag, M., Eitner, J., Eisert, A., Bertsch, T., & Bollheimer, L. C. (2019) · Der Internist · doi:10.1007/s00108-018-0542-y · Cited by 6
Kim, D., Oh, S. L., Song, W. J., & Lim, J. (2019) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2019.28.4.346 · Cited by 4
“• Eccentric Training on Strength and Function | 347 related decrease in muscular strength depends on several types of muscle contractions [13].”
BackgroundRamírez‐García, E., Moreno-Tamayo, K. M., Briseño-Fabian, S. C., & Sánchez‐García, S. (2017) · Journal of Aging Research and Lifestyle · doi:10.14283/jarcp.2017.17 · Cited by 4
Meng, Y., Fu, M., Guo, J., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Hou, Z. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-022-03253-8 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, the cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis muscles will be substantially reduced in the elderly, thus increasing the incidence of hip fracture [35].”
BackgroundLee, H. J., Lee, J. Y., Lee, M. J., Kim, H. ‐., Kim, N. Y., Kim, G. ‐., Lee, J., Park, H. W., Chang, H. ‐., Yang, D., et al. (2020) · Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1111/codi.15103 · Cited by 4
A lower atherogenic index of plasma was associated with a higher incidence of sarcopenia
Duan, Z., Huang, Y., Liu, X., Tang, H., Jiang, G., Huang, W., Du, R., Zhou, D., & Yang, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86398-w · Cited by 3
Huang, J., Li, Q., Dou, Y., Li, J., Liu, L., Xu, Y., Yang, N. Y., & Jiang, Z. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.02.022 · Cited by 3
Hu, C., Song, Y., Sun, D., Lu, Z., Chen, H., Cen, X., Janicijevic, D. N., Radak, Z. O., Gao, Z., Baker, J. S., et al. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13182309 · Cited by 3
Wu, S., Wang, F., Feng, X., Xin, S., Li, X. Z., Zhao, J., Li, S., Meng, Z., Chen, H., Yang, Y., et al. (2026) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.70683 · Cited by 3
“This, in turn, further aggravated muscle loss, worsened joint pain, and limited mobility [33].”
VÁZIZOMSÉRÜLÉS KEZELÉSEK JELENLEGI MÓDJAINAK ÁTTEKINTÉSE
Gyenes, D., Budai, Z., & Sarang, Z. (2020) · STADIUM - Hungarian Journal of Sport Sciences · doi:10.36439/shjs/2020/1/5423 · Cited by 3
Lu, Y., Xia, Q., Wu, L., & Xie, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1026054 · Cited by 3
Morgan, P. T., Smeuninx, B., Marshall, R. N., Korzepa, M., Quinlan, J. I., McPhee, J. S., & Breen, L. (2023) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-023-00833-2 · Cited by 3
“Conversely, the age-related decline in muscle quality appears to be aggravated by the presence of obesity [22, 32, 35, 52, 59].”
BackgroundSimó-Servat, A., Ibarra, M., Libran, M., Escobar, L., Perea, V., Quirós, C., Puig-Jové, C., & Barahona, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13133763 · Cited by 3
“On the other hand, our study supports the knowledge that sarcopenia is first affected in the lower extremities rather than the upper ones, as no differences were detected in grip strength measured by dynamometry [31,32].”
ResultLee, D.-S., Kim, J., & Choi, J. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142210560 · Cited by 4
“Conversely, another study suggested that diabetes increased the prevalence of sarcopenia by two to three times [65].”
Role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in frailty: From mechanisms to interventions
Xu, Y., Liu, Z., Xu, J., Xu, L., He, Z., Liu, F., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118016 · Cited by 4
Balaban, S., Bozkuş, R., Şimşek, H., Kosal, B., & Uçar, A. (2025) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2025.05.007 · Cited by 3
Annunziata, G., Frías-Toral, E., Campa, F., Bonifaz, M. A. T., Verde, L., Galasso, M., Savastano, S., Colao, A. A. L., Paoli, A., Simancas‐Racines, D., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1673677 · Cited by 3
“…of lipolysis results in an increased release of free fatty acids that inhibit the GH/IGF-1 pathway, with a negative effect on muscle regeneration (48) and (ii) the altered suppression of gluconeogenesis induced by compensatory hyperinsulinemia promotes proteolysis and inhibits protein synthesis,…”
Multimodal aided neurological disease diagnosis with synergy of cloud and client
Junjun, F. A. N., Han, D., Yang, L., Huang, J., Wang, H., Peng, X., Dai, G., Chen, H., & Feng, T. I. A. N. (2017) · Scientia Sinica Informationis · doi:10.1360/n112017-00075 · Cited by 3
Low muscle mass impairs fat utilization during light-intensity exercise in Chinese men
Chen, L., Tang, T., Liu, J., Yu, J., Di, W., Li, Y., & Lv, S. (2020) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-20-611 · Cited by 2
“The changes in skeletal muscle are especially important because muscle is the major site for substrate utilization (3).”
BackgroundEydivandi, K., Azarbayjani, M. A., & Farzanegi, P. (2020) · Gene Cell and Tissue · doi:10.5812/gct.108227 · Cited by 3
“Unlike exercise, however, a session of strenuous exercise for up to 48 hours can accelerate the process of apoptosis (10, 11).”
BackgroundHerbal medicine for the prevention of sarcopenia
Jeong, J.-H., & Hwang, J. H. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000025474 · Cited by 3
Albakheet, S. S., Lee, M., Yoon, H., Shin, H. J., & Koh, H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259948 · Cited by 3
“In adults, sarcopenia has been associated with the aging process, cardiometabolic disorders, and recently with sarcopenic obesity [12, 13].”
BackgroundCombating Malnutrition through Sustainable Approaches
Saeed, F., Ahmed, A., & Afzaal, M. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.96841 · Cited by 3
Wang, H., Peng, H., Zhang, L., Gao, W., & Ye, J. (2022) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s364112 · Cited by 3
“A recent study reported that fat mass was negatively associated with muscle mass and mass strength(24) and numerous studies showed that obese individuals showed muscle atrophy.(25,26) BFM could contribute to BMD by increasing mechanical loading on the bone to some extent, and secreting some bone protective factors suc…”
BackgroundAl‐Taie, A., Arueyingho, O., Khoshnaw, J., & Hafeez, A. (2022) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813455.2022.2086265 · Cited by 3
“Likewise, lower hand grip strength normalised to body weight was associated with elevated fasting glucose levels, while those with low skeletal muscle mass compared to body weight have a twofold greater chance of developing T2DM (Kalyani et al. 2014; Manda 2020).”
BackgroundKim, H., & Ahn, B. Y. (2023) · Applied Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1186/s13765-023-00783-5 · Cited by 3
Anthropometric Measures, Muscle Resistance, and Balance in Physically Active, Aged Adults
Rodrigues, F., Antunes, R., Matos, R., Jacinto, M., Monteiro, D., Forte, P., Monteiro, A., & Barbosa, T. M. (2023) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports11060113 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, evidence suggests a potential association between body mass index and diminished physical fitness, positing that increased fat mass may impose mobility limitations, subsequently inducing a decline in physical activity [8].”
BackgroundRETRACTED: Myogenesis Effects of RGX365 to Improve Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
Lee, H., Choi, H.-J., Lee, S., Baek, D. H., Heo, J. B., Song, G., & Lee, W. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15194307 · Cited by 3
“With the age-dependent imbalance between the synthesis and breakdown of muscle protein, accelerated muscle loss occurs and induces sarcopenia, a disease aroused from chronic muscle atrophy [16,17].”
BackgroundRetractedClinical impact of sarcopenia for overweight or obese patients with colorectal cancer
Chen, W., Lin, F., Yu, D., Ren, Q., Zhang, F., Shen, Z.-L., Chen, W., Dong, Q., & Yu, Z. (2023) · Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1093/jjco/hyad139 · Cited by 3
Natural Antioxidants in Obesity and Related Diseases
Kim, H. I., & Park, J. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12111966 · Cited by 3
“Sarcopenic obesity, characterized by decreased muscle mass, strength and performance along with abnormally excessive fat mass, is an age-related disease which can lead to further comorbidities such as T2D, NAFLD, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases [18].”
BackgroundDeng, M., Lu, Y., Li, X., Zhou, X., & Hou, G. (2023) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2023.112348 · Cited by 3
“However, several studies have shown that muscle strength declines earlier and faster than does muscle mass (Kalyani et al., 2014; Seino et al., 2022).”
BackgroundAlkahtani, S. A., Alshammari, G. M., Alzuwaydi, A., Alfuhaid, A., Al‐Masri, A. A., Qaisar, R., & Habib, S. S. (2024) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685538.2024.2325146 · Cited by 3
“These depend on the age-related decline in androgens, estrogens and androgens which are the key mechanisms linked to universal decline and also gender differences in HGS and MetS [2,35].”
Wang, Y., Huo, X., Wang, X.-J., Zhu, H., Lai, X., & Yu, T. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000038412 · Cited by 4
“[15,16] The recent study on strength training in the older adults have several limitations.”
BackgroundNoggin Combined With Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells to Promote Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Zhang, M., Yu, L., Zhang, W.-H., Deng, J., Sun, B., Chen, M., Huang, W., Li, J., He, H., Han, X., et al. (2024) · Stem Cells International · doi:10.1155/sci/2812390 · Cited by 3
“However, endogenous SCs may be inef fi cient in responding to severe trauma or chronic degenerative diseases such as malnutrition, neuromuscular diseases, and sleep apnea [2 – 4].”
Association between sarcopenia and weight-adjusted waist index in male patients with type 2 diabetes
Xiang, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, J., Wang, J., Wu, C., & Pan, Y. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-025-01846-y · Cited by 4
“Compared to individuals with normal blood glucose levels, those with T2DM are at a greater risk of developing sarcopenia, primarily due to diminished muscle strength and physical performance [6–8].”
Kurmaev, D. P., Bulgakova, S. V., Treneva, E. V., Kosareva, O. V., Merzlova, P. Y., Sharonova, L. A., & Dolgikh, Y. A. (2025) · Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология · doi:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-228-8-226-241 · Cited by 3
Dai, J. M., Dai, W., & Li, W. (2025) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf061 · Cited by 3
Miralles‐Pérez, B., Nogués, M. R., Sánchez‐Martos, V., Taltavull, N., Méndez, L., Medina, I., Ramos‐Romero, S., Torres, J. L., & Romeu, M. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10020332 · Cited by 3
“This difference may be associated with decreased muscle mass [43], which is a common characteristic of obesity [44].”
Hahm, J., Nirmala, F. S., Choi, P. G., Seo, H., Ha, T. Y., Jung, C. H., & Ahn, J. (2023) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.204477 · Cited by 3
“The rapidly increasing incidence of various age-related chronic and degenerative diseases, such as sarcopenia [1], in the global elderly population, is a major threat to human healthcare.”
User Interaction Concepts in Smart Caring Homes for Elderly with Chronic Conditions
Bara, C.-D., Cabrita, M., den Akker, H. O., & Hermens, H. J. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19312-0_4 · Cited by 3
“Together with age-related factors, multimorbidity can aggravate functional decline [2-3].”
BackgroundPrevention of Falls and Frailty in Older Adults with Diabetes
Hazuda, H. P., & Espinoza, S. E. (2017) · Current Geriatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s13670-017-0209-x · Cited by 3
Battisti, L., Barbosa, A. D. M., Silva, K. H., Batista, G. C. P., de Farias, L. A. S. V., de Azevedo, G. S., & Carneiro, A. P. S. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Qualidade de Vida · doi:10.3895/rbqv.v9n2.5590 · Cited by 3
Correlation between Body Mass Index, Gender, and Skeletal Muscle Mass Cut off Point in Bandung
Wattimena, R. H., Vitriana, V., & Defi, I. R. (2017) · International Journal of Integrated Health Sciences · doi:10.15850/ijihs.v5n2.990 · Cited by 3
Diabetes and functional limitation
Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., & Sinclair, A. J. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118954621.ch16 · Cited by 3
Confounding is not the only bias influencing associations of adiposity with cardiovascular disease
Staplin, N. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy133 · Cited by 3
Lim, S.-J., Kim, H., Kim, H., Nam, H., Nam, K.-S., Kim, I.-H., Kang, R., Hwang, I., & Kang, J. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15040517 · Cited by 2
“It is usually caused by an imbalance between protein breakdown and synthesis and can be caused by several factors, including muscle wasting, malnutrition, obesity, injury, and cancer-related cachexia [2–4].”
Lee, E. H., Park, S., & Jeong, K. (2025) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10238-7 · Cited by 2
Takino, K., Adachi, T., Kuze, Y., Nagai, T., Hori, M., & Nakagawa, M. (2025) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0000000000000962 · Cited by 2
Seko, T., Himuro, N., Koyama, M., Nakata, K., Akasaka, H., Mori, M., Ogawa, S., Miura, S., & Ohnishi, H. (2025) · Diabetology International · doi:10.1007/s13340-025-00843-9 · Cited by 3
“Additional biological mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, and increased myostatin expression, further exacerbate loss of skeletal muscle mass and IR development [36, 37].”
Uçar, M. A., Yılmaz, C., Soylu, H. H., Sarıakçalı, B., BUDAK, C., Kavuran, K., DURMUŞOĞLU, M. V., & Ceylan, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1630525 · Cited by 3
“…include biological features that overlap with sarcopenia, such as reduced skeletal muscle fibre count, type II fibre atrophy, motor unit loss, increased fat infiltration, decreased capillarisation, chronic inflammation, increased oxidative stress levels, and decreased insulin sensitivity (8–10).”
Hwang, I., Lee, S.-R., Kim, Y., & Lee, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1633837 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Kalyani, R. R., Corriere, M., & Ferrucci, L.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 819-829
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4156923
- OpenAlex
- W2139789661
- Semantic Scholar
- 3c56fce30ecb0e77c93458bf0fbc85a0747736ea
- Cited by
- 1,102
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23-DK093583, T32-DK062707)
- Johns Hopkins Older Americans Independence Center (P30-AG021334)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, muscle mass loss, muscle strength, aging, diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic disease, physical disability, functional decline, sarcopenia treatment, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Endocrine System Diseases, Humans, Male, Obesity, Diabetes Complications, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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